It is well known that processing change physical and chemical composition of foods, thus affecting the content
in bioactive substances. Potatoes are almost always consumed after processing (baked, fried or boiled) making it
critical to understand the effect of such processing techniques on the containing in bioactive compounds. In
order to determine the influence of processing on the content of anthocyanin pigments and flavonoids was
achieved the extraction of these compounds from boiled and baked purple potato tuber (Albastru-Violet de
Galanesti variety). Also, in order to obtain the maximum amount of anthocyanin pigments and flavonoids from
processed potatoes was applied ultrasonic extraction (20 kHz) and was performed the mathematical modeling
(central composite design) using SigmaXL software. The total anthocyanins content were determined
spectrophotometrically by the pH differential method and the total flavonoids content were determine
colorimetric by AlCl3 method. This study proves that the potato processing decreases the content of
anthocyanin pigments and flavonoids.
Environmental exposure and health risks of the insecticide monocrotophos - a ...Innspub Net
Monocrotophos is a organophosphate based insecticide used for crop protection. Monocrotophos use has induced heath issues and water pollution. From the ecotoxicology, human health and regulatory aspects, it is essential to restrict the emissions and release of the highly acutely toxic chemical from the industrial processes and agricultural applications. In this review, we present the toxicity and decomposition in media such as vegetables, human tissues, animal tissues and rations, synthesis of the analytical procedures and materials used to determine the monocrotophos and identification of cis and trans isomers of monocrotophos. Also the main physical spectroscopic methods have been discussed in this review. The analytical techniques which are presented permit to select the best analytical conditions to detect monocrotophos. These methods are widely applicable for remaining organophosphate and other polar pesticides. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-5-number-1-july-2014-jbes/
This document describes research on the production and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) from Paenibacillus polymyxa using mango peel as a substrate. Key findings include:
- P. polymyxa exhibited maximum CMCase production when grown in a medium containing 7% mango peel with 1.5% ammonium sulfate at 37°C and pH 5.5.
- Purification by affinity column chromatography achieved a 28-fold purification with a 1.99% recovery yield.
- SDS-PAGE analysis showed bands at 26.5 and 34 kDa, suggesting a heteromeric multienzyme complex. Native PAGE showed a single band of 72 kDa.
Effects of Several Purple Potato Additions on Bread QualityIJERA Editor
Potato cultivars with purple flesh represent an efficient and natural source of antioxidants, this vegetable having
high content in polyphenols (especially anthocyanin pigments). The research goal of this work was to evaluate
the anthocyanin and polyphenols content of several Romanian potato varieties (Albastru-Violet de Gălănești and
Christian) and the effects of these potatoes (add to dough in different proportions) on several bread quality
indicators. The bread quality depends on physical and chemical properties and on several signs like: flavor and
taste, external appearance, crumb porosity and texture, bread’s volume. In this research experiment, beside the
total polyphenols and anthocyanin content, the analysis performed on bread (prepared using different potatoes
addition 5%, 15% and 30%) were sensorial and physic chemical analysis (product volume, crumb porosity,
height/diameter ratio, moist and acidity). Experimental results indicated that 15% purple potato cultivar added on
the dough was the most indicate proportion to be used in bread processing.
The document summarizes research on the biogas yield potential of wastes from banana manufacturing processes under mesophilic anaerobic fermentation. Specifically:
- Banana stalk and peel were tested separately as raw materials for anaerobic fermentation at 35°C under different concentration levels.
- The results showed that banana stalk and peel can be used as raw materials for anaerobic fermentation. Low concentration fermentation of banana peel produced the best gas yields, with potential of 758 mL/g TS and 856 mL/g VS.
- High concentration fermentation of banana peel acidified rapidly after starting, stopping biogas production. The fermentation technology would need optimization for practical application.
Murdannia loriformis(hassk) - Yapakking Suphalada C.
Beijing herbs grass to support such research out of the grass, the herb Beijing to treat cancer. No significant toxicity. When doing research, it was found that the in vitro anti-cancer The colon cancer and breast cancer cells. Were found to contain glycoprotein Goliath Sphinx Rapids (G 1 b) moderately inhibited the cancer cell. Beijing has also been found that grass. Stimulate immunity. Make you strong. Found that patients treated for eating grass, Beijing on the current pattern. Patients suffering from the side effects of lower radiation and Kate's Modern Therapy. Inhibit the spread of cancer and came back again. Including the adaptive immune system of the body.
Comparative Assessment of Total Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity of Comme...AnuragSingh1049
Green Tea, made from Camellia sinensis plant leaves, is one of the most popular drinks in the world. For the past decades, scientists have studied this plant in terms of potential health benefits. Research has shown that green tea helps prevent stroke, malignancy and infections. In this paper, antioxidant activity and total phenol content of 4 samples of green tea from local Tuzla stores were investigated, of which two were of foreign origin. The antioxidant activity of the samples was analyzed using FRAP and DPPH methods. The obtained results show that the highest content of total phenols and the largest antioxidant capacity has a sample of foreign origin. The content of total phenols in the samples ranges from 60.01 to 79.34 mg GAE/g. The highest FRAP value is 3.34 mmol/g. The antioxidant capacity was also confirmed by the DPPH method. The IC50 value ranges from 0.014 to 0.030 mg/mL.
Effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on total antioxidant, polyphenolic...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on antioxidant, polyphenol, and carotenoid content in orange-fleshed sweet potato tubers. Organic fertilizer significantly increased all three phytochemicals, with annual applications having the highest levels. Mineral fertilizers also significantly affected levels, with combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium influencing different compounds. The combination of minimal mineral doses with annual or biennial organic fertilizer produced the highest antioxidant, polyphenol, and carotenoid concentrations in the tubers.
Environmental exposure and health risks of the insecticide monocrotophos - a ...Innspub Net
Monocrotophos is a organophosphate based insecticide used for crop protection. Monocrotophos use has induced heath issues and water pollution. From the ecotoxicology, human health and regulatory aspects, it is essential to restrict the emissions and release of the highly acutely toxic chemical from the industrial processes and agricultural applications. In this review, we present the toxicity and decomposition in media such as vegetables, human tissues, animal tissues and rations, synthesis of the analytical procedures and materials used to determine the monocrotophos and identification of cis and trans isomers of monocrotophos. Also the main physical spectroscopic methods have been discussed in this review. The analytical techniques which are presented permit to select the best analytical conditions to detect monocrotophos. These methods are widely applicable for remaining organophosphate and other polar pesticides. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-5-number-1-july-2014-jbes/
This document describes research on the production and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) from Paenibacillus polymyxa using mango peel as a substrate. Key findings include:
- P. polymyxa exhibited maximum CMCase production when grown in a medium containing 7% mango peel with 1.5% ammonium sulfate at 37°C and pH 5.5.
