6. ETIOLOGY OF AMENORRHEA
HYPOTHALAMUS
PITUITARY
ENDOCRINE
OVARIAN
OUTFLOW TRACT
AXIS
Congenital absent of
uterus and vagina
Vaginal atresia
Imperforate hymen
Asherman’s syndrome
Pituitary adenoma
Sheehan’s syndrome
Hypothalamic-hypogonadism
Weight related amenorrhea
(anorexia nervosa)
Hypothyroidism
Gonadal dysgenesis
Gonadal failure
PCOS
7. Common causes of Amenorrhea
Primary
» Gonadal failure (45%)
» Congenital absence of uterus and vagina (20%)
» Constitutional delay (15%)
Secondary
Chronic anovulation (40%)
» Hypothyroidism / hyperprolactinemia (20%)
» Weight loss/anorexia (16%)
8. Constitutional pubertal delay
• Common cause (15%)
Positive family history
• Under stature and delayed bone
age ( X-ray Wrist joint)
• Diagnosis by exclusion and follow
up
• Prognosis is good(late developer)
• No drug therapy is required –
Reassurance (? HRT)
13. •A craniopharyngioma is a benign tumor that
develops near the pituitary gland .
• most commonly in childhood and adolescence
and
•in later adult life.
compresses the pituitary stalk or gland , the tumor
can cause partial or complete pituitary hormone
deficiency.
14. • Family history: Consider watchful waiting
• Request: FSH, LH
- Raised: Karyotype: 45 XO Turner syn
46 XX Premature ovarian failure
- Low: Constitutional delay
Consider: anorexia
exercise
illness
coeliac disease
hypothalamic/pituitary
Secondary sexual characters
absent 14y
15.
16. Utero-vaginal Agenisis
Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome
• Second most common cause of Primary
amenorrhea.
• Normal breasts and axillary/pubic hair growth.
• Normal looking external genitalia
• Karyotype 46-XX
• Renal abnormalities in 15-30 % cases.
• Treatment : Vaginal creation (Dilatation
VS Vaginoplasty)
17. • Normal breasts but no sexual hair
• Normal looking female external genitalia
• Absent uterus and upper vagina
• Karyotype 46, XY
• Male like testosterone level
• Treatment : gonadectomy after puberty + HRT
Androgen insensitivity
Testicular feminization syndrome
18. • Absent/abnormal then karyotype:
- 46 XX Mullerian agenesis
- 46 XY Androgen insensitivity
• Present
•+ no outflow obstruction
- As for 2o amenorrhoea
Secondary sexual characteristics
Present by 16 years
Ultrasound uterus
27. Hypothalamic (Kallmann’s syndrome)
• Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
• Congenital disorder characterized by:
• 1) Anosmia or hyposmia
• 2) Primary amenorrhea
• Caused by defect in synthesis and/or release of gonadorelin (LH
releasing hormone)
28. CNS; HP
Disorder
Gonadal
Failure
History and physical examination completed for a
patient with primary amenorrhea
Secondary sexual characteristics present
No Yes
Measure FSH and LH levels
Uterus absent
or abnormal
Uterus present
or normal
Karyotype analysis Outflow obstruction
FSH and LH
< 5 IU/ L
Hypogonadotropic
hypogonadism
Hypergonadotropic
hypogonadism
Karyotype analysis 46, XY 46, XX
Mullerian
Agenesis
Androgen
Sensitivity
Syndrome
No
Yes
Evaluate for
secondary
amenorrheaImperforate
hymen or
transverse
vaginal
septum
Perform ultrasonography of uterus
Evaluation of Primary Amenorrhea
FSH > 20 IU/ L and
LH > 40 IU/ L
34. POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME (PCOS)
PCOS accounts for 90% of cases of oligoamenorrhea
Also known as Stein-Leventhal syndrome
The etiology is probably related to insulin resistance,
with a failure of normal follicular development and
ovulation
The classical picture – AMENORRHEA, OBESE,
SUBINFERTILITY and HIRSUITISM
35. HYPOTHALAMIC CAUSES
Hypothalamic dysfunction is a common cause (30%).
It is more often seen as a result of stress, weight loss
and eating disorders
It may be due to tumour, infarction, thrombosis or
inflammation.
36. Pituitary failure - It is usually the acquired
type as the result of trauma, treatment of
pituitary tumour or
infarction after massive blood loss (
Sheehan’s syndrome )
Pituitary tumour hyperprolactinaemia
which cause secondary amenorrhea.
PITUITARY CAUSES
37. ENDOCRINE CAUSES
Thyroid disorder and Cushing’s disease
interfere with the normal functioning of
the hypothalamic -pituitary – ovarian axis
present with amenorrhea.
High level of thyroxine inhibit FSH release.
Androgen – secreting tumours of the
ovaries cause secondary amenorrhea.
38. ANATOMICAL CAUSES
Usually due to previous surgery.
