The document provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT). It discusses the evolution of IoT from local networks to today's interconnected world and envisions a future where everything is connected. The key characteristics of IoT including connectivity, intelligence, scalability and heterogeneous environments are described. Two reference models for IoT architecture are presented - the ITU-T model with four layers and the IWF model with seven layers. The main components of IoT like identification, sensing, actuation, communication and computation are explained. Popular applications of IoT across various industries like transportation, smart cities, manufacturing, retail and more are listed. Finally, the challenges of IoT especially around security, privacy and complexity are covered.

1. Internet of Things

2. Contents
• Introduction
• Evolution
• Characteristics
• Architecture
• Components
• Applications
• Challenges

3. Introduction
• Internet of Things(IoT)
• global infrastructure
• connects physical and virtual things around
us
• provides seamless communication and
contextual services
• solves many business problems
• Heterogeneous Devices from different
manufacturers
• Diverse protocols
• M2M, M2P, P2M, P2P

4. Evolution: Before IoT
Local Network Internet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network http://www.blakeleyllp.com/

5. Evolution: IoT Today
• Internet of Things
• Internet of Vehicles
• Industrial IoT
• Web of Things
• Etc.
https://www.ssh.com/iot/

6. Evolution: Future IoT
http://www.starttoendnetworks.com/internet-of-everything/

7. Evolution: Previous Scenario
Technology/Application Centric Applications
https://www.progora.co.uk/Technology/Digital-Transformation

8. Evolution: Current Scenario
Human Centric Applications
Picture: Poikola, Antti, Kai Kuikkaniemi, and Harri Honko. 2015. “MyData – A Nordic Model for human-centered personal data management
andprocessing.” Ministry of Transport and Communications.

9. Characteristics
• Connectivity
• Intelligence and Identity
• Scalability
• Distributed Computing
• Dynamic Operations
• Heterogeneous Environment
• Resource Constraint Devices
• Battery Operated Devices
• Low Power Protocols

10. Architecture

11. ITU-T IoT Reference Model

12. ITU-T IoT Reference Model
• Four Layers
• Application layer
• Service and Application support layer
• Network layer
• Device layer
• Two Capabilities
• Management
• Security

13. ITU-T IoT Reference Model
• Application layer contains all IoT applications that
interact with IoT devices
• Service support and Application support layer
consists of the two capability groupings
• Generic support capabilities: common
capabilities used by different IoT applications,
such as data processing or data storage
• Specific support capabilities: specific
capabilities for the requirements of diversified
applications

14. ITU-T IoT Reference Model
• Network layer consists of the two capabilities:
• Networking capabilities provide relevant control
functions of network connectivity between devices
and gateways.
• Transport capabilities focus on providing
connectivity for the transport of IoT service and
application specific data information, as well as the
transport of IoT-related control and management
information.

15. ITU-T IoT Reference Model
• Device layer capabilities are categorized into
two kinds of capabilities
• Device Capabilities:
• Direct interaction with the communication
network (without gateways)
• Indirect interaction with the communication
network (through gateways)
• Ad-hoc networking
• Sleeping and waking-up

16. ITU-T IoT Reference Model
• Gateway capabilities:
• Multiple interfaces support – At device layer
through wired or wireless technologies (CAN bus,
ZigBee, Bluetooth or Wi-Fi) and At network layer
through PSTN, 2G or 3G networks, LTE, or DSL
• Protocol conversion when communications at the
device layer use different device layer protocols
and when communications involving both the
device layer and network layer use different
protocols

17. ITU-T IoT Reference Model
• Management capabilities
• Generic capabilities
• device management such as activation & de-
activation, diagnostics, firmware updating
• local network topology management
• traffic and congestion management such as
detection of network overflow conditions,
implementation of resource reservation
• Specific Capabilities are closely coupled with
application-specific requirements

18. ITU-T IoT Reference Model
• Security capabilities
• Generic capabilities
• application layer: authorization, authentication,
confidentiality and integrity protection, privacy
protection, security audit
• network layer: authorization, authentication,
confidentiality, and signalling integrity protection
• device layer: authentication, authorization, device
integrity validation, access control, data confidentiality
and integrity protection.
• Specific Capabilities are closely coupled with
application-specific requirements