- Purification by affinity column chromatography achieved a 28-fold purification with a 1.99% recovery yield.
- SDS-PAGE analysis showed bands at 26.5 and 34 kDa, suggesting a heteromeric multienzyme complex. Native PAGE showed a single band of 72 kDa.
Effects of Several Purple Potato Additions on Bread QualityIJERA Editor
Potato cultivars with purple flesh represent an efficient and natural source of antioxidants, this vegetable having
high content in polyphenols (especially anthocyanin pigments). The research goal of this work was to evaluate
the anthocyanin and polyphenols content of several Romanian potato varieties (Albastru-Violet de Gălănești and
Christian) and the effects of these potatoes (add to dough in different proportions) on several bread quality
indicators. The bread quality depends on physical and chemical properties and on several signs like: flavor and
taste, external appearance, crumb porosity and texture, bread’s volume. In this research experiment, beside the
total polyphenols and anthocyanin content, the analysis performed on bread (prepared using different potatoes
addition 5%, 15% and 30%) were sensorial and physic chemical analysis (product volume, crumb porosity,
height/diameter ratio, moist and acidity). Experimental results indicated that 15% purple potato cultivar added on
the dough was the most indicate proportion to be used in bread processing.
The document summarizes research on the biogas yield potential of wastes from banana manufacturing processes under mesophilic anaerobic fermentation. Specifically:
- Banana stalk and peel were tested separately as raw materials for anaerobic fermentation at 35°C under different concentration levels.
- The results showed that banana stalk and peel can be used as raw materials for anaerobic fermentation. Low concentration fermentation of banana peel produced the best gas yields, with potential of 758 mL/g TS and 856 mL/g VS.
- High concentration fermentation of banana peel acidified rapidly after starting, stopping biogas production. The fermentation technology would need optimization for practical application.
Murdannia loriformis(hassk) - Yapakking Suphalada C.
Beijing herbs grass to support such research out of the grass, the herb Beijing to treat cancer. No significant toxicity. When doing research, it was found that the in vitro anti-cancer The colon cancer and breast cancer cells. Were found to contain glycoprotein Goliath Sphinx Rapids (G 1 b) moderately inhibited the cancer cell. Beijing has also been found that grass. Stimulate immunity. Make you strong. Found that patients treated for eating grass, Beijing on the current pattern. Patients suffering from the side effects of lower radiation and Kate's Modern Therapy. Inhibit the spread of cancer and came back again. Including the adaptive immune system of the body.
Comparative Assessment of Total Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity of Comme...AnuragSingh1049
Green Tea, made from Camellia sinensis plant leaves, is one of the most popular drinks in the world. For the past decades, scientists have studied this plant in terms of potential health benefits. Research has shown that green tea helps prevent stroke, malignancy and infections. In this paper, antioxidant activity and total phenol content of 4 samples of green tea from local Tuzla stores were investigated, of which two were of foreign origin. The antioxidant activity of the samples was analyzed using FRAP and DPPH methods. The obtained results show that the highest content of total phenols and the largest antioxidant capacity has a sample of foreign origin. The content of total phenols in the samples ranges from 60.01 to 79.34 mg GAE/g. The highest FRAP value is 3.34 mmol/g. The antioxidant capacity was also confirmed by the DPPH method. The IC50 value ranges from 0.014 to 0.030 mg/mL.
Effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on total antioxidant, polyphenolic...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on antioxidant, polyphenol, and carotenoid content in orange-fleshed sweet potato tubers. Organic fertilizer significantly increased all three phytochemicals, with annual applications having the highest levels. Mineral fertilizers also significantly affected levels, with combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium influencing different compounds. The combination of minimal mineral doses with annual or biennial organic fertilizer produced the highest antioxidant, polyphenol, and carotenoid concentrations in the tubers.
Effects of extract of Drymaria cordata on isolated rat liver MMPT poreGloria Okenze
This study investigated the effects of extract of Drymaria cordata, a medicinal plant, on the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore (MMPT pore) using isolated rat liver mitochondria. The objectives were to determine if the extract could induce opening of the MMPT pore. Fractions of the methanol extract were tested for their effects on mitochondrial swelling, ATPase activity, and lipid peroxidation in the presence and absence of calcium. The chloroform fraction was found to be the most potent at inducing MMPT pore opening and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. This suggests the chloroform fraction contains compounds that could modulate apoptosis by affecting the mitochondrial membrane and MMPT pore. Further studies are needed to identify active compounds and fully characterize
Caralluma truncato-coronata (Sedgw.) Gravely &
Mayur is one of the endangered and rare genera of the Dogbane
family, Apocynaceae was extracted by ethanolic Soxhlet method
and was phytochemically screened by GC-MS. Among the
compounds screened, the bioactivity and the name of the
compound viz., Styrene, Deferiprone, Amyl acetate, Cetyl
alcohol, Docosanol, Octadecene, Stearic acid, Phytol,
Diacetylverrucarol, an amine alkene, a terpenoid and a cyano
compound were identified. This report is the first of its kind to
analyse the ethanolic constituents of C.truncato-coronata using
GC-MS.The results of the GC-MS profile can be used as
pharmacognostical tool for the identification of the plant. GC-MS
analysis showed the existence of various compounds with
different chemical structures. The presence of various bioactive
compounds confirms the application of C.truncato-coronata for
various ailments by traditional practioners. The antimicrobial
susceptibility testing on the human pathogenic bacteria and fungi
on Agar Well diffusion Method in MHA significantly recorded
the maximum inhibitory zone in Candida tropicalis and
Enterococcus faecalis.The isolation of individual phytochemical
constituents may proceed to find a novel drug.
The word “banana” is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
Distribution of enzymes (rhodanese, 3 mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase, ar...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes the activities of four enzymes (Rhodanese, 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulphurtransferase, Arginase, and Thiaminase) in nine commonly consumed plant tubers in Nigeria. It finds that all four enzymes exhibited activity in the plant tubers. 3-MST activity varied significantly between tubers, with white yam showing the highest. Arginase activity also varied significantly, with Irish potato having the highest and cassava the lowest. Thiaminase activity varied as well, with cassava stem the highest and bitter yam peel the lowest. The study confirms the presence and nutritional value of these enzymes in commonly consumed plant tubers.
