The document analyzes the activities of four enzymes (Rhodanese, 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulphurtransferase, Arginase, and Thiaminase) in nine commonly consumed plant tubers in Nigeria. It finds that all four enzymes exhibited activity in the plant tubers. 3-MST activity varied significantly between tubers, with white yam showing the highest. Arginase activity also varied significantly, with Irish potato having the highest and cassava the lowest. Thiaminase activity varied as well, with cassava stem the highest and bitter yam peel the lowest. The study confirms the presence and nutritional value of these enzymes in commonly consumed plant tubers.
The Role of Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes in the Development of Anthracnose Dis...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the production of cell wall-degrading enzymes by Colletotrichum truncatum CP2, a fungal pathogen that causes anthracnose disease in chili peppers. The study found that polygalacturonase (PG) was the first cell wall-degrading enzyme detected, with higher activity levels than other enzymes. After PG degraded the cell wall, further degradation was carried out by pectin methylesterases, pectin lyase, and pectate lyase. C. truncatum CP2 produced higher levels of these enzymes compared to the reference fungus C. gloeosporiodes. The timing of peak enzymatic activity suggests each enzyme plays a specific
This document summarizes a study that characterized tannase production by Lactococcus lactis subsp lactis and its potential to enhance the nutritional value of composite sourdough. Key findings include:
1) L. lactis was able to tolerate tannin concentrations up to 0.25 mM and degrade 44.2% of tannins at 0.08 mM after 6 hours. Tannase production was inducible and the enzyme was detected intracellularly and extracellularly.
2) In a composite sourdough containing Vigna mungo flour and wheat flour, fermentation with L. lactis resulted in complete reduction of tannins (100%) and significant reduction of saponins
14.Effect of vitamins on endopolygalacturonase production in Alternaria cepulaeAnnadurai B
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of vitamins on endopolygalacturonase (Endo PG) production in Alternaria cepulae, a fungus that causes leaf blight disease in onions. When grown in pectin medium supplemented with vitamins, all vitamins except calcium pantothenate increased mycelial growth and Endo PG activity. The highest Endo PG production and mycelial growth occurred when all vitamins were added together. This suggests that vitamins play an important role in enzymatic activities and metabolism in A. cepulae.
Tannase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of tannins into glucose and gallic acid. Crude tannase was immobilized using sodium alginate and calcium chloride beads. The immobilization process involved slowly mixing tannase with sodium alginate and dropping the mixture into a calcium chloride solution to form beads. The beads were then washed and stored. Tannase is key in degrading gallotannins, a type of tannin, and is present in many microorganisms. The document also describes a portable biosensor system that can detect pesticides on surfaces using an electrochemical chip, wireless communication, and an enzyme reaction within 3-4 minutes.
IJPCBS 2012, 2(1), 110-116 Kavya et al. ISSN: 2249-9504
110
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Available online at www.ijpcbs.com
ISOLATION AND SCREENING OF STREPTOMYCES SP. FROM
CORINGA MANGROVE SOILS FOR ENZYME PRODUCTION AND
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY
M. Kavya Deepthi1*, M. Solomon Sudhakar1 and M. Nagalakshmi Devamma2 1Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, 2Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pr Taadmesihln, aInddui,a I.n dia.
In order to clean up soils contaminated with hydrocarbons, the bioremediation activity of Pseudomonas putida was studied. Pseudomonas putida is a bacterium that can withstand the harshest environmental conditions. It is able to metabolize a wide range of petroleum hydrocarbons which is used as a source of carbon and energy. Given the potential of this microorganism, an experiment wasconducted on this strain.
For the isolation of this microorganism, a sample ofsoil from the Vakinankaratra region in the urban commune of Antsirabe II, Madagascar was microbiologically analysed. The bacterial identification was based on a study of the morphological, physicochemical and sequential analysis of the 16S rDNA gene.
Controlled environment system and method for rapid propagation of saba banana...Innspub Net
Conventional propagation practices of banana challenge the production of disease-free planting materials. This study evaluates the use of misting system and different plant growth enhancers, Benzyl Amino Purine at 2mg/l and Napthalene Acetic Acid at 0.93g/L, on plantlet development of Saba banana (Musa balbisiana) macropropagated under glasshouse conditions. A total of 36 corms are equally distributed in three propagators. Four growth parameters are observed and analysed using factorial in Completely Randomized Design in first generation plantlets (GP1) and second generation plantlets (GP2). Results show that the use of misting system significantly increased (p<0.01) all the growth parameters tested during the first and second cycles. The growth enhancers significantly shortened the number of days to emergence (p<0.01), (GP1, GP2) and increased the number of shoots emerged (p<0.01) (GP1, GP2), shoot collar diameter (p<0.01) (GP1) (p<0.05) (GP2), and total leaf area (p<0.05) (GP1) (p<0.01) (GP2). The interaction of the two factors has significantly shortened the number of days to emergence (P ≤ 0.05), produced the most number of shoots (P ≤ 0.01) and the largest total leaf area (P ≤ 0.05) in GP2. The findings suggest that the combined use of misting system and plant growth enhancers accelerates the growth of macropropagated Saba banana.
Efficiency of some essential oils and insecticides in the control of some sit...Mohamed Alassal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of essential oils from anise and clove, diatomaceous earth, spinetoram, and malathion on physiological and biochemical parameters of three grain weevil species: granary weevil, rice weevil, and maize weevil. The study found that malathion and spinetoram were the most effective at controlling the weevil species based on their median lethal concentration values. Exposure to the test compounds resulted in various effects on total protein content and enzyme activity levels in the weevils.
The Role of Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes in the Development of Anthracnose Dis...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the production of cell wall-degrading enzymes by Colletotrichum truncatum CP2, a fungal pathogen that causes anthracnose disease in chili peppers. The study found that polygalacturonase (PG) was the first cell wall-degrading enzyme detected, with higher activity levels than other enzymes. After PG degraded the cell wall, further degradation was carried out by pectin methylesterases, pectin lyase, and pectate lyase. C. truncatum CP2 produced higher levels of these enzymes compared to the reference fungus C. gloeosporiodes. The timing of peak enzymatic activity suggests each enzyme plays a specific
This document summarizes a study that characterized tannase production by Lactococcus lactis subsp lactis and its potential to enhance the nutritional value of composite sourdough. Key findings include:
1) L. lactis was able to tolerate tannin concentrations up to 0.25 mM and degrade 44.2% of tannins at 0.08 mM after 6 hours. Tannase production was inducible and the enzyme was detected intracellularly and extracellularly.
2) In a composite sourdough containing Vigna mungo flour and wheat flour, fermentation with L. lactis resulted in complete reduction of tannins (100%) and significant reduction of saponins
14.Effect of vitamins on endopolygalacturonase production in Alternaria cepulaeAnnadurai B
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of vitamins on endopolygalacturonase (Endo PG) production in Alternaria cepulae, a fungus that causes leaf blight disease in onions. When grown in pectin medium supplemented with vitamins, all vitamins except calcium pantothenate increased mycelial growth and Endo PG activity. The highest Endo PG production and mycelial growth occurred when all vitamins were added together. This suggests that vitamins play an important role in enzymatic activities and metabolism in A. cepulae.
Tannase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of tannins into glucose and gallic acid. Crude tannase was immobilized using sodium alginate and calcium chloride beads. The immobilization process involved slowly mixing tannase with sodium alginate and dropping the mixture into a calcium chloride solution to form beads. The beads were then washed and stored. Tannase is key in degrading gallotannins, a type of tannin, and is present in many microorganisms. The document also describes a portable biosensor system that can detect pesticides on surfaces using an electrochemical chip, wireless communication, and an enzyme reaction within 3-4 minutes.
