Aluminium Processing,Properties and Application Cooper Lackay
Aluminium is an element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13
Aluminium is so called because it is a base of “alum,” which in turn is derived from the Latin for “bitter salt.”
Aluminium is the second most plentiful metallic element on earth; an estimated 8.3% of the earth crust is composed of aluminium.
This presentation is about Extraction of Aluminium. It covers meaning of 'Extraction of Metal', Hall Heroult's process, Bayer's process and Uses of Aluminium. To make such presentations for a reasonably cheaper price, please visit https://sbsolnlimited.wixsite.com/busnedu/bookings-checkout/hire-designer-for-powerpoint-slides
Aluminium Processing,Properties and Application Cooper Lackay
Aluminium is an element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13
Aluminium is so called because it is a base of “alum,” which in turn is derived from the Latin for “bitter salt.”
Aluminium is the second most plentiful metallic element on earth; an estimated 8.3% of the earth crust is composed of aluminium.
This presentation is about Extraction of Aluminium. It covers meaning of 'Extraction of Metal', Hall Heroult's process, Bayer's process and Uses of Aluminium. To make such presentations for a reasonably cheaper price, please visit https://sbsolnlimited.wixsite.com/busnedu/bookings-checkout/hire-designer-for-powerpoint-slides
TALAT Lecture 1501: Properties, Characteristics and Alloys of AluminiumCORE-Materials
This lecture provides a survey of the aluminium alloys available to the user; it describes their various properties; it gives an insight into the choice of aluminium for a proposed application. In the context of this lecture not every individual alloy and its properties have been treated in detail, but rather divided into alloy types with reference to the most commonly used alloys. For further details on alloy properties the reader is referred to available databanks like ALUSELECT of the European Aluminium Association (EAA) or to the European and national materials standards. Good engineering background in materials, design and manufacturing processes is assumed.
Aluminium Metal and Aluminium Products, Cast Aluminium Alloys, Alumina Extrac...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Aluminium Metal and Aluminium Products, Cast Aluminium Alloys, Alumina Extraction, Aluminium Conductor, Aluminium Foil, Flexible Foil Packaging Laminate, Aluminium Foil Packs, Printing on Aluminium Foil, Beneficiation of Bauxite, Aluminium Die Castings
Aluminium plays a major role in the modern world through its innumerable forms of applications- from kitchen ware to electric conductors and from railway wagon to Appollo spacecraft. Because of its intrinsic and versatile properties of lightness, strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, electrical and thermal conductivity, non toxicity etc., a wide range of uses has opened up for this metal. Aluminium as a packaging material is unmatched owing to its light weight, hygienic and non-contamination which eventually results in longer shelf-life of end products.
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Significance of research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
“All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is often better than overconfidence, for it leads to inquiry, and inquiry leads to invention” is a famous Hudson Maxim in context of which the significance of research can well be understood.
Aluminium Processing,Properties and Application Cooper Lackay
Aluminium is an element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13
Aluminium is so called because it is a base of “alum,” which in turn is derived from the Latin for “bitter salt.”
Aluminium is the second most plentiful metallic element on earth; an estimated 8.3% of the earth crust is composed of aluminium.
ALUMINUM
THE 13TH ELEMENT IN THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
*WHAT IS ALUMINUM?
- Aluminum derives its name from alum. The Latin name for alum is 'alumen' meaning bitter salt.Note on Naming: Sir Humphry Davy proposed the name aluminum for the element, however, the name aluminium was adopted to conform with the "ium" ending of most elements. This spelling is in use in most countries.
Aluminium was also the spelling in the U.S. until 1925, when the American Chemical Society officially decided to use the name aluminum instead.
*WHO DISCOVERED ALUMINUM?
-Hans Christian Oersted
*FACTS ABOUT OERSTED
-Hans Christian Oersted launched a new epoch in science when he discovered that electricity and magnetism are linked.
He showed by experiment that an electric current flowing through a wire could move a nearby magnet.
The discovery of electromagnetism set the stage for the eventual development of our modern technology-based world.
Oersted also discovered the chemical compound piperine and achieved the first isolation of the element aluminum.
ALUMINUM BASIC FACTS:
Symbol: AlAtomic Number: 13Atomic Weight:26.981539Element Classification Basic MetalCAS Number: 7429-90-5
Aluminum Periodic Table Location
Group: 13Period: 3Block: p
ALUMINUM PHYSICAL DATA
State at room temperature (300 K): SolidAppearance: soft, light, silvery white metalDensity: 2.6989 g/ccDensity at Melting Point: 2.375 g/ccSpecific Gravity: 7.874 (20 °C)Melting Point: 933.47 K, 660.32 °C, 1220.58 °F
Boiling Point: 2792 K, 2519 °C, 4566 °FCritical Point: 8550 KHeat of Fusion: 10.67 kJ/molHeat of Vaporization: 293.72 kJ/molMolar Heat Capacity: 25.1 J/mol·KSpecific Heat: 24.200 J/g·K (at 20 °C)
*Uses and properties
-Image explanation
Aircraft fuselages and aluminium foil are just two of the many and varied uses of this element.