ABSTRACT- Secondary metabolites or phytochemicals from plants have eminent pharmacological activities such as
anti-oxidative, anti-allergic, antibiotic, hypoglycaemic and anti-carcinogenic. These secondary metabolites protect the
cells from the damage caused by unstable molecules known as free radicals. They can inhibit oxidation of free radicals in
both human body and food system. Food industry uses both natural and synthetic antioxidants to extend shelf life of
products. But the application of synthetic antioxidant has been limited due to its carcinogenicity. Recently research is
being focused on fruit materials, which are considered rich source of antioxidant compounds. In this study the
phytoconstituents of seed extracts of two varieties of Cucumis melo L, namely Cucumis melo cantalupensis and Cucumis
melo reticulatus, were studied for their antioxidant property by DPPH free radical scavenging method. In this
investigation, chloroform, petroleum ether, acetone, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the fruit seed were made using cold
extraction process. Phytochemical study reveals that anthroquinones, quinines, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, phenols and
steroids were present in aqueous extract of both the samples. The total phenolic content of their seed extracts were found
to be 8.8 mg GAE/g of dry sample and 9.2 mg GAE/g of dry sample respectively. The phenolic content was found to be
linearly proportional to the antioxidant ability of the samples.
Key-words- Cucumis melo cantalupensis, Cucumis melo reticulates, DPPH, Antioxidant, Phenolic content,
Phytochemicals
Chemical Composition, In Vitro Digestibility And Gas Production Characteristi...IOSR Journals
This study evaluated the chemical composition, in vitro gas production, metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, and short chain fatty acid production of diets containing varying levels (0%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%) of sweet orange peel meal (SOPM). Results showed that in vitro gas production and fermentation parameters like metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, and short chain fatty acid production improved with increasing SOPM levels in the diets. Specifically, the diet with 50% SOPM (D4) showed significantly higher in vitro gas production, metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, and short chain fatty acid production compared to the other diets. However, the gas production characteristics like the soluble
Effect of Isolate of Trichoderma Sp. And Incubation Period to Glucose Productioninventy
This study was carried out to determine the effect of isolates of Trichoderma sp. and the incubation period to glucose production. A glucose produced by the three isolates of Trichoderma sp. (TV.0209, TV.0305 and TV.0710) which were obtained from the collection of the Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Chemical Engineering of The State Polytechnic of Malang. It was determined that the isolates had a significant correlation in producing glucose with incubation period for 10 days. Data were then analyzed using two-way anova with the alpha of 5% and using Microsoft Excel. Isolate TV.0209 was capable to produce the highest average of a total glucose production (3,616 ppm) when compared with TV.0305 (3,253 ppm) and TV.0710 (2,448 ppm). The optimum incubation period of treatment isolate variables was achieved during 6 days.
Antioxidant and-anticancer-activities-of-moringa-leavesSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
High performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for profi...Kamal Tyagi
This document describes a study that developed a high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method for profiling and quantifying folate monoglutamates in tomato fruits. Several parameters of the folate extraction process from tomato tissues were optimized, including extraction conditions, pH range, amount of enzymes, and boiling time. The method was then validated for linearity, sensitivity and recovery. This HPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to quantify folates in other plants like spinach, capsicum, and garden pea, demonstrating its versatility for accurate determination of different folate monoglutamates in vegetables.
Ethiopian Propolis - Characteristics and Chemical CompositionBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is a sticky material mixed by honeybees to utilize it in protecting their hives from infection by bacteria and fungi. The therapeutic properties of propolis are due to its chemical composition with bio-active compounds. These propolis samples indicate that they are potential sources of natural bio-active compounds for biological and pharmacological applications. A unique compound was discovered which hasn't been found in other global studies of propolis.
Unraveling the potential phytochemical compounds of gymnema sylvestre through...University of Pretoria
This document summarizes a study that used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify phytochemical compounds in the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre, a plant used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes. GC-MS analysis identified 34 compounds in the ethanolic leaf extract, including terpenes, alcohols, fatty acids, amines, and sterols. The highest peaks corresponded to hexadecanoic acid and α-santoline alcohol. Many of the identified compounds were terpenoids. The presence of compounds like tocopherols, stigmasterol, and triterpenoids suggests potential health benefits like lowering cholesterol and preventing cancer. The study provides
This document reports on a comparative study of the chemical compositions and feeding values of leaves from Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera trees. The study found that M. oleifera leaves contained higher levels of crude protein, fat, essential amino acids, and gross energy than M. stenopetala leaves. However, M. stenopetala leaves had higher fiber fractions like crude fiber, acid detergent fiber and cellulose. In vitro gas production analysis showed M. stenopetala leaves produced more gas and had higher metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility and short chain fatty acids than M. oleifera leaves. Both Moringa species showed potential as protein supplements for ruminants and non
This study assessed the enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins from the microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Spirulina sp. LEB 18 to produce protein hydrolysates. Three commercial proteases were used under different conditions to hydrolyze the microalgae proteins. The highest degrees of hydrolysis for Spirulina and Chlorella, respectively, were 55.31% and 52.9% and were obtained with 4 hours of reaction time using Protemax N200 protease. Statistical analysis showed that enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and reaction time significantly affected the degree of hydrolysis. The results indicate it is possible to obtain protein hydrolysates with varying degrees of hydrolysis from microalgae
Antioxidant activity against methanol extraction of eucheuma cotonii and e. s...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that tested the antioxidant activity of Eucheuma cotonii and E. spinosum collected from North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Fresh and dry samples of both algae were extracted using 60%, 70%, and 80% methanol solvent. Tests measured total phenol content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAP antioxidant power, and total carotene. The highest values were found in fresh E. spinosum extracted with 60% methanol, indicating it had the strongest antioxidant activity among the samples tested.
A friedelane type triterpene from prosopis africanaAlexander Decker
The document describes the isolation and characterization of a friedelane type triterpene, compound J29, from the stem bark of Prosopis africana. J29 was isolated through column chromatography of the chloroform fraction obtained from ethyl acetate extraction of P. africana stem bark. Spectroscopic analysis including IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 2D NMR identified compound J29 as friedelin, a triterpene being reported for the first time from P. africana.