IJPCBS 2012, 2(1), 110-116 Kavya et al. ISSN: 2249-9504
110
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Available online at www.ijpcbs.com
ISOLATION AND SCREENING OF STREPTOMYCES SP. FROM
CORINGA MANGROVE SOILS FOR ENZYME PRODUCTION AND
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY
M. Kavya Deepthi1*, M. Solomon Sudhakar1 and M. Nagalakshmi Devamma2 1Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, 2Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pr Taadmesihln, aInddui,a I.n dia.
In order to clean up soils contaminated with hydrocarbons, the bioremediation activity of Pseudomonas putida was studied. Pseudomonas putida is a bacterium that can withstand the harshest environmental conditions. It is able to metabolize a wide range of petroleum hydrocarbons which is used as a source of carbon and energy. Given the potential of this microorganism, an experiment wasconducted on this strain.
For the isolation of this microorganism, a sample ofsoil from the Vakinankaratra region in the urban commune of Antsirabe II, Madagascar was microbiologically analysed. The bacterial identification was based on a study of the morphological, physicochemical and sequential analysis of the 16S rDNA gene.
Controlled environment system and method for rapid propagation of saba banana...Innspub Net
Conventional propagation practices of banana challenge the production of disease-free planting materials. This study evaluates the use of misting system and different plant growth enhancers, Benzyl Amino Purine at 2mg/l and Napthalene Acetic Acid at 0.93g/L, on plantlet development of Saba banana (Musa balbisiana) macropropagated under glasshouse conditions. A total of 36 corms are equally distributed in three propagators. Four growth parameters are observed and analysed using factorial in Completely Randomized Design in first generation plantlets (GP1) and second generation plantlets (GP2). Results show that the use of misting system significantly increased (p<0.01) all the growth parameters tested during the first and second cycles. The growth enhancers significantly shortened the number of days to emergence (p<0.01), (GP1, GP2) and increased the number of shoots emerged (p<0.01) (GP1, GP2), shoot collar diameter (p<0.01) (GP1) (p<0.05) (GP2), and total leaf area (p<0.05) (GP1) (p<0.01) (GP2). The interaction of the two factors has significantly shortened the number of days to emergence (P ≤ 0.05), produced the most number of shoots (P ≤ 0.01) and the largest total leaf area (P ≤ 0.05) in GP2. The findings suggest that the combined use of misting system and plant growth enhancers accelerates the growth of macropropagated Saba banana.
Efficiency of some essential oils and insecticides in the control of some sit...Mohamed Alassal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of essential oils from anise and clove, diatomaceous earth, spinetoram, and malathion on physiological and biochemical parameters of three grain weevil species: granary weevil, rice weevil, and maize weevil. The study found that malathion and spinetoram were the most effective at controlling the weevil species based on their median lethal concentration values. Exposure to the test compounds resulted in various effects on total protein content and enzyme activity levels in the weevils.
1) The document describes methods for micropropagating date palm and guava plants through tissue culture techniques. It provides details on direct organogenesis for date palm propagation and somatic embryogenesis for guava propagation.
2) For date palms, methods are described for initiation, multiplication, elongation, rooting, and acclimatization stages. The optimal conditions found were 2 mg/L 2iP plus 1 mg/L BA for initiation, 4 mg/L 2iP with 2 mg/L BA and 1 mg/L NAA for multiplication, 0.5 mg/L GA3 for elongation, and 0.5 mg/L NAA for rooting.
3) For guava, the
Antioxidant Activity of Indian Medicinal Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) cv. NjavaraIJAEMSJORNAL
A study was conducted to find out the antioxidant activity of medicinal rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Njavara. Two eco types of Njavara rice Njavara black (NB) and Njavara yellow (NY) were procured from RRS, Moncompu and one eco type of Hraswa was obtained from ARS, Mannuthy. Hraswa was treated as the control. Diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, reducing power assay, total antioxidant activity, total phenols, zinc and selenium (Se) were estimated. The results of the antioxidant properties revealed that for DPPH scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical activity NY had highest antioxidant activity. For superoxide radical scavenging activity, NB had the highest activity. Present investigation showed that as the concentration increased, the reducing power of all the rice varieties increased and the highest reducing power was shown by NB. NY had shown the highest total antioxidant activity. Present study revealed that among the three rice varieties NB had the highest total phenol content. Zn content was slightly higher in NY than NB. The present study revealed that control variety Hraswa had the highest Se content.
Alteration in Protein Metabolic Profiles in Liver Tissue of Rats during Dimet...iosrjce
The document summarizes a study on the effects of the organophosphate pesticide dimethoate on protein metabolic profiles in the liver tissue of rats. Rats were treated with 1/10th of the lethal dose of dimethoate for 10, 20, or 30 days. Liver tissues were then analyzed for levels of the enzymes AST and ALT, which are involved in amino acid metabolism. Results showed significant increases in AST and ALT levels in the liver tissues of dimethoate-treated rats compared to controls, indicating disruption of protein metabolism. The increases were also dose- and time-dependent, with higher doses and longer exposure times causing greater changes. This demonstrates that chronic exposure to sub-lethal doses of
In a pot culture (2011), aerosols of oxidized nitrogen (NaNO2) @20kgha-1yr-1 (≈200 ppm), reduced nitrogen (NH4Cl) @10kg-1hayr-1 (≈100 ppm) and distilled water (control) were sprayed (1500 cm3plant-1) weekly at different days after sowing (DAS) to study their impacts on physiology of rice varieties (Bishnuprasad, Kanaklata, Joymati, Jyotiprasad and Mulagavaru). In a field trial (2012), the simulated N-aerosols @ 20 & 40 kg ha-1y-1 of each (1000 cm3m-2) along with a control were misted to population of the rice variety, Kanaklata at four different growth stages viz., germination and tillering (0-30 DAS), maximum tillering, (30-60 DAS), panicle initiation (60-90 DAS) and reproductive development (90-120 DAS). In both pot and field experiments, the N- aerosols brought about wide differences in net photosynthesis rates, nitrate reductase activity, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), membrane permeability in the crop. The aerosols with lower doses at earlier growth stages influenced NUE and economic yield of the crop varieties. Mechanisms of altering membrane permeability either by depletion of Ca2+, or acceleration of peroxidase activity of cell in presence of the aerosols have been elucidated.
The study investigated the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of an aqueous leaf extract of Vitex negundo. Rat peritoneal cells and erythrocytes were used to study the effects. The extract inhibited nitric oxide production by rat peritoneal cells in a dose-dependent manner and also stabilized erythrocyte membranes, as shown by dose-dependent inhibition of heat-induced hemolysis. Higher concentrations of the extract were cytotoxic to rat peritoneal cells, while lower concentrations showed no cytotoxicity. The results suggest that the extract's anti-inflammatory activity is due to inhibition of nitric oxide production by immune cells and membrane stabilizing effects.