-Appearance
Aluminium is a silvery-white, lightweight metal. It is soft and malleable.malleable.
Aluminum (Al) or alumium, chemical element, silvery-white metal of Group 13 of periodic table uses widely due to its exclusive properties and cheap in price
Aluminium is a silvery white reactive metal that is typically protected by a tough oxide covering. Aluminum wire rod is also the most readily accessible and cost-effective bike component for racing and mountain bike frames.
Non Ferrous Metals (BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION)Andhra University
Non-Ferrous Metals
Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, lead, zinc and tin, as well as precious metals like gold and silver. Their main advantage over ferrous materials is their malleability. They also have no iron content, giving them a higher resistance to rust and corrosion, and making them ideal for gutters, liquid pipes, roofing and outdoor signs. Lastly they are non-magnetic, which is important for many electronic and wiring applications.
Aluminum
Aluminum is lightweight, soft and low strength. Aluminum is easily cast, forged, machined and welded. It’s not suitable for high-temperature environments. Because aluminum is lightweight, it is a good choice for the manufacturing of aircraft and food cans. Aluminum is also used in castings, pistons, railways, cars, and kitchen utensils.
Physically, chemically and mechanically aluminium is a metal like steel, brass, copper, zinc, lead or titanium. It can be melted, cast, formed and machined much like these metals and it conducts electric current. In fact, often the same equipment and fabrication methods are used as for steel.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptx
Aluminium
1. S U B M I T T E D B Y : V A R U N G U L I A
1 2 M E U 0 8 9
ALUMINIUM
2. INTRODUCTION
Aluminium is a chemical element with
symbol Al and atomic number 13.
Aluminium is the third most abundant
element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most
abundant metal in the Earth's crust.
It is a soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal.
Insoluble in water and alcohol.
High electrical and thermal conductivity.
3. CHARACTERISTICS
Aluminium is a relatively soft, durable, lightweight.
Appearance ranges from silver to dull grey (depends
on surface roughness).
Yield strength of pure aluminium is 7–11 MPa,
while aluminium alloys have yield strengths ranging
from 200 MPa to 600 MPa.
Melting point: 660 °C
Boiling point: 2500 °C
Density: 2.70 g/cm³
4. CORROSION RESISTANCE
When the surface of aluminium metal is exposed to
air, a protective oxide coating forms almost
instantaneously.
If the oxide becomes scratched and aluminium metal
exposed, more oxide is formed and the protected
layer renewed.
This oxide layer is corrosion resistant.
This oxide layer is one of the main reasons for
aluminium good corrosion properties. The layer is
stable in the general pH range 4 – 9.
5. STRENGTH
Aluminium alloys commonly have tensile strengths
of between 70 and 700 MPa.
Aluminium does not become brittle at low
temperatures.
At high temperatures, aluminium’s strength
decreases.
The low density of aluminium does not affect its
strength.
6. CONDUCTIVITY
Aluminium is an excellent conductor of heat and
electricity.
Aluminium conductor weighs approximately half as
much as a copper conductor having the same
conductivity.
Resistivity: 2,82×10−8 Ωm
Thermal Conductivity : 202.4 W/mK
Commonly used material in power transmission
lines.
7. REFLECTIVITY
Aluminium is a good reflector of both visible light
and heat.
Aluminium serves as a good reflector (approximately
92%) of visible light and an excellent reflector (as
much as 98%) infrared radiation.
Aluminium is extremely reflective, when
polished and that together with its low weight,
makes it an ideal material for reflectors ,for example,
light fittings or rescue blankets.
8. DUCTILITY & MALLEABILITY
High Ductility & Malleability.
Large coefficient of linear expansion.
Aluminium is the 2nd most malleable and 6th most
ductile metal.
MACHINING
Aluminium is easily worked using most machining
methods – milling, drilling, cutting, punching,
bending, etc. Furthermore, the energy input during
machining is low.
9. FORMABILITY
With the metal either hot or cold, this property is
also exploited in the rolling of strips and foils, as well
as in bending and other forming operations.
IMPERMEABLE AND ODOURLESS
Aluminium foil, even when it is rolled to only 0.007
mm thickness, is still completely impermeable.
Non-Toxic
Releases no aroma or taste substances which makes
it ideal for packaging sensitive products such as food
or pharmaceuticals.
10. ISOTOPES
22 known isotopes from 21Al to 42Al.