Fatty Acid Pattern and Alkaloids of Echium RauwolfiiEditor IJCATR
The GC/MS analysis of hexane extract revealed the presence of palmitic acid as saturated fatty acid (1.05%), versus oleic acid (2.18%), linoleic acid (1.13%), cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (2.12%) as unsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, CH2Cl2 extract contained palmitic acid methyl ester (3.55%), and methyl isostearate (1.17%) as saturated fatty acids, versus linoleic acid methyl ester (3.57%) and linolenic acid methyl ester (10.01%) as unsaturated fatty acids. The GC/MS analysis of the alkaloid-rich fraction indicated the presence of the pyrazolidine alkaloids petranine (2.97%), 7-angeloyl-9-(2-methylbutyryl) retronecine (4.22%), 7-angeloylretronecine (0.59%) and 9-angeloylretronecine (0.47%).
The butanol extract showed the heights DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.3 µg),. while ethyl acetate extract was very weak in activity (IC50 = 432.3 µg) and no activity with hexane and methylene chloride extract.
The antimicrobial potentials of E. rauwolfii extracts were examined. The inhibition of the fungi species by ethyl acetate extract exert was comparable to Amphotericin B. The inhibition zone of the butanol extract against Streptococcus pneumonia was comparable to Ampicillin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was comparable to Gentamicin and Escherichia coli was comparable to Gentamicin.
The cytotoxicity against HePG-2 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “very strong”, and that of hexane extract and methylene chloride extract were “moderate”, against MCF-7 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “strong”, that of methylene chloride extract was “moderate”, and that of hexane extract was “weak” and against HCT-116 of butanol extract was “very strong”, of ethyl acetate extract was“strong”, of methylene chloride extract and hexane extract were “moderate”.
Using Remote Sensing Techniques For Monitoring Ecological Changes In Lakes: C...IJERA Editor
The ability to use remote sensing in studying lake ecology lies in the capability of satellite sensors to measure
the spectral reflectance of constituents in water bodies. This reflectance can be used to determine the
concentration of the constituents of the water column through mathematical relationships. This work identified a
simple linear equation for estimating suspended matter in Lake Naivasha with reflectance in Landsat7 ETM+
image. A R² = 0.94, n = 6 for suspended matter was obtained. Archive of Landsat imagery was used to
produce maps of suspended matter concentrations in the lake. The suspended matter concentrations at five
different locations in the lake over 30 year’s period were then estimated. It was therefore concluded that the
ecological changes Lake Naivasha is experiencing is the result of the high water abstraction and the effect of
climate change.
Seismic Microzonation Study in Tabriz Metropolitan City for Earthquake Risk M...IJERA Editor
This document discusses a seismic microzonation study conducted in Tabriz, Iran. Tabriz has a high population density and is located near the active North Tabriz Fault Zone. The study aimed to assess seismic hazard in Tabriz and develop microzonation maps to inform construction practices and mitigate earthquake risk. The methodology involved evaluating expected ground motions, analyzing local site effects, and mapping hazard zones. Results showed variation in hazards like ground shaking, liquefaction and landslides across the study area due to differences in geology and soil conditions. The microzonation study provides information needed to enhance earthquake safety in Tabriz's urban development.
Distributed Shared Memory – A Survey and Implementation Using OpenshmemIJERA Editor
Parallel programs nowadays are written either in multiprocessor or multicomputer environment. Both these
concepts suffer from some problems. Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) systems is a new and attractive area of
research recently, which combines the advantages of both shared-memory parallel processors (multiprocessors)
and distributed systems (multi-computers). An overview of DSM is given in the first part of the paper. Later we
have shown how parallel programs can be implemented in DSM environment using Open SHMEM.
Framework for Bridges Maintenance in EgyptIJERA Editor
The traditional approaches for bridges maintenance is proven to be inefficient as they lead to random way of
spending maintenance budget and deteriorating bridge conditions. In many cases, maintenance activities are
performed due to user complaints. The objective of this paper is to develop a practical and reliable framework to
manage the maintenance and repair activities of Bridges network in Egypt considering performance and budget
limits. The model solves an optimization problem that maximizes the average condition of the network given the
limited budget using Genetic Algorithm (GA).
The main tasks of the system are bridge inventory, condition assessment, deterioration using markov model, and
maintenance optimization. The developed model takes into account multiple parameters including serviceability
requirements, budget allocation, element importance on structural safety and serviceability, bridge impact on
network, and traffic. A questionnaire is conducted to complete the research scope. The proposed model is
implemented in software, which provides a friendly user interface. The results of the framework are multi – year
maintenance plan for the entire network for up to five years. A case study is presented for validating and testing
the model with Data collected from “General Authority for Roads, Bridges and Land Transport” in Egypt.
Ground water distillation by basin type solar still for different basin water...IJERA Editor
Adequate quality and reliability of drinking water supply is a fundamental need. Without potable water or
drinking water (less than about 500 ppm of salt) human life is not possible. Only 1% of Earth's water is in a
fresh, liquid state, and nearly all of this is polluted by both diseases and toxic chemicals. For this reason,
purification of water supplies is extremely important.
Keeping these things in mind, we have devised a model which will convert the saline ground water into pure
and potable water using the renewable source of energy (i.e. solar energy). Solar energy is an abundant, never
lasting, and available on site and pollution free energy.Solar Energy is freely available and can be used as a very
cheap option to convert saline ground Water through Solar Distillation, by using Solar Stills. The conventional
single basin and single slop Passive Solar Still can be used to purify water but the main problem is that the per
square meter distillate output is less. So it is need to modify the design of solar still for high output of solar
distillate
Solar still is easy to construct, can be done by local people from locally available materials, simple in
operation by unskilled Personnel, no hard maintenance requirements and almost no operation cost. Simplest
basin type models of solar still in earlier days, researchers have progressed a lot to increase its efficiency.
Suitable modification of solar still can produce high output using minimum areas of land and even in cloudy
days. Experimental study is done at Rewa M.P. on two different basin water depth solar stills. Low water depth
solar water still is produced more distillate than high water depth still by the experiment.