Phenolic compounds from artichoke (cynara scolymus l.) by Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds extracted from different parts of artichoke plants. The researchers found that methanolic extracts of bound phenols from artichoke bracts and hearts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria. Specifically, bound phenols from hearts had MIC values of 63μg/ml, while bound phenols from bracts ranged from 312-486μg/ml against gram-negative bacteria and 486μg/ml against gram-positive bacteria. Free phenols from hearts also demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity with MIC values of 204-206μg/ml against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, the
Pharmacological activity of the methanolic extract of sea urchins against esc...Innspub Net
This study elucidated the pharmacological potential of sea urchins using methanol as extracting medium. The antibacterial potential was evaluated using the paper disc method and zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was measured. Antioxidant properties of sea urchins were evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assay. Three species of sea urchin randomly collected along the intertidal zone of Diguisit, Baler Aurora were identified using diagnostic keys by the National Museum of the Philippines and they were identified as follows; Echinothrix diadema, Echinometra mathaei, and Echinometra oblonga. E. diadema recorded the highest diameter zone of inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus after 24 hours of incubation with 11.03 ± 1.75mm and 13.52 ± 1.13mm respectively while E. mathaei only inhibited S. aureus with zone of inhibition of 9.27 ± 2.06mm in 24 hours of incubation as well. As the zone of inhibition prolongs, the zone of inhibition decreases as observed in 48 hours of incubation. E. oblonga did not show inhibitoy effect, however it recorded the highest radical scavenging activity with 64.46% among the three species of sea urchins. This was followed by E. mathaei (51.52%) and E. diadema (37.38%). All collected species manifested antioxidant potential. Based on the results, the collected species of sea urchins has a pharmacological potential.
This document summarizes research on the biotransformation of phenol to L-tyrosine using resting cells of Citrobacter freundii MTCC 2424. Various process parameters were optimized including the concentration of ammonium chloride, phenol, sodium pyruvate, pH, temperature, and incubation time. The maximum conversion of phenol to L-tyrosine (69%) was obtained using 0.25M ammonium chloride, 0.1M phenol, 0.2M sodium pyruvate at pH 8.5 and 35°C for 45 minutes, producing 6.49g/L of L-tyrosine. Higher phenol concentrations were found to inhibit the biotransformation reaction.
Dna fingerprinting, chemical composition, antitumor and antimicrobial activit...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed the chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils and extracts from four Annona species grown in Egypt. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified the major constituents in each species' essential oils. Ethanol extracts showed strong cytotoxic effects against breast, colon, and liver cancer cell lines, with lower IC50 values than the essential oils. Both essential oils and ethanol extracts displayed antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi. The essential oil and ethanol extract of Annona cherimola exhibited the strongest antitumor and antimicrobial effects, suggesting potential as a natural medicine.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Biostimulatory effect of shilajeet on wheat (triticum astivum) seed germinationAlexander Decker
1. The study investigated the effect of different concentrations of Shilajeet, a natural biostimulant, on wheat seed germination and enzyme activity.
2. Seeds treated with 10ppm and 100ppm Shilajeet showed increased germination rates of 12% and 24%, respectively, compared to untreated seeds. However, 1000ppm treatment inhibited germination.
3. Activities of the enzymes α-amylase, starch-phosphorylase, and hexokinase, which are indicators of seed germination, were higher in seeds treated with 10ppm and 100ppm Shilajeet compared to untreated seeds. 1000ppm treatment decreased enzyme activities.
This document reports on a comparative study of the chemical compositions and feeding values of leaves from Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera trees. The study found that M. oleifera leaves contained higher levels of crude protein, fat, essential amino acids, and gross energy than M. stenopetala leaves. However, M. stenopetala leaves had higher fiber fractions like crude fiber, acid detergent fiber and cellulose. In vitro gas production analysis showed M. stenopetala leaves produced more gas and had higher metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility and short chain fatty acids than M. oleifera leaves. Both Moringa species showed potential as protein supplements for ruminants and non
Partial purification and characterization of extracellular protease from pedi...Mushafau Adebayo Oke
This document summarizes a study that characterized and partially purified an extracellular protease produced by Pediococcus acidilactici. Key findings include:
- The protease showed optimal activity at a casein concentration of 2% and with 2.5 ml of crude enzyme.
- It had temperature and pH optima of 28°C and 4.0, respectively, indicating it is a mesophilic and acidic protease.
- Purification using gel filtration chromatography resulted in a 2.26-fold increase in purification and an estimated molecular weight between 45-66 kDa via SDS-PAGE.
Effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on total antioxidant, polyphenolic...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on antioxidant, polyphenol, and carotenoid content in orange-fleshed sweet potato tubers. Organic fertilizer significantly increased all three phytochemicals, with annual applications having the highest levels. Mineral fertilizers also significantly affected levels, with combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium influencing different compounds. The combination of minimal mineral doses with annual or biennial organic fertilizer produced the highest antioxidant, polyphenol, and carotenoid concentrations in the tubers.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
his study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC= 90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities Of Algerian Populus Nigra L. Buds Ex...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
To study of the genetic variations among the Azospirillum lipoferu isolates u...ijsrd.com
Among free-living microorganisms, which can be practically used in agriculture, bacteria from the Azospirillum genus as well as other endophytes are nowadays thought of as the most active component of associative dinitrogen fixation. The investigation was carried out to study the characterization of Azospirillum lipoferu found in the soils of the ten agro-climatic zones which Karnataka, is classified. By using RAPD markers, 75 bands were scored out of which 78.6 % were found to be polymorphic. Statistical analysis of RAPD data enabled the classification of 10 Azospirillum isolates into two major groups. . In this, the cluster analysis based on 75 RAPD bands revealed that the ten A. lipoferu isolates examined clustered at a linkage distance of about 40 units on the dendrogram. There was no correlation between RAPD and geographical origin of isolates.
This study analyzed 31 Thai medicinal plant species commonly used in traditional medicine in northeast Thailand. The plants were grouped into digestive tonic, diarrheal relief, anti-tussive, and anti-inflammation categories based on their traditional uses. The study determined total antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid content, and levels of some phytochemicals for the plants. The results showed variation in these biochemical parameters among the different plant groups. Anti-tussive plants generally had higher total antioxidant activity and phenolic/ascorbic acid levels than diarrheal relief and anti-inflammation plants. Digestive tonic plants exhibited strong free radical scavenging activity.
Bioactive components and antioxidant activity of moroccan paprika (capsicum a...Alexander Decker
This document examines the bioactive components and antioxidant activity of Moroccan paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) harvested and processed at different times. The study found:
1) Paprika produced in November had the highest levels of total phenols (1360 mg/100g DW), carotenoids (3727.54 mg/kg DW), and ASTA color value (167.15 units), and exhibited the strongest radical scavenging activity in DPPH assays.
2) Total flavonol and flavonoid contents varied slightly depending on harvest and processing time.
3) Total phenolic content and total carotenoid content were highly correlated with DPPH radical scavenging activity
Influence of drying process on the functional properties of some plantsAlexander Decker
1) The document examines the effect of different drying methods (air, convective oven, and microwave oven) on the functional properties of four green leafy vegetables (celery, coriander, dill, and parsley).
2) Fresh plants had the highest contents of antioxidants (total phenols, carotenoids, chlorophyll) and antioxidant capacity, followed by air drying, then oven drying, and microwave drying resulted in the greatest losses.
3) Drying, especially at higher temperatures, significantly reduced the moisture content as well as the bioactive compounds in the plants. Microwave drying led to the greatest decreases in total phenols, carotenoids, chlorophyll, and antioxidant capacity compared to
In-vitro antioxidant and GC-MS analysis ethanolic extract of poly herbal drugSkyfox Publishing Group
Antioxidants play an important role in inhibiting and scavenging free radicals, thus providing protection to human against
infections and degenerative diseases. Current research is now directed towards natural antioxidants originated from plants due to safe
therapeutics. Poly herbal drugs is used in Indian traditional medicine for a wide range of various ailments. To understand the mechanism
of pharmacological actions, antioxidant properties of the Poly herbal drugs extract were tested using standard in vitro models. The
ethanolic extract of Poly herbal drugs exhibited strong scavenging effect on superoxide, nitric oxide radical and reducing power radical
scavenging assay. The free radical scavenging effect of Poly herbal drugs extract was comparable with that of the reference antioxidants.