4 isomers
Only 27Al is stable
26Al is a radioactive isotope
27Al has a natural abundance of 99.9+ %
Other than 26Al, all radioisotopes have half-lives
under 7 minutes
Aluminium isotopes have found practical application
in dating marine sediments, manganese nodules,
glacial ice.
11. OCCURRENCE
Aluminium is highly reactive and does not occur in
the free state.
It is widely distributed and it is third in abundance
on earth.
Aluminium has three principal ores
Gibbsite or Hydrargillite, Al2O3.3H2O,
Bauxite, Al2O3.2H2O, Diaspore, Al2O3.H2O, and
Cryolite, AlF3.3HF.
Aluminium also occurs in the form of its Aluminium
Oxide, Al2O3, in the semiprecious stones.
12. EXTRACTION
In a two-stage process the metal is extracted from
the bauxite ore under pressure and heat using the
called Bayer process.
The aluminium hydroxide is then heated to produce
aluminium oxide (alumina).
the second process is the electrolysis of alumina.
In this process alumina is dissolved in molten
cryolite and split into molten Al and O2 by passing
an electric current.
From two tons of aluminium oxide thus one ton of
primary metal is extracted.
13. BAYER’s PROCESS
Convert Bauxite to Alumina.
Crush and Grind: The ore is then fed into large
grinding mills and mixed with a caustic soda solution
(sodium hydroxide) at high temperature and
pressure.
Digesters: The slurry is pumped to a digester where
the chemical reaction to dissolve the alumina takes
place.
Flash Cooling: The slurry is pumped into a series of
flash tanks to reduce the pressure and heat.
14. Settlers: Settling is achieved primarily by using
gravity, although some chemicals are added to aid
the process.
Precipitation: The clear sodium aluminate from the
settling and filtering operation is pumped into
precipitators.
Calcination : Calcination is a heating process to
remove the chemically combined water from the
alumina hydrate.
16. HALL-HEROULT PROCESS
Convert Alumina to Aluminium.
The aluminium oxide is mixed with cryolite (made of
sodium fluoride and aluminium fluoride) and then
heated to about 980 °C to melt the solids.
The molten mixture is then electrolysed with a very
large current.
Aluminium ions are reduced to form aluminium
metal (at the cathode).
Oxygen gas is formed at the anode.
17.
18. ALUMINIUM ALLOY’s
Aluminum alloys can be can be classified as
Wrought alloys
Cast alloys
Each of these alloys can be further classified
as
Non Heat treatable alloys
Heat treatable alloys
19. WROUGHT ALLOY
Each alloy is given a four-digit number, where the
first digit indicates the major alloying element.
There are 7 series of Wrought alloy
20. 1000 series are pure Al with a min 99% aluminium
content by weight and can be work hardened.
2000 series are alloyed with Cu, can be hardened to
strengths comparable to steel.
3000 series are alloyed with Manganese.
4000 series are alloyed with silicon. They are also
known as silumin.
5000 series are alloyed with Magnesium.
6000 series are alloyed with magnesium and silicon.
They are easy to machine, are weldable.
7000 series are alloyed with zinc.
21. CAST ALLOYS
Cast aluminium alloys are cost-effective products.
Low melting point
Have lower tensile strengths than wrought alloys
Most important cast aluminium alloy system is Al–Si
There are 9 series of Cast Al Alloys:
23. USES OF ALUMINIUM
TRANSPORT
Aluminum alloys are widely used for aeronautical
applications because of high strength weight ratio.
Aluminium-Scandium alloys are used in Aerospace
industries.
In automobiles for reducing weight of the vehicle
thus reducing fuel consumption.
In trucks and buses (sheet and plate for bodies)
In Cars(engine blocks, cylinder heads,body panels)
24. PACKAGING
Aluminium is used in the form of alloy sheet for
beverage can bodies and tops.
As foil for household and commercial wrap, and in
manufactured packaging products such as cartons
for fruit juice and packaging for pharmaceuticals.
1000 series alloys as foil for food wrapping.
25. In construction, aluminium is used in sheet products
for roofing and wall cladding, in extrusions for
windows and doors, and in castings for builders'
hardware.
In the electrical sector, aluminium is used in the
form of wire, normally reinforced with steel to form
cables.
House hold and consumer items such as utensils
26. RECYCLING
Aluminium is theoretically 100%
recyclable without any loss of its
natural qualities.
Recycling involves melting the
scrap, a process that requires
only 5% of the energy used to
produce aluminium from ore.
Recycled aluminium is known as
secondary aluminium, but
maintains the same physical
properties as primary aluminium.
27. ALUMINIUM LIFE CYCLE
Aluminium is the
perfect ‘eco-metal’.
Very little Al is lost
in the remelting
process. Increased
recovery,
dismantling and
sorting of spent
products has led to
even greater
recycling of
aluminium.