Effects of extract of Drymaria cordata on isolated rat liver MMPT poreGloria Okenze
This study investigated the effects of extract of Drymaria cordata, a medicinal plant, on the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore (MMPT pore) using isolated rat liver mitochondria. The objectives were to determine if the extract could induce opening of the MMPT pore. Fractions of the methanol extract were tested for their effects on mitochondrial swelling, ATPase activity, and lipid peroxidation in the presence and absence of calcium. The chloroform fraction was found to be the most potent at inducing MMPT pore opening and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. This suggests the chloroform fraction contains compounds that could modulate apoptosis by affecting the mitochondrial membrane and MMPT pore. Further studies are needed to identify active compounds and fully characterize
Caralluma truncato-coronata (Sedgw.) Gravely &
Mayur is one of the endangered and rare genera of the Dogbane
family, Apocynaceae was extracted by ethanolic Soxhlet method
and was phytochemically screened by GC-MS. Among the
compounds screened, the bioactivity and the name of the
compound viz., Styrene, Deferiprone, Amyl acetate, Cetyl
alcohol, Docosanol, Octadecene, Stearic acid, Phytol,
Diacetylverrucarol, an amine alkene, a terpenoid and a cyano
compound were identified. This report is the first of its kind to
analyse the ethanolic constituents of C.truncato-coronata using
GC-MS.The results of the GC-MS profile can be used as
pharmacognostical tool for the identification of the plant. GC-MS
analysis showed the existence of various compounds with
different chemical structures. The presence of various bioactive
compounds confirms the application of C.truncato-coronata for
various ailments by traditional practioners. The antimicrobial
susceptibility testing on the human pathogenic bacteria and fungi
on Agar Well diffusion Method in MHA significantly recorded
the maximum inhibitory zone in Candida tropicalis and
Enterococcus faecalis.The isolation of individual phytochemical
constituents may proceed to find a novel drug.
The word “banana” is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
Distribution of enzymes (rhodanese, 3 mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase, ar...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes the activities of four enzymes (Rhodanese, 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulphurtransferase, Arginase, and Thiaminase) in nine commonly consumed plant tubers in Nigeria. It finds that all four enzymes exhibited activity in the plant tubers. 3-MST activity varied significantly between tubers, with white yam showing the highest. Arginase activity also varied significantly, with Irish potato having the highest and cassava the lowest. Thiaminase activity varied as well, with cassava stem the highest and bitter yam peel the lowest. The study confirms the presence and nutritional value of these enzymes in commonly consumed plant tubers.
ABSTRACT- Secondary metabolites or phytochemicals from plants have eminent pharmacological activities such as
anti-oxidative, anti-allergic, antibiotic, hypoglycaemic and anti-carcinogenic. These secondary metabolites protect the
cells from the damage caused by unstable molecules known as free radicals. They can inhibit oxidation of free radicals in
both human body and food system. Food industry uses both natural and synthetic antioxidants to extend shelf life of
products. But the application of synthetic antioxidant has been limited due to its carcinogenicity. Recently research is
being focused on fruit materials, which are considered rich source of antioxidant compounds. In this study the
phytoconstituents of seed extracts of two varieties of Cucumis melo L, namely Cucumis melo cantalupensis and Cucumis
melo reticulatus, were studied for their antioxidant property by DPPH free radical scavenging method. In this
investigation, chloroform, petroleum ether, acetone, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the fruit seed were made using cold
extraction process. Phytochemical study reveals that anthroquinones, quinines, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, phenols and
steroids were present in aqueous extract of both the samples. The total phenolic content of their seed extracts were found
to be 8.8 mg GAE/g of dry sample and 9.2 mg GAE/g of dry sample respectively. The phenolic content was found to be
linearly proportional to the antioxidant ability of the samples.
Key-words- Cucumis melo cantalupensis, Cucumis melo reticulates, DPPH, Antioxidant, Phenolic content,
Phytochemicals
Chemical Composition, In Vitro Digestibility And Gas Production Characteristi...IOSR Journals
This study evaluated the chemical composition, in vitro gas production, metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, and short chain fatty acid production of diets containing varying levels (0%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%) of sweet orange peel meal (SOPM). Results showed that in vitro gas production and fermentation parameters like metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, and short chain fatty acid production improved with increasing SOPM levels in the diets. Specifically, the diet with 50% SOPM (D4) showed significantly higher in vitro gas production, metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, and short chain fatty acid production compared to the other diets. However, the gas production characteristics like the soluble
Effect of Isolate of Trichoderma Sp. And Incubation Period to Glucose Productioninventy
This study was carried out to determine the effect of isolates of Trichoderma sp. and the incubation period to glucose production. A glucose produced by the three isolates of Trichoderma sp. (TV.0209, TV.0305 and TV.0710) which were obtained from the collection of the Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Chemical Engineering of The State Polytechnic of Malang. It was determined that the isolates had a significant correlation in producing glucose with incubation period for 10 days. Data were then analyzed using two-way anova with the alpha of 5% and using Microsoft Excel. Isolate TV.0209 was capable to produce the highest average of a total glucose production (3,616 ppm) when compared with TV.0305 (3,253 ppm) and TV.0710 (2,448 ppm). The optimum incubation period of treatment isolate variables was achieved during 6 days.
Antioxidant and-anticancer-activities-of-moringa-leavesSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
High performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for profi...Kamal Tyagi
This document describes a study that developed a high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method for profiling and quantifying folate monoglutamates in tomato fruits. Several parameters of the folate extraction process from tomato tissues were optimized, including extraction conditions, pH range, amount of enzymes, and boiling time. The method was then validated for linearity, sensitivity and recovery. This HPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to quantify folates in other plants like spinach, capsicum, and garden pea, demonstrating its versatility for accurate determination of different folate monoglutamates in vegetables.
Ethiopian Propolis - Characteristics and Chemical CompositionBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is a sticky material mixed by honeybees to utilize it in protecting their hives from infection by bacteria and fungi. The therapeutic properties of propolis are due to its chemical composition with bio-active compounds. These propolis samples indicate that they are potential sources of natural bio-active compounds for biological and pharmacological applications. A unique compound was discovered which hasn't been found in other global studies of propolis.
