The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
explained with Limited matter moreover I have included all the images. if you go through a standard textbook and referred to this PPT it will help you so much I hope It helps you
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
explained with Limited matter moreover I have included all the images. if you go through a standard textbook and referred to this PPT it will help you so much I hope It helps you
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Hi, I am Dr Komal Ghiya, pediatric dentist by profession, I am here to share some of my own presentations for educational purposes. I hope a presentation on DIET AND DENTAL CARIES will be useful for all the dental and medical students. Comments are welcome if you like the presentations and if not please suggest some ways I could make them better for you. All the best
alveolar bone in health with microscopic features and details about bone formation, resorption also includes bone remodelling and changes after extraction
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cellular, Molecular, and Genetic Determinants OF Tooth Eruption /prosthodonti...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Upload By : Ahmed Ali Abbas
Babylon University College of Dentistry
download this file from Website on google theoptimalsmile.wix.com/dentistry
Oral histology
Hi, I am Dr Komal Ghiya, pediatric dentist by profession, I am here to share some of my own presentations for educational purposes. I hope a presentation on DIET AND DENTAL CARIES will be useful for all the dental and medical students. Comments are welcome if you like the presentations and if not please suggest some ways I could make them better for you. All the best
alveolar bone in health with microscopic features and details about bone formation, resorption also includes bone remodelling and changes after extraction
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cellular, Molecular, and Genetic Determinants OF Tooth Eruption /prosthodonti...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Upload By : Ahmed Ali Abbas
Babylon University College of Dentistry
download this file from Website on google theoptimalsmile.wix.com/dentistry
Oral histology
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Alveolar bone and its relavance in prosthodontics / dental coursesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dentaleducation , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Bone (2)/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
biological consideration for maxillary denture bearing areas / dental coursesIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
biological consideration for maxillary denture bearing areas / dental coursesIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals. The skeleton acts as a scaffold by providing support and protection for the soft tissues that make up the rest of the body.
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
4. It forms when the tooth erupts to provideIt forms when the tooth erupts to provide
the osseous attachment to the formingthe osseous attachment to the forming
periodontal ligament, it disappearsperiodontal ligament, it disappears
gradually after the tooth is lost.gradually after the tooth is lost.
The alveolar process is the portion ofThe alveolar process is the portion of
maxilla and mandible that forms andmaxilla and mandible that forms and
support the tooth socketsupport the tooth socket..
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. ALVEOLAR PROCESS OF MAXILLAALVEOLAR PROCESS OF MAXILLA
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8. Near the end of the second month of fetalNear the end of the second month of fetal
life the maxilla as well as the mandiblelife the maxilla as well as the mandible
forms a groove that is open towards theforms a groove that is open towards the
surface of oral cavity.surface of oral cavity.
The tooth germs are contained in thisThe tooth germs are contained in this
groove, which also includes the alveolargroove, which also includes the alveolar
nerves and vessels and gradually septanerves and vessels and gradually septa
develops between the adjacent tooth gems.develops between the adjacent tooth gems.
An alveolar process develops only duringAn alveolar process develops only during
the eruption of teeth. During the period ofthe eruption of teeth. During the period of
rapid growth chondroid bone is formed.rapid growth chondroid bone is formed.
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11. The alveolar process consist of:-The alveolar process consist of:-
ALVEOLAR BONE PROPERALVEOLAR BONE PROPER
SUPPORTING ALVEOLAR BONESUPPORTING ALVEOLAR BONE
((i) Cortical platei) Cortical plate
(ii) Cancellous(ii) Cancellous bonebone
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12. ALVEOLAR BONE PROPERALVEOLAR BONE PROPER
It consists of thin lamellae of boneIt consists of thin lamellae of bone
that surrounds the root and providethat surrounds the root and provide
attachment to principal fibres ofattachment to principal fibres of
periodontal ligamentperiodontal ligament
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13. Alveolar bone proper composed of compactAlveolar bone proper composed of compact
bonebone
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14. It contains a series of openingsIt contains a series of openings
through which neurovascularthrough which neurovascular
bundle link the PDL with thebundle link the PDL with the
central component of alveolarcentral component of alveolar
bone, the cancellous bone. So thisbone, the cancellous bone. So this
is also known as CRIBRIFORMis also known as CRIBRIFORM
PLATE.PLATE.