19. IWF IoT Reference Model

20. IWF IoT Reference Model

21. Physical Devices and Controllers
• “Things” in IoT
• Endpoint devices to send and receive information
• Controllers to control multiple devices
• IoT “devices” are capable of:
• Analog to digital
conversion,
as required
• Generating data
• Being queried
or controlled over
internet

22. Connectivity
• Facilitates reliable, timely transmission
• Between devices (Level 1) and the network
• Across networks (east-west)
• Between the network (Level 2) and low-level
information processing occurring at Level 3
• Capabilities include
• Implementation of
various protocols
• Switching and routing
• Translation between protocols
• Security at the network level
• (Self Learning) Networking Analytics

23. Edge (Fog) Computing
• Focuses on North-South Communications
• Converts network data flows into information
• Data filtering, cleanup, aggregation
• Packet content inspection
• Combination of network and data level analytics
• Thresholding and Event generation

24. Data Accumulation
• Data in motion is converted to data at rest
• Converts network packets to database relational tables
• Achieves transition from ‘Event based’ to ‘Query based’
computing
• Reduces data through filtering and selective storing
• Capabilities Include
• Event filtering/sampling
• Event comparison
• Event joining for CEP
• Event based rule evaluation
• Event aggregation
• Northbound/southbound alerting
• Event persistence in storage

25. Data Abstraction
• Abstracts the data interface for applications
• Creates schemas and views of data as applications
need
• Combines data from multiple sources
• Filtering, selecting, projecting, and reformatting the
data to serve the client applications
• Reconciles differences in data shape, format,
semantics, access protocol, and security

26. Application
• Reporting, Analytics, and Control
• Mission-critical business applications, such as generalized ERP or
specialized industry solutions
• Mobile applications that handle simple interactions
• Business intelligence reports, where the application is the BI server
• Analytic applications that interpret data for business decisions
• System management/control center applications that control the IoT
system itself and don’t act on the data produced by it

27. Collaboration and Processes
• Involves people and business processes
• Applications execute business logic to empower people
• People use applications and associated data for their
specific needs.
• Applications give the right data, at the right time to do the
right thing.
• People must be able to communicate and collaborate

28. ITU-T vs IWF (IoT World Forum)
• Both models are complimentary
• ITU-T focusses on the device and gateway level
• It is concerned with developing standards for
interaction with IoT devices
• The IWF is concerned with broader issues of
developing the applications, middleware and
support functions.
• IWF reference model is seven layered

29. Things
• Physical Object
• Computing H/W + S/W + Sensors + Network
• Degree of Smartness
• Autonomous Behavior
• Decision Making
• Adaptive
• Ensure
• Trust, Privacy, Security

30. IoT: Components
IoT
Identi
ficatio
n
Sensi
ng
Actua
tion
Com
munic
ation
Comp
utatio
n
Servic
es
Sema
ntics

31. Identification
• Naming:
• Electronics Product Code (EPC)
• Ubiquitous Code (uCode)
• Addressing:
• IPv4
• IPv6

32. Sensing
• Employs various sensors
• Specialized sensors for various applications
• Smart Sensors
• Wearable Sensing Devices
• Embedded Sensors
• Sense the data
• Transmit to the gateways

33. Actuation
• Sensor and data analytics technologies from
the IoT are used to send commands to smart
devices
• Decisions are taken on edge/cloud and passed
on to the devices to act upon
• Artificial Intelligence may be used to act
according to the context and environment
Ex: Water Level Sensor & Smart Electric Motor

34. Communication
Multiple radio access technology
• Connects intelligent devices at the edge
• facilitates machine to machine communication
Scope Connectivity
Cellular 3G, 4G, LTE, 5G
(In Near Future)
Short Range Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
6LoWPAN, NGC
Medium Long Range WiMAX, Z-Wave,
ZigBee

35. Communication
Internet is the primary medium
• To connect to the cloud
Moving towards next generation IoT
Ex: 5G
Layer Protocols
Network Layer IPv4, IPv6, IPSec, NanoIP,
6LoWPAN
Transport Layer TCP, UDP, DTLS
Application Layer CoAP, MQTT, XMPP, HTTP,
AMQP

36. IoT: Protocols

37. IoT: Protocols Stack

38. IoT: Protocols Stack

39. IoT: Emerging Protocols
IEEE 802.15.4
6LoWPAN
RPL and IPv6
CoAP
MQTT

40. IoT: Communication Features
• Different underlying networks:
 abstraction of the different underlying networks
(e.g., wired, wireless, cellular), support for different
communication modes (e.g., access point-based,
p2p fashion
• Addressing modes
 support of any cast/unicast/multicast/broadcast
transmissions, dynamic replacing of broadcast with
multicast/anycast to reduce network load