The data obtained in the present study suggests that the extract of Poly herbal drugs have potent Invitro antioxidant and Anti Diabetic
activity against free radicals, prevent oxidative damage to major biomolecules and afford significant protection against oxidative damage.
Growth Pattern, Molecular Identification and Bio molecules Analysis of FOMITO...journal ijrtem
Abstract : Fomitopsis feei, a brown rot fungus is identified tentatively using morphological characteristics and confirmed phylogenetically by 28S rDNA analysis and sequence was submitted in EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database. Its growth pattern was studied on eight different solid media and found to be good on Malt extract agar medium. Biomolecules such as proteins and lipid were screened qualitatively and estimated quantitatively. Aminoacid analysis by chromatography and fatty acid analysis by FAME were also done and revealed that tryptophan (20.53%), valine (20.51%) and cis-linoleic acid (43.38%) and palmetic acid (17.88%) were in high percentage.
Key words : Fomitopsis feei, growth, molecular identification and biomolecules
1) The document describes methods for micropropagating date palm and guava plants through tissue culture techniques. It provides details on direct organogenesis for date palm propagation and somatic embryogenesis for guava propagation.
2) For date palms, methods are described for initiation, multiplication, elongation, rooting, and acclimatization stages. The optimal conditions found were 2 mg/L 2iP plus 1 mg/L BA for initiation, 4 mg/L 2iP with 2 mg/L BA and 1 mg/L NAA for multiplication, 0.5 mg/L GA3 for elongation, and 0.5 mg/L NAA for rooting.
3) For guava, the
Antioxidant Activity of Indian Medicinal Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) cv. NjavaraIJAEMSJORNAL
A study was conducted to find out the antioxidant activity of medicinal rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Njavara. Two eco types of Njavara rice Njavara black (NB) and Njavara yellow (NY) were procured from RRS, Moncompu and one eco type of Hraswa was obtained from ARS, Mannuthy. Hraswa was treated as the control. Diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, reducing power assay, total antioxidant activity, total phenols, zinc and selenium (Se) were estimated. The results of the antioxidant properties revealed that for DPPH scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical activity NY had highest antioxidant activity. For superoxide radical scavenging activity, NB had the highest activity. Present investigation showed that as the concentration increased, the reducing power of all the rice varieties increased and the highest reducing power was shown by NB. NY had shown the highest total antioxidant activity. Present study revealed that among the three rice varieties NB had the highest total phenol content. Zn content was slightly higher in NY than NB. The present study revealed that control variety Hraswa had the highest Se content.
Alteration in Protein Metabolic Profiles in Liver Tissue of Rats during Dimet...iosrjce
The document summarizes a study on the effects of the organophosphate pesticide dimethoate on protein metabolic profiles in the liver tissue of rats. Rats were treated with 1/10th of the lethal dose of dimethoate for 10, 20, or 30 days. Liver tissues were then analyzed for levels of the enzymes AST and ALT, which are involved in amino acid metabolism. Results showed significant increases in AST and ALT levels in the liver tissues of dimethoate-treated rats compared to controls, indicating disruption of protein metabolism. The increases were also dose- and time-dependent, with higher doses and longer exposure times causing greater changes. This demonstrates that chronic exposure to sub-lethal doses of
In a pot culture (2011), aerosols of oxidized nitrogen (NaNO2) @20kgha-1yr-1 (≈200 ppm), reduced nitrogen (NH4Cl) @10kg-1hayr-1 (≈100 ppm) and distilled water (control) were sprayed (1500 cm3plant-1) weekly at different days after sowing (DAS) to study their impacts on physiology of rice varieties (Bishnuprasad, Kanaklata, Joymati, Jyotiprasad and Mulagavaru). In a field trial (2012), the simulated N-aerosols @ 20 & 40 kg ha-1y-1 of each (1000 cm3m-2) along with a control were misted to population of the rice variety, Kanaklata at four different growth stages viz., germination and tillering (0-30 DAS), maximum tillering, (30-60 DAS), panicle initiation (60-90 DAS) and reproductive development (90-120 DAS). In both pot and field experiments, the N- aerosols brought about wide differences in net photosynthesis rates, nitrate reductase activity, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), membrane permeability in the crop. The aerosols with lower doses at earlier growth stages influenced NUE and economic yield of the crop varieties. Mechanisms of altering membrane permeability either by depletion of Ca2+, or acceleration of peroxidase activity of cell in presence of the aerosols have been elucidated.
The study investigated the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of an aqueous leaf extract of Vitex negundo. Rat peritoneal cells and erythrocytes were used to study the effects. The extract inhibited nitric oxide production by rat peritoneal cells in a dose-dependent manner and also stabilized erythrocyte membranes, as shown by dose-dependent inhibition of heat-induced hemolysis. Higher concentrations of the extract were cytotoxic to rat peritoneal cells, while lower concentrations showed no cytotoxicity. The results suggest that the extract's anti-inflammatory activity is due to inhibition of nitric oxide production by immune cells and membrane stabilizing effects.
Phenolic compounds from artichoke (cynara scolymus l.) by Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds extracted from different parts of artichoke plants. The researchers found that methanolic extracts of bound phenols from artichoke bracts and hearts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria. Specifically, bound phenols from hearts had MIC values of 63μg/ml, while bound phenols from bracts ranged from 312-486μg/ml against gram-negative bacteria and 486μg/ml against gram-positive bacteria. Free phenols from hearts also demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity with MIC values of 204-206μg/ml against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, the
Pharmacological activity of the methanolic extract of sea urchins against esc...Innspub Net
This study elucidated the pharmacological potential of sea urchins using methanol as extracting medium. The antibacterial potential was evaluated using the paper disc method and zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was measured. Antioxidant properties of sea urchins were evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assay. Three species of sea urchin randomly collected along the intertidal zone of Diguisit, Baler Aurora were identified using diagnostic keys by the National Museum of the Philippines and they were identified as follows; Echinothrix diadema, Echinometra mathaei, and Echinometra oblonga. E. diadema recorded the highest diameter zone of inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus after 24 hours of incubation with 11.03 ± 1.75mm and 13.52 ± 1.13mm respectively while E. mathaei only inhibited S. aureus with zone of inhibition of 9.27 ± 2.06mm in 24 hours of incubation as well. As the zone of inhibition prolongs, the zone of inhibition decreases as observed in 48 hours of incubation. E. oblonga did not show inhibitoy effect, however it recorded the highest radical scavenging activity with 64.46% among the three species of sea urchins. This was followed by E. mathaei (51.52%) and E. diadema (37.38%). All collected species manifested antioxidant potential. Based on the results, the collected species of sea urchins has a pharmacological potential.
This document summarizes research on the biotransformation of phenol to L-tyrosine using resting cells of Citrobacter freundii MTCC 2424. Various process parameters were optimized including the concentration of ammonium chloride, phenol, sodium pyruvate, pH, temperature, and incubation time. The maximum conversion of phenol to L-tyrosine (69%) was obtained using 0.25M ammonium chloride, 0.1M phenol, 0.2M sodium pyruvate at pH 8.5 and 35°C for 45 minutes, producing 6.49g/L of L-tyrosine. Higher phenol concentrations were found to inhibit the biotransformation reaction.