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16. The layer of bone into which theThe layer of bone into which the
principle fibres are inserted i.e.principle fibres are inserted i.e.
SHARPEY’s FIBRES, isSHARPEY’s FIBRES, is
sometimes called BUNDLEsometimes called BUNDLE
BONE.BONE.
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17. Sharpey’s fiber appear as dark pinkSharpey’s fiber appear as dark pink
streaks within the bundle bonestreaks within the bundle bone
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18. SUPPORTING ALVEOLAR BONESUPPORTING ALVEOLAR BONE
It surrounds the alveolar bone properIt surrounds the alveolar bone proper
and gives support to the socket.and gives support to the socket.
It is divided into two parts:-It is divided into two parts:-
1. Cortical plate1. Cortical plate
2. Cancellous bone2. Cancellous bone
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19. CORTICAL PLATECORTICAL PLATE
It consists of compact bone.It consists of compact bone.
Forms outer and inner plate of alveolar processForms outer and inner plate of alveolar process
Plate is thinner in the maxilla than mandible.Plate is thinner in the maxilla than mandible.
In maxilla outer plate is perforated throughIn maxilla outer plate is perforated through
which blood and lymph vessels pass.which blood and lymph vessels pass.
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20. In mandible it is thickest in the premolarIn mandible it is thickest in the premolar
and molar region esp. on buccal side.and molar region esp. on buccal side.
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21. Histologically, the cortical plate consists of ;-Histologically, the cortical plate consists of ;-
Longitudinal lamellaeLongitudinal lamellae
Haversian systemHaversian system
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22. CANCELLOUS BONECANCELLOUS BONE
It fills the area between the socket and theIt fills the area between the socket and the
compact bone.compact bone.
It occupies most of the interdental septumIt occupies most of the interdental septum
but only a relatively small portion of buccalbut only a relatively small portion of buccal
and the palatal bone plates.and the palatal bone plates.
The cancellous bone contains BONEThe cancellous bone contains BONE
TRABECULAE .TRABECULAE .
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24. Cancellous bone is of two main types:-Cancellous bone is of two main types:-
TYPE 1TYPE 1
Regular and horizontal inter-radicular lamellae.Regular and horizontal inter-radicular lamellae.
Found more in mandible.Found more in mandible.
TYPE 2TYPE 2
Irregularly arranged inter-radicular lamellae.Irregularly arranged inter-radicular lamellae.
Found more in maxilla.Found more in maxilla.
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26. BONE CELLSBONE CELLS
Classically three types of bone cells areClassically three types of bone cells are
described:-described:-
1.1. OSTEOBLASTOSTEOBLAST
2.OSTEOCYTES2.OSTEOCYTES
3. OSTEOCLAST3. OSTEOCLAST
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27. OSTEOBLASTOSTEOBLAST
These are uninucleated cells that synthesizeThese are uninucleated cells that synthesize
organic matrix, OSTEOID.organic matrix, OSTEOID.
Responsible for mineralization and are derivedResponsible for mineralization and are derived
from multipotent mesenchymal cells,from multipotent mesenchymal cells,
differentiate through a precursor cell, thedifferentiate through a precursor cell, the
PREOSTEOBLAST.PREOSTEOBLAST.
When bone is no longer forming the surfaceWhen bone is no longer forming the surface
osteoblast become inactive and are termedosteoblast become inactive and are termed
LINING CELLS.LINING CELLS.
Secretes TYPE 1 and TYPE IV collagen.Secretes TYPE 1 and TYPE IV collagen.www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. Electron micrograph of anElectron micrograph of an
osteoblastosteoblast
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29. OSTEOCYTEOSTEOCYTE
Some of the osteoblast entraped in lacunaeSome of the osteoblast entraped in lacunae
and are then called OSTEOCYTES.and are then called OSTEOCYTES.
The more rapid the bone formation is theThe more rapid the bone formation is the
more number of osteocytes are present permore number of osteocytes are present per
unit volume.unit volume.
Processes from adjacent osteocytes andProcesses from adjacent osteocytes and
lining cells are joined together forming thelining cells are joined together forming the
osteoblast-osteocyte complex necessary toosteoblast-osteocyte complex necessary to
bone matrix mantainance and vitality.bone matrix mantainance and vitality.