Commonest example:
1). Hysterectomy
2). Endometrial ablation
3). Asherman’s syndrome
(damage to the
endometrium with adhesion
formation)
4). Stenosis of the cervix
following cone biopsy
39. PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE
Premature ovarian failure occurs in
about 1% before
the age of 40.
Premature ovarian failure may be
due to:
1). Chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
2). Autoimmune disease following
viral infection
3). Following surgery for conditions
such as
endometriosis
40. DRUGS CAUSING HYPERPROLACTINAEMIA
Hyperprolactinaemia accounts for 20% of
cases of amenorrhea.
Prolactin inhibits GnRH release from the
hypothalamus
Drugs that may cause hyperprolactinaemia:
1). Phenothiazines
2). Methyldopa
3). Cimetidine
4). Butyrophenones
5). Antihistamines
42. anorexia nervosaa nervosa
• A psychological disease
characterized by
• Intense fear of gaining weight or being fat,
despite being underweight
• Disturbance in one’s experience of body
weight, size, and shape
• the refusal to maintain normal body weight,
and amenorrhea
44. The most common cause of secondary amenorrhea
in reproductive age women is pregnancy and this
should always be excluded by physical exam and
laboratory testing for the pregnancy hormone -
HCG.
45. History
A good history can reveal the etiologic
diagnosis in up to 85% of cases of
amenorrhea.
46. Hot flashes , decreased libido premature menopause
Certain medications
Weight change A large amount of weight loss (anorexia nervosa)
Associate symptoms - Cushing's disease , hypothyroidism
Contraception
Previous gynaecological surgery
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
- HISTORY -
ASK ABOUT
Menstrual cycle age of menarche and previous menstrual
history
Previous pregnancies - severe PPH (Sheehan’s syndrome)
Chronic illness
47. Secondary sexual characteristic
Features of Turner’s syndrome
ANDROGEN EXCESS hirsuitism (PCOS) – virilization (tumour)
Abdominal (haemato mera) and pelvic masses (ovarian tumour)
Breast examination may revealed galactorrhea,
Inspection of genitalia imperforate hymen, cervical stenosis
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
- EXAMINATION -
CHECK FOR
BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) weight loss-related amenorrhea
BLOOD PRESSURE elevated in Cushing and PCOS
Vaginal examination blind vagina, vaginal atresia, absent of
uterus
48. • Progesterone challenge test
• TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
• FSH, LH
• Prolactin level
INVESTIGATING
Once pregnancy has been excluded
49. FSH, LH and Thyroid function test Progesterone
challenge test
WITHDRAWAL
BLEEDING
NO WITHDRAWAL
BLEEDING
HYPOESTROGENIC COMPROMISED
OUTFLOW TRACT
Negative E-P
challenge test
Normal FSH
Asherman’s syndrome
(HSG or hysteroscopy)
Normal or Low
FSH
Ovarian
FailureHypothalamic-pituitary
failure
ANOVULATION
Positive E-P
challenge test
Very high FSH
FSH normal + high LH PCOS
High prolactin pituitary tumour
NEGATIVE PREGNANCY TEST
INVESTIGATING SECONDAY AMENORRHEA
50. 1. Provera 10 mg PO once daily 7-10 days
or
2. Norethindrone 5 mg PO once daily for
7-10 days or
3. Progesterone 200 mg IM for one dose .
Progesterone Challenge Test :
51. 1. Premarin 1.25 mg orally daily for 21 days
2. Oral Contraceptive for 2 Cycles
3. Estradiol 2 mg orally daily for 21 days and
Follow with 7-10 days of Progesterone
Estrogen progesterone challenge
test
53. TREATMENT OF AMENORRHEA
The need for treatment depends on
Underlying causes
Need for regular periods
Trying to conceive (fertility)
Need for contraception)
54. TREATMENT OF AMENORRHEA
Underlying causes
PITUITARY TUMOUR Bromocryptine / Surgery
ANDROGEN producing tumour of ovary Surgery
TESTICULAR FEMINIZATION removed gonad + HRT
TURNER’S syndrome HRT
IMPERFORATE HYMEN surgical incision
THYROID disease – appropriate medical treatment
EATING DISORDERS referred to psychiatrist
PCOS HRT/ surgery
ASHERMAN’s syndrome breaking down adhesion + insert IUCD
55. TREATMENT OF AMENORRHEA
TRYING TO CONCEIVE
The prognosis for women with confirmed ovarian failure is poor.
ANOVULATION response well with ovulation induction treatment
PCOS ovulation may resume with weight reduction – fertility drugs
- use of gonadotrophins or ovarian drilling.
HYPERPROLACTINAEMIA respond to treatment with dopamine
agonist.
HYPOTHALAMIC DYSFUNCTION maintenance of normal weight
and change of lifestyle
ASHERMAN’S syndrome breaking down adhesion + insert IUCD
56. TREATMENT OF AMENORRHOEA
WANT REGULAR PERIOD
The use of
1): COMBINED ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE
2): HRT
NEED CONTRACEPTION
Confirmed ovarian failure will not required contraception
Women requiring contraception oral contraceptives are
method of choice