Unraveling the potential phytochemical compounds of gymnema sylvestre through...University of Pretoria
This document summarizes a study that used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify phytochemical compounds in the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre, a plant used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes. GC-MS analysis identified 34 compounds in the ethanolic leaf extract, including terpenes, alcohols, fatty acids, amines, and sterols. The highest peaks corresponded to hexadecanoic acid and α-santoline alcohol. Many of the identified compounds were terpenoids. The presence of compounds like tocopherols, stigmasterol, and triterpenoids suggests potential health benefits like lowering cholesterol and preventing cancer. The study provides
This document reports on a comparative study of the chemical compositions and feeding values of leaves from Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera trees. The study found that M. oleifera leaves contained higher levels of crude protein, fat, essential amino acids, and gross energy than M. stenopetala leaves. However, M. stenopetala leaves had higher fiber fractions like crude fiber, acid detergent fiber and cellulose. In vitro gas production analysis showed M. stenopetala leaves produced more gas and had higher metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility and short chain fatty acids than M. oleifera leaves. Both Moringa species showed potential as protein supplements for ruminants and non
This study assessed the enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins from the microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Spirulina sp. LEB 18 to produce protein hydrolysates. Three commercial proteases were used under different conditions to hydrolyze the microalgae proteins. The highest degrees of hydrolysis for Spirulina and Chlorella, respectively, were 55.31% and 52.9% and were obtained with 4 hours of reaction time using Protemax N200 protease. Statistical analysis showed that enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and reaction time significantly affected the degree of hydrolysis. The results indicate it is possible to obtain protein hydrolysates with varying degrees of hydrolysis from microalgae
Antioxidant activity against methanol extraction of eucheuma cotonii and e. s...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that tested the antioxidant activity of Eucheuma cotonii and E. spinosum collected from North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Fresh and dry samples of both algae were extracted using 60%, 70%, and 80% methanol solvent. Tests measured total phenol content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAP antioxidant power, and total carotene. The highest values were found in fresh E. spinosum extracted with 60% methanol, indicating it had the strongest antioxidant activity among the samples tested.
A friedelane type triterpene from prosopis africanaAlexander Decker
The document describes the isolation and characterization of a friedelane type triterpene, compound J29, from the stem bark of Prosopis africana. J29 was isolated through column chromatography of the chloroform fraction obtained from ethyl acetate extraction of P. africana stem bark. Spectroscopic analysis including IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 2D NMR identified compound J29 as friedelin, a triterpene being reported for the first time from P. africana.
Fatty Acid Pattern and Alkaloids of Echium RauwolfiiEditor IJCATR
The GC/MS analysis of hexane extract revealed the presence of palmitic acid as saturated fatty acid (1.05%), versus oleic acid (2.18%), linoleic acid (1.13%), cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (2.12%) as unsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, CH2Cl2 extract contained palmitic acid methyl ester (3.55%), and methyl isostearate (1.17%) as saturated fatty acids, versus linoleic acid methyl ester (3.57%) and linolenic acid methyl ester (10.01%) as unsaturated fatty acids. The GC/MS analysis of the alkaloid-rich fraction indicated the presence of the pyrazolidine alkaloids petranine (2.97%), 7-angeloyl-9-(2-methylbutyryl) retronecine (4.22%), 7-angeloylretronecine (0.59%) and 9-angeloylretronecine (0.47%).
The butanol extract showed the heights DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.3 µg),. while ethyl acetate extract was very weak in activity (IC50 = 432.3 µg) and no activity with hexane and methylene chloride extract.
The antimicrobial potentials of E. rauwolfii extracts were examined. The inhibition of the fungi species by ethyl acetate extract exert was comparable to Amphotericin B. The inhibition zone of the butanol extract against Streptococcus pneumonia was comparable to Ampicillin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was comparable to Gentamicin and Escherichia coli was comparable to Gentamicin.
The cytotoxicity against HePG-2 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “very strong”, and that of hexane extract and methylene chloride extract were “moderate”, against MCF-7 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “strong”, that of methylene chloride extract was “moderate”, and that of hexane extract was “weak” and against HCT-116 of butanol extract was “very strong”, of ethyl acetate extract was“strong”, of methylene chloride extract and hexane extract were “moderate”.
Using Remote Sensing Techniques For Monitoring Ecological Changes In Lakes: C...IJERA Editor
The ability to use remote sensing in studying lake ecology lies in the capability of satellite sensors to measure
the spectral reflectance of constituents in water bodies. This reflectance can be used to determine the
concentration of the constituents of the water column through mathematical relationships. This work identified a
simple linear equation for estimating suspended matter in Lake Naivasha with reflectance in Landsat7 ETM+
image. A R² = 0.94, n = 6 for suspended matter was obtained. Archive of Landsat imagery was used to
produce maps of suspended matter concentrations in the lake. The suspended matter concentrations at five
different locations in the lake over 30 year’s period were then estimated. It was therefore concluded that the
ecological changes Lake Naivasha is experiencing is the result of the high water abstraction and the effect of
climate change.
Seismic Microzonation Study in Tabriz Metropolitan City for Earthquake Risk M...IJERA Editor
This document discusses a seismic microzonation study conducted in Tabriz, Iran. Tabriz has a high population density and is located near the active North Tabriz Fault Zone. The study aimed to assess seismic hazard in Tabriz and develop microzonation maps to inform construction practices and mitigate earthquake risk. The methodology involved evaluating expected ground motions, analyzing local site effects, and mapping hazard zones. Results showed variation in hazards like ground shaking, liquefaction and landslides across the study area due to differences in geology and soil conditions. The microzonation study provides information needed to enhance earthquake safety in Tabriz's urban development.
Distributed Shared Memory – A Survey and Implementation Using OpenshmemIJERA Editor
Parallel programs nowadays are written either in multiprocessor or multicomputer environment. Both these
concepts suffer from some problems. Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) systems is a new and attractive area of
research recently, which combines the advantages of both shared-memory parallel processors (multiprocessors)
and distributed systems (multi-computers). An overview of DSM is given in the first part of the paper. Later we
have shown how parallel programs can be implemented in DSM environment using Open SHMEM.
Framework for Bridges Maintenance in EgyptIJERA Editor
The traditional approaches for bridges maintenance is proven to be inefficient as they lead to random way of
spending maintenance budget and deteriorating bridge conditions. In many cases, maintenance activities are
performed due to user complaints. The objective of this paper is to develop a practical and reliable framework to
manage the maintenance and repair activities of Bridges network in Egypt considering performance and budget
limits. The model solves an optimization problem that maximizes the average condition of the network given the
limited budget using Genetic Algorithm (GA).
The main tasks of the system are bridge inventory, condition assessment, deterioration using markov model, and
maintenance optimization. The developed model takes into account multiple parameters including serviceability
requirements, budget allocation, element importance on structural safety and serviceability, bridge impact on
network, and traffic. A questionnaire is conducted to complete the research scope. The proposed model is
implemented in software, which provides a friendly user interface. The results of the framework are multi – year
maintenance plan for the entire network for up to five years. A case study is presented for validating and testing
the model with Data collected from “General Authority for Roads, Bridges and Land Transport” in Egypt.