Dna fingerprinting, chemical composition, antitumor and antimicrobial activit...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed the chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils and extracts from four Annona species grown in Egypt. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified the major constituents in each species' essential oils. Ethanol extracts showed strong cytotoxic effects against breast, colon, and liver cancer cell lines, with lower IC50 values than the essential oils. Both essential oils and ethanol extracts displayed antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi. The essential oil and ethanol extract of Annona cherimola exhibited the strongest antitumor and antimicrobial effects, suggesting potential as a natural medicine.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Biostimulatory effect of shilajeet on wheat (triticum astivum) seed germinationAlexander Decker
1. The study investigated the effect of different concentrations of Shilajeet, a natural biostimulant, on wheat seed germination and enzyme activity.
2. Seeds treated with 10ppm and 100ppm Shilajeet showed increased germination rates of 12% and 24%, respectively, compared to untreated seeds. However, 1000ppm treatment inhibited germination.
3. Activities of the enzymes α-amylase, starch-phosphorylase, and hexokinase, which are indicators of seed germination, were higher in seeds treated with 10ppm and 100ppm Shilajeet compared to untreated seeds. 1000ppm treatment decreased enzyme activities.
This document reports on a comparative study of the chemical compositions and feeding values of leaves from Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera trees. The study found that M. oleifera leaves contained higher levels of crude protein, fat, essential amino acids, and gross energy than M. stenopetala leaves. However, M. stenopetala leaves had higher fiber fractions like crude fiber, acid detergent fiber and cellulose. In vitro gas production analysis showed M. stenopetala leaves produced more gas and had higher metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility and short chain fatty acids than M. oleifera leaves. Both Moringa species showed potential as protein supplements for ruminants and non
Partial purification and characterization of extracellular protease from pedi...Mushafau Adebayo Oke
This document summarizes a study that characterized and partially purified an extracellular protease produced by Pediococcus acidilactici. Key findings include:
- The protease showed optimal activity at a casein concentration of 2% and with 2.5 ml of crude enzyme.
- It had temperature and pH optima of 28°C and 4.0, respectively, indicating it is a mesophilic and acidic protease.
- Purification using gel filtration chromatography resulted in a 2.26-fold increase in purification and an estimated molecular weight between 45-66 kDa via SDS-PAGE.
Effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on total antioxidant, polyphenolic...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on antioxidant, polyphenol, and carotenoid content in orange-fleshed sweet potato tubers. Organic fertilizer significantly increased all three phytochemicals, with annual applications having the highest levels. Mineral fertilizers also significantly affected levels, with combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium influencing different compounds. The combination of minimal mineral doses with annual or biennial organic fertilizer produced the highest antioxidant, polyphenol, and carotenoid concentrations in the tubers.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
his study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC= 90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities Of Algerian Populus Nigra L. Buds Ex...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
To study of the genetic variations among the Azospirillum lipoferu isolates u...ijsrd.com
Among free-living microorganisms, which can be practically used in agriculture, bacteria from the Azospirillum genus as well as other endophytes are nowadays thought of as the most active component of associative dinitrogen fixation. The investigation was carried out to study the characterization of Azospirillum lipoferu found in the soils of the ten agro-climatic zones which Karnataka, is classified. By using RAPD markers, 75 bands were scored out of which 78.6 % were found to be polymorphic. Statistical analysis of RAPD data enabled the classification of 10 Azospirillum isolates into two major groups. . In this, the cluster analysis based on 75 RAPD bands revealed that the ten A. lipoferu isolates examined clustered at a linkage distance of about 40 units on the dendrogram. There was no correlation between RAPD and geographical origin of isolates.
This study analyzed 31 Thai medicinal plant species commonly used in traditional medicine in northeast Thailand. The plants were grouped into digestive tonic, diarrheal relief, anti-tussive, and anti-inflammation categories based on their traditional uses. The study determined total antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid content, and levels of some phytochemicals for the plants. The results showed variation in these biochemical parameters among the different plant groups. Anti-tussive plants generally had higher total antioxidant activity and phenolic/ascorbic acid levels than diarrheal relief and anti-inflammation plants. Digestive tonic plants exhibited strong free radical scavenging activity.
Similar to Distribution of enzymes (rhodanese, 3 mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase, arginase and thiaminase) in some commonly consumed plant tubers in nigeria.
Bioactive components and antioxidant activity of moroccan paprika (capsicum a...Alexander Decker
This document examines the bioactive components and antioxidant activity of Moroccan paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) harvested and processed at different times. The study found:
1) Paprika produced in November had the highest levels of total phenols (1360 mg/100g DW), carotenoids (3727.54 mg/kg DW), and ASTA color value (167.15 units), and exhibited the strongest radical scavenging activity in DPPH assays.
2) Total flavonol and flavonoid contents varied slightly depending on harvest and processing time.
3) Total phenolic content and total carotenoid content were highly correlated with DPPH radical scavenging activity
Influence of drying process on the functional properties of some plantsAlexander Decker
1) The document examines the effect of different drying methods (air, convective oven, and microwave oven) on the functional properties of four green leafy vegetables (celery, coriander, dill, and parsley).
2) Fresh plants had the highest contents of antioxidants (total phenols, carotenoids, chlorophyll) and antioxidant capacity, followed by air drying, then oven drying, and microwave drying resulted in the greatest losses.
3) Drying, especially at higher temperatures, significantly reduced the moisture content as well as the bioactive compounds in the plants. Microwave drying led to the greatest decreases in total phenols, carotenoids, chlorophyll, and antioxidant capacity compared to
In-vitro antioxidant and GC-MS analysis ethanolic extract of poly herbal drugSkyfox Publishing Group
Antioxidants play an important role in inhibiting and scavenging free radicals, thus providing protection to human against
infections and degenerative diseases. Current research is now directed towards natural antioxidants originated from plants due to safe
therapeutics. Poly herbal drugs is used in Indian traditional medicine for a wide range of various ailments. To understand the mechanism
of pharmacological actions, antioxidant properties of the Poly herbal drugs extract were tested using standard in vitro models. The
ethanolic extract of Poly herbal drugs exhibited strong scavenging effect on superoxide, nitric oxide radical and reducing power radical
scavenging assay. The free radical scavenging effect of Poly herbal drugs extract was comparable with that of the reference antioxidants.
The data obtained in the present study suggests that the extract of Poly herbal drugs have potent Invitro antioxidant and Anti Diabetic
activity against free radicals, prevent oxidative damage to major biomolecules and afford significant protection against oxidative damage.
Growth Pattern, Molecular Identification and Bio molecules Analysis of FOMITO...journal ijrtem
Abstract : Fomitopsis feei, a brown rot fungus is identified tentatively using morphological characteristics and confirmed phylogenetically by 28S rDNA analysis and sequence was submitted in EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database. Its growth pattern was studied on eight different solid media and found to be good on Malt extract agar medium. Biomolecules such as proteins and lipid were screened qualitatively and estimated quantitatively. Aminoacid analysis by chromatography and fatty acid analysis by FAME were also done and revealed that tryptophan (20.53%), valine (20.51%) and cis-linoleic acid (43.38%) and palmetic acid (17.88%) were in high percentage.
Key words : Fomitopsis feei, growth, molecular identification and biomolecules
Phytochemical Analysis of some Macrophytes of Lake Kondakarla, Visakhapatnam ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Isolation and characterization of polyphenol oxidase from phyllanthus emblica...IJSIT Editor
This study aimed to isolate and characterize polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from Phyllanthus emblica (Indian gooseberry). PPO was purified from gooseberry extracts using ammonium sulfate precipitation and dialysis. SDS-PAGE analysis showed the purified PPO had an apparent molecular weight of 100 kD. Optimum conditions for PPO activity were determined to be pH 7 and temperatures between 30-40°C. PPO showed highest activity with catechol and was inhibited by EDTA, indicating it is a copper-containing enzyme. Characterization of gooseberry PPO provides insights into browning of this fruit.