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30. Osteocytes lacune and theirOsteocytes lacune and their
canaliculicanaliculiwww.indiandentalacademy.com
31. OSTEOCLASTOSTEOCLAST
These are multi-nucleated large cells.These are multi-nucleated large cells.
It is formed against bone surfaceIt is formed against bone surface
occupying shallow, hollowed outoccupying shallow, hollowed out
depressions called HOWSHIP’sdepressions called HOWSHIP’s
LACUNAE.LACUNAE.
It is chacterized cytochemically byIt is chacterized cytochemically by
possessing tartarate resistantacidpossessing tartarate resistantacid
phosphatase within it’s cytoplasmic vesiclesphosphatase within it’s cytoplasmic vesicles
and vacuoles.and vacuoles. www.indiandentalacademy.com
32. Electron micrograph of osteoclastElectron micrograph of osteoclast
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33. CYTOPLASM OF OSTEOCLAST FILLEDCYTOPLASM OF OSTEOCLAST FILLED
WITH MITOCHONDRIA, LYSOSOMES &WITH MITOCHONDRIA, LYSOSOMES &
RIBOSOMESRIBOSOMESwww.indiandentalacademy.com
36. INORGANIC MATTERINORGANIC MATTER
It is composed principally of mineral calciumIt is composed principally of mineral calcium
and phosphate.and phosphate.
Also includes hydroxyl, carbonate, citrate andAlso includes hydroxyl, carbonate, citrate and
trace amount of sodium, magnesium andtrace amount of sodium, magnesium and
flourine.flourine.
Mineral salts are in form of HYDROXYMineral salts are in form of HYDROXY
APATITE CRYSTALS.APATITE CRYSTALS.
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38. ORGANIC MATTERORGANIC MATTER
It is primarily TYPE 1 COLLAGEN which lies in theIt is primarily TYPE 1 COLLAGEN which lies in the
ground substance of GLYCOPROTEIN ANDground substance of GLYCOPROTEIN AND
PROTEOGLYCAN.PROTEOGLYCAN.
** Collagen 88-89%Collagen 88-89%
* Non collagen 11-12%* Non collagen 11-12%
-Glycoprotein 6.5-10%-Glycoprotein 6.5-10%
-Proteoglycan 0.8%-Proteoglycan 0.8%
-Sialoproteins 0.35%-Sialoproteins 0.35%
-Lipids 0.4%-Lipids 0.4%
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39. COLLAGEN FIBRE ANDCOLLAGEN FIBRE AND
INTERFIBRILLAR SUBSTANCEINTERFIBRILLAR SUBSTANCEwww.indiandentalacademy.com
40. SOCKET WALLSOCKET WALL
The socket wall consists of denseThe socket wall consists of dense
lamellated bone, some of which islamellated bone, some of which is
arranged in HAVERSIANarranged in HAVERSIAN
SYSTEM and BUNDLE BONE.SYSTEM and BUNDLE BONE.
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41. INTERDENTAL SEPTUMINTERDENTAL SEPTUM
It consists of cancellous boneIt consists of cancellous bone
bordered by socket wall andbordered by socket wall and
cribriform plates (lamina dura orcribriform plates (lamina dura or
alveolar bone proper).alveolar bone proper).
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42. Interdental septum between twoInterdental septum between two
adjacent teethadjacent teethwww.indiandentalacademy.com
46. The DENTAL ARTERY which is a branch ofThe DENTAL ARTERY which is a branch of
the SUPERIOR OR INFERIOR ALVEOLARthe SUPERIOR OR INFERIOR ALVEOLAR
ARTERY, dismisses the intra-septal arteryARTERY, dismisses the intra-septal artery
before it enters the tooth socket.before it enters the tooth socket.
The terminal branch of intra-septal arteryThe terminal branch of intra-septal artery
(RAMI PERFONATE) penetrate the alveolar(RAMI PERFONATE) penetrate the alveolar
bone proper.bone proper.
Before the dental artery perforate the rootBefore the dental artery perforate the root
cannal,it divides into branches which supply thecannal,it divides into branches which supply the
apical portion of the PDL.apical portion of the PDL.
