An introduction to 5G

An introduction to 5G
Speaker: Andrei Novikov, PhD, Software Designer at Sioux Technologies
© 2020 Andrei Novikov 1

What does G mean?
Like 1G, 2G, etc.

#G Abbreviation
In general, G means Generation of wireless mobile phone technology.

1G Technology

1G Technology
Early 80s
1G refers to the first generation of wireless cellular technology.

1G Technology
Early 80s
1G refers to the first generation of wireless cellular technology.
General Features:
• Basic voice services (only calls)
• Analog-based protocols

1G Features

1G Technology – Features
• Frequency: 150MHz, 900MHz.

• Frequency: 150MHz, 900MHz
• Bandwidth: 30KHz – Analog

• Data Rate: 2.4Kbps

• Data Rate: 2.4Kbps
• Spectrum is split into 30
channels – each channel
30KHz.
Voice transmission only
FDMA

1G Limitations

1G Technology – Limitations
• Poor sound quality.

• Analog systems – inefficient use of the spectrum.

• Low capacity, FDMA technique does maximize system capacity.

• Different 1G systems are incompatible with one another.

• No roaming between different operators.

• Weak security on air interface, no support for encryption.

• Weak security on air interface, no support for encryption.
• Lack of mobile assisted handover.

2G Technology

2G Technology
2G refers to the second generation cellular network.

2G Technology
2G cellular networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard
in Finland by Radiolinja in 1991.

2G Technology
General Services:
• Text messages (SMS)
• Multi-media messages (MMS)

2G Technology
General Services:
• Text messages (SMS)
• Multi-media messages (MMS)
Radio signals are digital unlike 1G

2G Technology – General Features
• Base frequency: 900MHz
• Uplink band: 890-915MHz (25MHz)
• Downlink band: 935-960MHz (25MHz)
• Channel bandwidth: 200KHz
• Amount channels per band (UL, DL): 124
• Gaussian Minimum Shift Keyring (GMSK)
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
• Hard Handover
• Data Rate: 9600bps

2G Architecture
• MS – Mobile Station
• BTS – Base Transceiver Stations
• BSC – Base Station Controller
• MSC – Mobile Services Switching Centre
• VLR – Visitor Location Register
• EIR – Equipment Identity Register
• HLR – Home Location Register
• AUC – Authentication Centre

2.5G Architecture
GRPS – General Packet Radio Service
• SGSN – Serving GPRS Support Node
• GGSN – Gateway GPRS Support Node
GPRS Extension

2.5G Architecture
GRPS – General Packet Radio Service
• SGSN – Serving GPRS Support Node
• GGSN – Gateway GPRS Support Node
GPRS Extension
Data Rate is increased to: 56–114kbps

2G Network Coverage
• MSC – Mobile Services Switching Centre
• VLR – Visitor Location Register
• HLR – Home Location Register

What is TDMA?
TDMA
2G
FDMA
1G

TDMA and FDMA – General Difference
TDMA – Time Division Multiple Access
FDMA – Frequency Division Multiple Access
FDMA
TDMA
1G
2G (GSM)

TDMA and FDMA – General Difference
TDMA allows users to share the same frequency channel.
TDMA – Time Division Multiple Access
FDMA – Frequency Division Multiple Access
FDMA
TDMA
1G
2G (GSM)

TDMA and FDMA – How do they work?
FDMA
TDMA

3G Technology

3G Technology – UMTS
UMTS – Universal Mobile Telecommunication System.
3G technology evolved from GSM-GPRS based network architecture.
Minimum data rate requirement:
• 2Mpbs for stationary users.
• 384 Kbps for walking users.

3G Technology – UMTS
UMTS – Universal Mobile Telecommunication System.
3G technology evolved from GSM-GPRS based network architecture.
Release 7
2007
Release 6
2004
Release 5
2002
Release 4
2001
Release
99
2000
HSPA+HSUPAHSDPA3G IP in Core

Before 3G

3G – Release 99

3G – Release 99
• 64kbps – circuit switched
• 384kbps – packet switched
• Frequency: 2.1GHz
• Location services

3G – Release 4

3G – Release 4
• EDGE radio – Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution.
• IMS – IP Multimedia Services
• MExE – Mobile Execution Environment
• Improved location services
• TD-SCDMA (UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps low chip rate)

CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access
FDMA TDMA CDMA

3G – Release 5
• IP Multimedia Subsystem
• IPv6, IP transport in UTRAN
• Improvements in GERAN, MExE
• HSDPA
Downlink data rate – 14 Mbps by
reducing latency (delay)

3G – Release 6
• WLAN integration
• Multimedia broadcast and multicast
• Improvements in IMS
• HSUPA
• Fractional DPCH
Uplink data rate – 5.74 Mbps
by reducing latency (delay)

3G – Release 7
• Enhanced L2
• CPC – continuous packet connectivity
• 64 QAM, MIMO
• Voice over HSPA
• FRLC – Flexible RLC
DL data rate – 28Mbps
UL data rate – 11Mbps

4G Technology
LTE (Long Term Evolution)

4G and LTE
General requirements for 4G:
• Maximum Downlink: 1000Mbps
• Maximum Unlink: 500Mpbs
• Minimum Data Rate: 100Mbps

4G and LTE
General requirements for 4G:
• Maximum Downlink: 1000Mbps
• Maximum Unlink: 500Mpbs
• Minimum Data Rate: 100Mbps
In 2004, it was a problem to satisfy minimum requirement. Therefore
4G LTE was introduced to reach 4G goals.
4G goals

Release 13
2016
Release 12
2013
Release 11
2012
Release 10
2011
Release 9
2009
Release 8
2007
LTE
Specification
2005
Long Term Evolution
4G LTE consists following releases:

4G LTE Simplified Architecture

4G Features – Heterogeneous Networks
• Heterogeneous Networks

4G Features – Heterogeneous Networks
Heterogeneous Networks are to
increase coverage by 4G using various
cell types:
• Femto-cells
• Small-cells
• Donor-cells
• Macro-cells

4G Features – Coordinate Multipoint
• Coordinate Multipoint

Is to provide improved performance, particularly at cell edges by
utilizing the capability of more than one base station to enable the
communications.

• Coordinate Multipoint Distributed
coordination

4G Features – Carrier Aggregation
• Carrier Aggregation

• Carrier Aggregation Increase maximum
DL data rate

Aggregation of different bands
that provider may have

4G Features – Massive MIMO
• Massive MIMO

4G Features – Massive MIMO
• Massive MIMO
Increase DL, UL data rate
Increase DL, UL quality

5G Technology

5 Key Technologies to Build
5G Network

5 Key Technologies to Build 5G
• Millimeter waves

• Small cells

• Small cells
• Massive MIMO

• Small cells
• Massive MIMO
• Beamforming