Involvement of Physicochemical Parameters on Pectinase Production by Aspergil...Haritharan Weloosamy
This study investigated the effect of physicochemical parameters on pectinase production by Aspergillus niger HFD5A-1 under submerged fermentation. The optimal conditions found were pH 4.5, temperature of 30°C, inoculum size of 2% (v/v) 1 × 106 cell/mL, agitation speed of 150 rpm, 1.80% (w/v) citrus pectin as the carbon source, and 0.40% (w/v) peptone as the nitrogen source. Under these conditions, pectinase production reached 2.51 U/mL after 6 days, representing a 97.6% increase compared to the initial conditions. The
Morphological characterization and quality evaluation of some cultivated papr...Alexander Decker
The document analyzed 11 different morphological variants of paprika grown in Morocco. Significant differences were found among the variants for all fruit characteristics studied, including fresh and dry weight, length, seed traits, and density. Morphotype 1 had traits most desired commercially such as high ASTA value, high dry-to-fresh weight ratio, and low pungency. The results provide information that can be used to establish a paprika breeding program to develop new commercial hybrids with enriched desirable traits.
Effects of roasting on the total phenolic contents and radical scavenging act...Innspub Net
This study investigated the effects of roasting on the total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity of three fruit seeds: Prunus domestica, Prunus armeniaca, and Prunus persica. Seeds were roasted at 160°C for 1, 2, or 3 hours. Total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity were highest at different time points for each seed. For P. domestica, phenolic content was highest at 1 hour (554 mg/100g) and radical scavenging activity was highest at 1 hour (48%). For P. armeniaca, phenolic content was highest at 2 hours (684 mg/100g) and radical scavenging activity
Bioactive constituents, antioxidant activity and in vitro cancerAlexander Decker
The document analyzes the antioxidant and anticancer properties of juices from nine varieties of Moroccan prickly pear fruit. It finds that the juices contain significant antioxidants like phenolics and flavonoids. Testing shows the juices have dose-dependent inhibitory effects on cancer cell growth in vitro. The results suggest the health benefits of different prickly pear varieties and provide information to make best use of them in food and medical applications.
Analysis of Organophosphate Pesticides Residue on Crops in Abakaliki, Ebonyi ...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes organophosphate pesticide residue found on pumpkin crops in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Samples of pumpkin leaves were collected 3 days after being sprayed with organophosphate pesticides and analyzed using gas chromatography. Sample A contained dioxabenzeofos and phenanthrene. Sample B contained chlorethoxyfos, oxydeprofos, sulfotep, phenanthrene, and dioxabenzofos. Sample C contained chlonethoxy fos, oxydeprofos, sulfotep, phenanthrene, and dioxabenzofos. All residues were below the LD50 toxicity range for organophosphates. The
1) The study examined the effects of various cytokinins, cytokinin ribosides, and their analogs on the viability of normal and cancerous human cells.
2) Only a few compounds, including isopentenyladenosine (1a) and N6-benzyladenosine (3a), significantly impaired viability in most cell lines tested, including normal endothelial cells and various cancer cell lines.
3) Colon carcinoma LoVo cells were uniquely insensitive to all compounds tested and may serve as a model for studying cytokinin resistance.
SYNERGISTIC ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF PHYTOESTROGENS IN CRUDE EXTRACTS OF T...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have doubled in the last decade worldwide. However, as a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the effectiveness of sesame leaves in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the synergistic antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude leaves extracts of Sesame radiatum and Sesame indicum. Ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of both leaves were studied for their in-vitro synergistic antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms, and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed that the major compounds in essential oils are of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups especially, the most potent antioxidants known to man like sesamol, sesamolin and sesamin among others. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested pathogenic micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited inhibitory activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of Nigeria .
Phenolic compounds from artichoke (cynara scolymus l.) by Alexander Decker
The document discusses phenolic compounds extracted from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) byproducts and their antimicrobial activities. It finds that methanolic extracts of bound phenols from artichoke bracts and hearts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration values for bound phenols from hearts were 63μg/ml. Free phenols from hearts also demonstrated antimicrobial properties, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 204 to 206 μg/mL against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. The study suggests artichoke byproducts could be used to develop nutritional supplements with antimicrobial properties.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated pesticide residue levels of imidacloprid and abamectin on tomato, cucumber, and pepper plants after spraying. Researchers sprayed the pesticides at concentrations commonly used by farmers in Palestine and measured residue levels on plant parts and in soil over 10 days using HPLC. Residue levels of both pesticides were higher than levels found in previous studies and exceeded maximum residue limits for the first 5 days. Abamectin residues were higher than imidacloprid residues, and both pesticides showed higher soil residues compared to plant residues. The degradation rates of the pesticides in soil followed first-order kinetics with high correlation.
The document analyzes the chemical and nutritional profiles of the mesocarp (edible fleshy part) of three common varieties of Terminalia catappa (tropical almond tree). Proximate analysis found the mesocarp contains moderate amounts of protein, fiber, fat, ash and carbohydrates. Mineral analysis found it contains magnesium, potassium, calcium, sodium, iron and phosphorus. Anti-nutritional factors tannin and phytate were present but in low amounts not likely to cause health issues. The study concluded the three varieties have comparable nutritional compositions and the mesocarp is a good source of nutrients comparable to other fruits, making it suitable for human consumption.
Assessing the Suitability of using Plant Latex as Immobilization Support for ...ijsrd.com
Horseradish peroxidase was immobilized onto latex from three different plants viz. Calotropis procera, Euphorbia royleana and Alstonia scholaris with 0.51 ± 0.01, 0.37 ± 0.01, 0.46 ± 0.01 mg/cm2 conjugation yield and 62.07 ± 0.85, 66.1 ± 0.85, 71.24 ± 0.80 % retention of specific activity respectively. The support, before and after addition of peroxidase was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transmission infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). Optimum pH, optimum temperature and changes in kinetic parameters (Ea, Km and Vmax) for immobilized peroxidases were studied and found to differ from that of free peroxidase. Alstonia scholaris latex was most effective in stabilizing the structure of peroxidase during storage at 4°C, whereas thermal stability and reusability of peroxidase was better on Calotropis procera latex. Analytical use of Calotropis procera latex bound peroxidase for determination of phenolic content of fruit juices has also been demonstrated.
The word “banana” is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
(48)Screening and identifiation of Bacillus sp. isolated from traditional Vie...minhdaovan
Fibrinolytic enzymes produced by microorganisms have been attractive in prevention and
treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) by their low-cost and safety. This study focused
on screening for the existence of firinolytic enzymes in Vietnamese traditional fermented
soybean paste products and isolation and identifiation of related bacteria. Sixteen fermented
soybean paste samples were collected over three regions of Vietnam in which seven samples
gave the positive results on firinolytic enzyme activity. Miso (MS) and Green Chili (GC)
samples had the highest firinolytic enzyme activities (1.81 and 0.77 FU/g, respectively).