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47. Vessels supplying the alveolar boneVessels supplying the alveolar bone
and PDLand PDLwww.indiandentalacademy.com
49. The internal structure of bone is adapted toThe internal structure of bone is adapted to
mechanical stresses. It changes continuouslymechanical stresses. It changes continuously
during growth ,alteration of functional stresses.during growth ,alteration of functional stresses.
In the jaw structural changes are corelated to theIn the jaw structural changes are corelated to the
growth, eruption, movements, wear and loss ofgrowth, eruption, movements, wear and loss of
teeth.teeth.
Bone resorption at any site is aBone resorption at any site is a CHEMOTACTICCHEMOTACTIC
PHENOMENONPHENOMENON that is initiated by release ofthat is initiated by release of
some soluble factor that attracts monocytes tosome soluble factor that attracts monocytes to
the target site.the target site.
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50. During bone resorption 3 process occur:-During bone resorption 3 process occur:-
1. Decalcification1. Decalcification
2. Degradation of matrix2. Degradation of matrix
3.Transport of soluble product3.Transport of soluble product
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51. DECALCIFICATIONDECALCIFICATION
Calcified matrix is resistant to proteases of allCalcified matrix is resistant to proteases of all
kind so bone must first be decalcified.kind so bone must first be decalcified.
Bone decalcification occurs at ruffled border ofBone decalcification occurs at ruffled border of
osteoclast.osteoclast.
By secretion of of organic acid chelation of boneBy secretion of of organic acid chelation of bone
and hydrogen ion occur which increases theand hydrogen ion occur which increases the
solubility of hydroxyapatite crystals.solubility of hydroxyapatite crystals.
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55. DEGRADATION OF MATRIXDEGRADATION OF MATRIX
After the decalcification pieces of matrix areAfter the decalcification pieces of matrix are
released by the activity of-released by the activity of-
CATHEPSIN B1CATHEPSIN B1 (lysosomal acid protease)(lysosomal acid protease)
COLLAGENASE ENZYMECOLLAGENASE ENZYME
Collagenolytic activity takes place outside theCollagenolytic activity takes place outside the
osteoclast and occurs at the specific site on theosteoclast and occurs at the specific site on the
tropocollagen molecule.tropocollagen molecule.
This site is 1/3This site is 1/3rdrd
the distance from carboxyl endthe distance from carboxyl end
of the molecule.of the molecule.
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56. TRANSPORT OF SOLUBLETRANSPORT OF SOLUBLE
PRODUCTSPRODUCTS
After the degradation of matrix,After the degradation of matrix,
breakdown product of the bone mustbreakdown product of the bone must
be transported to the ECF and to thebe transported to the ECF and to the
blood vascular system.blood vascular system.
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58. During the growth of maxilla and mandibleDuring the growth of maxilla and mandible
bone is deposited on the outer surface ofbone is deposited on the outer surface of
cortical plate.cortical plate.
In the mandible with its thick and compactIn the mandible with its thick and compact
cortical plate bone is deposited in the shape ofcortical plate bone is deposited in the shape of
basic or circumferential lamellae.basic or circumferential lamellae.
When lamellae reaches certain thickness they areWhen lamellae reaches certain thickness they are
replaced from inside by HAVERSIAN BONE.replaced from inside by HAVERSIAN BONE.
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60. Reconstruction is correlated to theReconstruction is correlated to the
functoinal and nutritional demand of thefunctoinal and nutritional demand of the
bone.bone.
In haversian canal closest to the surface,In haversian canal closest to the surface,
osteoclast differentiate and resorb theosteoclast differentiate and resorb the
haversian lamellae.haversian lamellae.
The resorbed bone is replaced byThe resorbed bone is replaced by
proliferative loose connective tissue. Thisproliferative loose connective tissue. This
area of resorption is called RESORPTIONarea of resorption is called RESORPTION
TUNNEL or CUTTING CONE.TUNNEL or CUTTING CONE.
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61. The scalloped outline of howship’s lacunae thatThe scalloped outline of howship’s lacunae that
turns their convexity towards the old boneturns their convexity towards the old bone
remains visible as a darkly stained cementingremains visible as a darkly stained cementing
line, a REVERSAL LINE.line, a REVERSAL LINE.
Lines correspond to the rest period in anLines correspond to the rest period in an
otherwise continuous process of boneotherwise continuous process of bone
apposition. They are called RESTING LINES.apposition. They are called RESTING LINES.
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