41. IoT: Communication Features
• Massive device transmission:
 handling simultaneous or nearly simultaneous
transmissions from huge number of devices (i.e.,
efficient MAC protocols)
• High reliability:
 guarantee of connectivity/reliable transmissions based
on different solutions (e.g., link adaptation protocols,
modulation/coding schemes, multi-path
establishment)

42. IoT: Communication Features
• Enhanced access priority:
 management of priority levels of services and
communications services (e.g., preemption
Mechanisms)
• Path Selection:
 optimization of communication paths based on
different policies (e.g., network cost, delay,
transmission failures), dynamic metric selection

43. IoT: Communication Features
• Mobility:
 seamless roaming and mobility, communication
management towards stationary and low-mobile
devices
• Sleeping Device:
 managing communication towards sleeping devices.
• Low power consumption:
 include mechanisms for reducing energy consumption

44. IoT: Communication Features
• Notification and interaction:
 functions for supporting data acknowledgment,
failure notifications, and interaction mode
• Traffic Profile:
 management of data traffic with different traffic
profiles (e.g., continuous transmissions, long
periods between two data transmissions, small
amount of transmitted data, burst of data,
bidirectional/unidirectional transmissions)

45. IoT: Communication Features
• Time dependent traffic:
 support of data traffic with different time requirements
(e.g., time-controlled traffic, delay-tolerant traffic,
extremely low-latency traffic)
• Location reporting support:
 report the device/gateway location to other
devices/applications continuously/upon request
• Secure connections:
 integrity of communications and timestamps, anonymity of
identity and location, detection of abnormal events

46. Computation
• Hardware:
• Smart-Things
• Arduino
• Intel Galileo
• Raspberry Pi
• Beagle Bone
• Smart Phones
• Phidgets
• Data is processed both locally and on cloud
• Wider horizon in terms of space, time and type of
information for intelligent processing

47. Computation
OS
• Contiki
• TinyOS
• LiteOS
• RIoT
• Android
Cloud
• Nimbits
• Hadoop
• AWS-IoT
• IBM-Watson
• Cisco-IoT
• Software:

48. Services
• Identity Related (Shipping)
• Information Aggregation (Smart Grid)
• Collaborative Aware (Smart Home)
• Ubiquitous (Smart Home)
• Smart Retail
• Smart Building

49. Semantics
• Resource Description Framework (RDF)
• Web Ontology Language (OWL)
• Efficient XML Interchange (EXI)

50. IoT: Applications

51. Applications: Transportation
• ConLock
• ContainerSafe
• Integration of light
sensors GPS and GSM

52. Applications: Smart City
• Residential E-meters
• Smart street lights
• Pipeline leak detection
• Traffic control
• Surveillance cameras
• Centralized and integrated system control

53. Applications: Smart Manufacturing
• Flow optimization
• Real time inventory
• Asset tracking
• Employee safety
• Predictive maintenance
• Firmware updates

54. Applications: Retail
• Intelligent Shopping
• Bar Code in Retail
• Electronic Tags

55. Applications: Management
• Data Management
• Waste Management
• Urban Planning
• Production
Management

56. Applications: Pharmaceuticals
• Intelligent tags for
drugs
• Drug usage tracking
• Enable the emergency
treatment to be given
faster and more
accurate

57. Applications: Food Processing
• Control geographical origin
• Food production
management
• Nutrition calculations
• Prevent overproduction and
shortage
• Control food quality, health
and safety.

58. Applications: Education
• School Administration
• Attendance Management
• Voting System
• Automatic Feedback
• Instructional Technology
• Media
• Information management
• Foreign language learning

59. IoT: Challenges
• Scalability
• Security
• Privacy
• Heterogeneity
• Technological standards
• Software complexity
• Costly infrastructure

60. Security
• Key issue in any system
• Keep the things from unauthorized access
• Security in physical access
• Network and Communications Security
• Data Security
• Application Security
• Reprogrammable chips improves security and
flexibility, and enables downstream
configuration

61. Security
Pervasive security throughout the IoT Reference Model

62. IoT: Pros and Cons

63. Time for Questions