According to morphological features, four strains of bacteria were isolated and all of them
were found to produce firinolytic enzymes. The enzyme activities produced by four isolated
strains were in a range of 29.7 - 77.9 FU/g after culturing on solid state media for 24 h. The
isolated strains were identifid as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens using 16 rRNA sequence and
phylogenetic analysis with 99% similarity
Similar to Distribution of enzymes (rhodanese, 3 mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase, arginase and thiaminase) in some commonly consumed plant tubers in nigeria. (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
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Distribution of enzymes (rhodanese, 3 mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase, arginase and thiaminase) in some commonly consumed plant tubers in nigeria.
1. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering www.iiste.org
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Vol.4, No.9, 2013-Special Issue - 2nd International Conference on Engineering and Technology Research
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Co-published with the Faculty of Engineering and Technology of Ladoke, Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso-Nigeria
Distribution of Enzymes (Rhodanese, 3-Mercaptopyruvate
Sulphurtransferase, Arginase And Thiaminase) in Some
Commonly Consumed Plant Tubers in Nigeria.
+1
Ehigie O. L., 2
Okonji R. E., 3
Balogun R. O. and 4
Bamitale K. D. S.
+1
Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
2
Department of Biochemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
3
Department of Haematology and Immunology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
4
Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
+
Corresponding Author Email: Leonard.ehigie@yahoo.com ; Lehigie@lautech.edu.ng
Abstract
Four different enzymes (Rhodanese, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase (3-MST) , Arginase and
thiaminase) activities were detected in crude plant extracts of nine randomly selected plant tubers which includes
sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), irish potato (Solanum tuberosum), white yam, yellow yam, bitter yam
(Diascorea bulbifera), sweet yam (Diascorea esculentu), water yam (Diascorea alata), cocoyam and cassava
(Manihot esculentu) . In each case, the enzymes exhibited high activities. The p value activity of 3-MST varies
significantly in the various plant tuber. White yam showed the highest activity with a mean of 0.2 which varies
significantly when compared to, red cocoyam with a mean of 0.005. Arginase was also seen to vary significantly
in the different plant samples with Irish potato having the highest mean value of activity while cassava showed
the lowest mean value. Thiaminase activity varied significantly in the plant tubers. Cassava stem had the highest
mean value of thiaminase activity while bitter yam peel showed the lowest mean value of activity. These studies
confirm the activities and nutritional values of these enzymes in the commonly consumed plant tubers.
Keywords: Plant Tubers, Arginase, Rhodanese, 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulphurtransferase, Thiaminase, Activity.
Introduction
Nigeria is the highest producer of yam, producing 73% of the world total, most of which is locally
consumed. Other tubers like cassava, coco-yam and potatoes make up a large proportion in our diet (FAO, 1990).
These plants are equally necessary to maintain the balance in the eco-system. Tubers (both stem and root tubers)
are various types of modified plant structures that are enlarged to store nutrients (Kyte and Klein, 1996;
Hammerson, 2004). In the present time human activities have reduced the amount of plants on the planet.
Although many current researches confirm that plant extracts contain some chemical compounds which are
biologically active within the human body. For centuries humans have used plants and plant extracts to treat
various disease conditions and more recently to produce new drugs. Still most of the plants carry a large number
of unidentified compounds which can be useful for making new drugs and for the treatment of disease.
Some of the best sources for enzymes are fresh fruits, vegetables, and sprouted grains. Just as the body
needs enzymes to function, so do plants need enzymes for growth and reproduction. Foods are such rich sources
of enzymes that some enzyme supplements are actually derived from food sources; these include pineapple (the
source of the enzyme bromelain), and papaya (the source of papain), as well as kiwi and figs. Rhodanese has
been confirmed to exist in plants but its function in plants is poorly understood (Hatzfeld and Saito, 1999). The
enzyme has been proposed to have a role in cyanide detoxification, but no correlation between cyanide
accumulation by plants and rhodanese activity has been observed (King and Cho, 1990). Arginine is the most
important single metabolite for nitrogen storage in plant seeds. Plant arginase is housekeeping enzymes found in
many if not all plant species (Witte and Medina-Escobar, 2001; Brownfield et al., 2008; Cao et al., 2010).
The potato tuber for example, represents an important reservoir of nitrogen and an approach was made
to the characterization of Glutamine Synthatase (GS) in this tuber, particularly at the stages of sprouting and of
new tuber formation (Pereira et al., 1996). Tubers represent an important reservoir of nitrogen both in the form
of proteins and of a free amino acid pool which consists mainly of glutamine and asparagine (Burton, 1989). In
this paper we describe the activities of four different metabolic enzymes in some plant tubers and discuss their
possible functions.
Materials
Trizma base, Trizma-HCl, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), Reactive Blue 2- crosslinked
agarose (suspension), thiamine, aniline and p - dimethylaminobenzaldelyde (Ehrlich reagent) were purchased
from Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, Mo, USA. Sodium chloride, orthophosphoric acid and manganese
chloride tetrahydrate were purchased from BDH Chemicals Limited, Poole, England. All reagents used were of
2. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol.4, No.9, 2013-Special Issue - 2nd International Conference on Engineering and Technology Research
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Co-published with the Faculty of Engineering and Technology of Ladoke, Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso-Nigeria
analytical grade and were either obtained from Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis U.S.A or BDH Chemicals
Limited, Poole, England. Microfield SM23A-Sphetophotometer
Methods
Preparation of Crude Extract.
The plant tubers were washed with saline water to remove dirty particles and were cut in to small bits.
Twenty gram of each plant tubers were homogenised in three volumes of 0.02 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.2. This
was followed by filtration using cheese cloth. The filtrate was then centrifuged at 5000 rpm (IEC, DPR 6000) for
30 min. The supernant was used for the final analysis.
Enzyme and Protein Assays
Protein Assays: Protein concentration was determined by Bradford method by extrapolated each
protein concentration from standard curve using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as standard (1976).
Mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase activity was measured according to the modified method of
Taniguchi and Kimura (1974). The reaction mixture in a final volume of 1 ml contained 0.38 M of Tris-HCl
buffer, pH 7.8, 0.5 M potassium cyanide, 0.3 M mercaptoethanol and 30 µl of enzyme solution. Absorbance of
each sample was measured at 460 nm using spectrophotometer (SM 23A-sphetophotometer). The unit of enzyme
activity was defined as micromoles mercaptocyanate formed per minute at 37°C and pH 7.8.
Rhodanese activity was assayed by the method of Agboola and Okonji (2004). The reaction mixture
contained 50 mM sodium thiosulphate, 50 mM potassium cyanide, 0.25 mM borate buffer, pH 9.4 and 10 µl of
enzyme solution in a final volume of 1.0 ml. The reaction was carried out for 1 min at 37°C and stopped by
adding 0.5ml 15% formaldehyde and 1.5 ml of Sorbo reagent (which is made up of ferric nitrate solution
containing 0.025 g Fe(NO3) 3,9 H2O in 0.74 ml water and 0.26 ml concentrated nitric acid). Absorbance was
measured at 460 nm. The unit of enzyme activity was defined as micromoles thiocyanate formed per minute at
37°C and pH 9.2.
Arginase activity was determined according to the method of Kaysen and Strecker (1973). The reaction
mixture contained, in final concentration, 1.0 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 9.5 containing 1.0 mM MnCl2, 0.1 M
arginine and 50 µl of the enzyme preparation was added in a final volume of 1.0 ml. The mixture was incubated
for 10 minutes at 37 °C. The reaction was terminated by the addition of 2.5 ml Erhlich's reagent. The optical
density reading was taken after 20 minutes at 450 nm. The urea produced was estimated from the urea curved
prepared by varying the concentration of urea between 0.1 µmol and 1.0 µmol and a graph of optical density
against urea concentration was plotted. The unit of activity of arginase is defined as the amount of enzyme that
will produce one µmol of urea per min at 37o
C.
Thiaminase Assay: The enzyme sample was incubated at 37°C in 0.1 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, with
10-5
M thiamine and 4×10-3
M aniline and incubated for 30 min. The remaining thiamine was oxidized with the
addition of 1.0 ml of 200 g/l NaOH and assayed fluorometrically (Nishimune et al., 2000). Absorbance was read
at 411nm immediately. One unit of enzyme activity is that amount of enzyme which catalyses the formation of
one micromole of heteropyrithiamine in 30 min.
Statistical analysis
The results are presented as means ± SD. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA by using SAS/PC
soft ware to examine whether there was any statistical difference among groups. If the difference evaluated with
the ANOVA was significant, Duncan multiple range test was used for paired comparisons. A p value less than
0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results and Discussion
The present study showed the activities of four different metabolic and cyanide detoxifying enzymes
(arginase, rhodanese, 3-MST and thiaminase) in higher plants. The results given in Figure 1 shows the protein
concentrations in the different plants. White yam contained the highest mean value of protein while different
parts of cassava showed the least mean protein concentration value (Figure 1). Protein concentration of plants
has always been used as index for food quality of such plant and its classification into the three classes of food.
Although, the plant tubers are predominantly carbohydrate plants, the protein concentration reported in this work
is in good agreement with the low protein and high carbohydrate nature of the tubers. (Anosike and Ugochukwu,
1981). Cyanide is highly toxic to the cell, especially as a potent inhibitor of metalloenzymes. In plants, at least
two proteins could act in its detoxification, sulphurtransferases (rhodanese and 3-mercaptopyruvate
sulphurtransferase). Sulphurtransferases would catalyze the formation of the less toxic thiocyanate; in mammals
this compound is mainly excreted in the urine (Nagahara et al. 1999; Ressler and Tatake 2001; Meyer et al.,
2003). Mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase (MST, EC 2.8.1.2) and rhodanese (Rhodanese, EC 2.8.1.1) are
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evolutionarily related enzymes that catalyze the transfer of sulfur ions from mercaptopyruvate and thiosulphate,
respectively, to cyanide ions (Nagahara et al., 1999). The activity of 3-MST in our study varies significantly in
the various plant tuber samples. Water yam showed the highest specific activity with a mean value (p) of 0.2 and
cocoyam had the least mean value of 0.005 (Figure 2). The presence of rhodanese was first reported in higher
plant tissues other than the leaves by Anosike and Ugochukwu (1981) and the enzyme was hypothesized to be
distributed in plants by Shirai and Kurihara (1991). Rhodanese activity has been established in the leaves, peels
and in the flesh of Manihot esculenta (Anosike and Ugochukwu, 1981). Rhodanese specific activity at 95%
confidence interval at p value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant, but the p value of
0.194 was obtained for rhodanese which is less than 0.05, this shows that the rhodanese specific activity does not
vary significantly in the plant tubers. Though white yam peel had the highest specific activity of rhodanese;
cassava plant also showed very high rhodanese activity while cocoyam showed the least mean value (Figure 3).
Rhodanese activity in higher plants is not as high as that in animals (Sorbo, 1951; Nagahara et al.,
1996). Cyanogenic plants showed higher rhodanese activities than non-cyanogenic plants. This may indicate that
the main function of rhodanese is cyanide detoxication. But its general distribution may also suggest other
function as seen in its distribution in the other plant tubers. It has been suggested that rhodanese plays a role in
the modulation of energy production enzymes (Volini and Ogata, 1991). It is also possible that rhodanese
activity in plants is due to the action of other enzyme(s) (Kakes and Hakvoort, 1992). No relation between
cyanogenesis and rhodanese activity was found. A rhodanese purified from tapioca leaves showed properties
similar to that of bovine rhodanese (Boey, et al., 1976), but rhodanese activity in plants is so low that the very
existence of a rhodanese enzyme has been controversial (Lieberei and Selmar, 1990; Kakes and Hakvoort, 1992).
Arginase, which plays an important role in regulating the metabolism of L-arginine in mammalian cells,
the enzyme has also been reported to be involved in stress responses in higher plants (Zhang et al., 2010). In
higher plants, which also utilize arginine for the production of polyamines and nitric oxide, the potential role of
arginase as a control point for arginine homeostasis has not been investigated. The specific activity of arginase
was highest in irish potato while cassava had the lowest mean activity (Figure 4). In view of the well-established
roles of polyamines, nitric oxide and proline in plant tolerance to chilling stress; arginase may play an important
role in fruit chilling tolerance by regulating the metabolism of arginine. Most of the studies on plant arginase
have focused on its role in mobilizing arginine during early seedling germination. Storage proteins are mobilized
to provide amino acids for protein synthesis in the dividing cells. Arginase activity increases sharply during
germination in several species including soybean (Matsuburu and Suzuki, 1984; King and Cho, 1990; Jenkinson
et al., 1996), arabidopsis and loblolly pines (Zonia et al., 1995; Ging and Gilford, 1997). In higher plants urea
and ornithine formed as products of arginase reaction are used in the assimilation of nitrogen into amino acids
and the synthesis of polyamines through urease and ornithine decarboxylase respectively (Dawnum et al., 1983,
Jenkinson et al., 1996). The enzyme has been isolated and characterized from cotyledons as well as axis of
soybean (Dabir et al., 2010).
Thiaminases are enzymes found in a few plants and they function by cleaving the thiamine molecule
and render it biologically inactive. Highest levels of enzyme activity were found in vigorously growing plant
material (McCleary and Chick, 1977). The presence of thiaminase in very high activity in the various cassava
parts (peel, stem and the flesh) is in agreement with the toxic nature of the plant. Cassava stem was found to
have the highest specific activity of thiaminase while bitter yam peal showed the least mean activity (Figure 5).
Reports have shown that the highest thiaminase activity in plants is found in the Rhizomes, but all areas of the
plant contain some thiaminase and show seasonal variability (McCleary and Chick, 1977). Potato (Solanum
tuberosum) was also found to possess high activity of thiaminase, and research has shown that many parts of
potato are poisonous. The potato poisoning follows eating tubers that have decayed, sprouted or become green
through being exposed to sunlight. The green leaves and shoots as well as the berries of the plant itself are also
been reported to be poisonous. Other tubers like Fronds of the fern nardoo (Marsilea drummondii) contain a
thiaminase enzyme at very high levels of activity.
In conclusion, consumption of cassava over time has been linked to ataxia (a neurological disorder
affecting ability to walk), goitre, and konzo (FAO, 1990; Ademolekun, 1994) in some East African countries
(Ademolekun, 1994). It can also cause severe calcific pancreatitis in humans, leading to chronic pancreatitis. The
presence of these enzymes (3-MST, rhodanese, arginase and thiaminase) in these plant tubers, indicate the
presence of a powerful detoxification mechanism of cyanide in these tubers. These enzymes may have evolved
due to the exposure of these tubers through ages to high level of cyanogeic substances in the environment. It is
apparent that theses enzymes may perform primary biological function as well as detoxification in these tubers.
4. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering www.iiste.org
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Figure 1: Mean Protein Concentration of protein (µg in 10g tuber) the Various Plant Tubers.
Figure 2: p value of mean Specific Activity of 3-Mercaptopyruvaye Sulphurtransferase
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Figure 3: p value mean Specific Activity of Rhodanese
Figure 4: p value mean specific activity of Arginase
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Figure 5: p value mean Specific Activity of Thiaminase
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