Ground water distillation by basin type solar still for different basin water...IJERA Editor
Adequate quality and reliability of drinking water supply is a fundamental need. Without potable water or
drinking water (less than about 500 ppm of salt) human life is not possible. Only 1% of Earth's water is in a
fresh, liquid state, and nearly all of this is polluted by both diseases and toxic chemicals. For this reason,
purification of water supplies is extremely important.
Keeping these things in mind, we have devised a model which will convert the saline ground water into pure
and potable water using the renewable source of energy (i.e. solar energy). Solar energy is an abundant, never
lasting, and available on site and pollution free energy.Solar Energy is freely available and can be used as a very
cheap option to convert saline ground Water through Solar Distillation, by using Solar Stills. The conventional
single basin and single slop Passive Solar Still can be used to purify water but the main problem is that the per
square meter distillate output is less. So it is need to modify the design of solar still for high output of solar
distillate
Solar still is easy to construct, can be done by local people from locally available materials, simple in
operation by unskilled Personnel, no hard maintenance requirements and almost no operation cost. Simplest
basin type models of solar still in earlier days, researchers have progressed a lot to increase its efficiency.
Suitable modification of solar still can produce high output using minimum areas of land and even in cloudy
days. Experimental study is done at Rewa M.P. on two different basin water depth solar stills. Low water depth
solar water still is produced more distillate than high water depth still by the experiment.
A Survey of provenance management in wireless sensor networkIJERA Editor
Wireless Sensor Networks have great potential for numerous applications such as military target tracking and
surveillance, natural disaster relief, health monitoring and hazardous environment exploration and seismic
sensing. This paper describes the concepts of efficient mechanism of provenance in WSNs as provenance
respresents a key factor in evaluating the trustworthiness of sensor data. Data in sensor networks is processed by
the multiple agents; data provenance plays an important role for assuring data trustworthiness. Due to energy
and bandwidth limitations of WSNs, it is crucial that data provenance for these networks be as compress as
possibles. To address such issues, this paper explained various proposed technique.
Routing in Cognitive Radio Networks - A SurveyIJERA Editor
Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) have been emerged as a revolutionary solution to migrate the spectrum
scarcity problem in wireless networks. Due to increasing demand for additional spectrum resources, CRNs have
been receiving significant research to solve issues related with spectrum underutilization. This technology
brings efficient spectrum usage and effective interference avoidance, and also brings new challenges to routing
in multi-hop Cognitive Radio Networks. In CRN, unlicensed users or secondary users are able to use
underutilized licensed channels, but they have to leave the channel if any interference is caused to the primary or
licensed users. So CR technology allows sharing of licensed spectrum band in opportunistic and non-interfering
manner. Different routing protocols have been proposed recently based on different design goals under different
assumptions.
Effects of A Simulated Power Cut in AMS on Milk Yield Valued by Statistics ModelIJERA Editor
A statistics model was developed in order to be able to determine the effects of a simulated power cut of an
Automatic Milking System on the milk output.Measurable and relevant factors, such as power cuts, milk yield,
lactation days, average two days digestion and rumination and time were considered in the calculation tool.
A study on Quality Attributes of Ghee based on packaging materials and storag...IJERA Editor
Glass ,Polyethyleneterephthalate(PET), Polypropylene (PP) and High density Polyethylene(HDPE) bottles were
filled with ghee, prepared by differently treated cream, under light with little headspace to determine the effects
of light ,method of preparation, packaging materials and storage time on the stability of ghee. The moisture
content, acid value, peroxide value, refractive index and TBA Value were measured to determine the stability of
ghee every 30 days of storage period.. Glass bottles recorded lower oxidation values followed by ghee packed in
PET, PP and HDPE. In few cases, PET packaged ghee also showed comparable good results. This study showed
that packaging material, method of preparation and storage time has an effect on the stability of ghee.
A Method to Determine End-Points ofStraight Lines Detected Using the Hough Tr...IJERA Editor
This document presents a method for determining the end points of lines detected using the Hough transform. The Hough transform detects lines of unspecified length by finding equations that describe lines, but does not provide information about the actual end points. The presented method tracks points from the original image that contributed to lines detected in the Hough transform space. Consecutive points are grouped into sub-lines if there are enough points to constitute a significant segment and points are far enough from other groups along the same line. Sample results demonstrating the method are shown. The method involves grouping contributing points into valid sub-lines based on minimum length and separation criteria.
Application of GIS and MODFLOW to Ground Water Hydrology- A ReviewIJERA Editor
This document provides a review of using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the MODFLOW groundwater modeling package together for groundwater management and modeling applications. It discusses two main areas of application: (1) GIS-based subsurface flow and pollution modeling, including several case studies that developed groundwater models using GIS for input data management and output visualization; and (2) using GIS techniques to select sites for artificial groundwater recharge. The document concludes that integrating GIS with MODFLOW has great potential to improve groundwater monitoring and management in the future.
Absorption Reduction Capacity with Chromium (Cr) and Cadmium (Cd) Contaminant...IJERA Editor
This document presents the results of a study on the phytoremediation of chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil using vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides). The study was conducted for 2 months with samples taken every 7 days and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The study found that vetiver grass was able to reduce Cr in soil by 57-86% and Cd by 36-64%, and absorb Cr at 38-75% and Cd at 34-74%. The reduction and absorption capacities were higher for Cr than Cd and increased with higher initial concentrations of the metals and more vetiver plants. The results indicate vetiver grass is effective for ph
A New Surface Modification Technique and Their Characterisation: Friction Sti...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes research on using friction stir processing (FSP) to modify the microstructure and improve the mechanical properties of an Al-Zn-Mg alloy. FSP is a solid-state technique that uses a rotating tool to plasticize and refine the microstructure of metal surfaces. The study used FSP on an Al-Zn-Mg-Sc alloy with various processing parameters. Microstructural analysis found the stir zone had the finest recrystallized grains of 400-500 nm due to severe plastic deformation. Tensile testing found that FSP significantly improved the alloy's strength and ductility by reducing porosity and refining precipitates through grain refinement. The combined effects of FSP and age-hardening
Evaluation of Effect of Lateral Forces on Multi-Storeyed Rcc Frame by Conside...IJERA Editor
Reinforced concrete column with varying cross-sectional dimensions are commonly used in many engineering structures since use of such elements in a structural system may reduce the weight of the system, since neither axial load nor stiffness is constant along the column height the stability analysis of a stepped column is usually more complicated than that of a uniform column. The lateral forces can produce critical stresses in the structure, induce undesirable vibrations or cause excessive lateral sway of the structure. The present study deals with the comparison of Concentric Non-Prismatic columns and Stepped columns under the effect of static, wind and dynamic loads with the help of ETABS Software.
Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Bamboo/Glass Fibers Reinforced Polyeste...IJERA Editor
The chemical resistance of Bamboo/Glass reinforced Polyester hybrid composites to acetic acid, Nitric acid, Hydrochloric acid, Sodium hydroxide, Sodium carbonate, Benzene, Toluene, Carbon tetrachloride and Water was studied. The tensile and impact properties of these composites were also studied. The effect of alkali treatment of bamboo fibers on these properties was studied. It was observed that the tensile and impact properties of the hybrid composites increase with glass fiber content. The author investigated the interfacial bonding between Glsss/Bamboo fiber composites by SEM. These properties found to be higher when alkali treated bamboo fibers were used in hybrid composites. The hybrid fiber composites showed better resistance to the chemicals mentioned above. The elimination of amorphous hemi-cellulose with alkali treatment leading to higher crystallinity of the bamboo fibers with alkali treatment may be responsible for these observations.
The article firstly investigates a discrete numerical model of finite interaction between successive micro structural bond failures and remaining intact internal bonds in materials. Secondly, it reveals the general linear finite continuous cause and effect interaction concept. The interaction model is examined numerically, experimentally and analytically on an illustrative case of a parallel system of bonds. The general concept is applied to the macroscopic stress-strain interaction model of material plasticity. Examples of metallic materials are elaborated on reported theoretical and experimental strain data.
A Comparative Study on Profile Based Location Management for Personal Communi...IJERA Editor
Location of the mobile user is registered to the two databases for call tracking and those registration processes basis much network traffic. By this speed of Call delivery reduced and location updating cost improved. In this paper, the first method a new meek location management by registering Representative VLR of group of certain VLRs regionally and broadcasting for searching a mobile user, so called rVLR-B.This The representative VLR of several VLRs and register mobile users’ location. When set up the call path between mobile users, the VLR of the caller inquiries callee’s rVLR for searching the location of callee instead of demanding to VLR of callee. And then rVLR broadcast the callee’s location to all VLR of the region simultaneously. Location registration is only performed when a mobile user visits a new rVLR network area from present area. Using the rVLR-B, the cost of maintaining location of mobile users was abridged. The second technique for reducing the costs during the location tracking and location update is proposed. Taking the regular movement pattern of the users it produces the block and the user registers with the HLR only after crossing the block instead of crossing the single cell. The block register (BR) is introduced between the block and the HLR in two level systems to preserve the blocks, thus creates three level architecture. In this architecture some signaling cost values between the MSC-BR, BRHLR and BR-BR are maintained to get the better enactment. By the rVLR-B and BR the performance of speed of call delivery improved and location updation will be diminished. Keywords: Home Location Register, Visitor Location Register, Mobile Switching Center, Base Station, Block Register, Mobile Station, r-VLR- Representative VLR
A Wear Analysis of Composite Ball Materials using TribometerIJERA Editor
The bearing is a main element in case of rotating machines for aircraft engines applications. The major failure of
ball bearing is because of wear of balls. This paper focused on prediction of wear of balls under pure sliding
contact conditions for Chrome steel, Alumina Oxide and Silicon Nitride materials. The wear calculation method
is employed as per ASTM G99 standard. Pin on Disc Apparatus is used to perform trials. To reduce number of
experimentations, DOE technique is used with L9 orthogonal array. Accordingly tests are conducted. Engine oil
is used for maintaining the lubricating conditions. Finally Comparison is done for various materials.
Stability Analysis of Quadruped-imitating Walking Robot Based on Inverted Pen...IJERA Editor
A new kind of quadruped-imitating walking robot is designed, which is composed of a body bracket, leg
brackets and walking legs. The walking leg of the robot is comprised of a first swiveling arm, a second
swiveling arm and two striding leg rods. Each rod of the walking leg is connected by a rotary joint, and is
directly controlled by the steering gear. The walking motion is realized by two striding leg rods alternately
contacting the ground. Three assumptions are put forward according to the kinematic characteristics of the
quadruped-imitating walking robot, and then the centroid equation of the robot is established. On this basis, this
paper simplifies the striding process of the quadruped-imitating walking robot into an inverted pendulum model
with a constant fulcrum and variable pendulum length. According to the inverted pendulum model, the stability
of the robot is not only related to its centroid position, but also related to its centroid velocity. Takes two typical
movement cases for example, such as walking on flat ground and climbing the vertical obstacle, the centroid
position, velocity curves of the inverted pendulum model are obtained by MATLAB simulations. The results
show that the quadruped-imitating walking robot is stable when walking on flat ground. In the process of
climbing the vertical obstacle, the robot also can maintain certain stability through real-time control adjusted by
the steering gears.
The Role of Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes in the Development of Anthracnose Dis...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the production of cell wall-degrading enzymes by Colletotrichum truncatum CP2, a fungal pathogen that causes anthracnose disease in chili peppers. The study found that polygalacturonase (PG) was the first cell wall-degrading enzyme detected, with higher activity levels than other enzymes. After PG degraded the cell wall, further degradation was carried out by pectin methylesterases, pectin lyase, and pectate lyase. C. truncatum CP2 produced higher levels of these enzymes compared to the reference fungus C. gloeosporiodes. The timing of peak enzymatic activity suggests each enzyme plays a specific
Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Anthocyanins Pigment from Purple Sweet Potatoes...IJERA Editor
Herein, anthocyanins pigment was extracted from purple sweet potatoes (PrunusnepalensisL.) with the assistant of the enzymes alpha-amylase in order to gather the natural colorants used in the food industry. To optimize the extraction conditions, the effect of extraction temperature and time was also investigated. The results showed that extraction temperature and time play a significant role in theextraction process. The optimum conditions are extraction temperature: 65 oC and time: 60 min, exhibited thehighest yield
Analysis of some phenolic compounds and free radicalLeozaav
This document analyzes the phenolic compounds and free radical scavenging activity of three strawberry cultivars ('San Andreas', 'Benicia', and 'Albion') during storage. Freshly harvested fruits were stored under refrigerated (4°C) and frozen (-85°C) conditions for 7 days. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and free radical scavenging activity were measured in fresh, refrigerated, and frozen fruits. The 'San Andreas' cultivar had the highest total phenolic content of 0.326 g GAE/100g fresh weight after refrigeration. 'San Andreas' also had the highest levels of total flavonoids after refrigeration. The 'Ben
Influence of drying process on the functional properties of some plantsAlexander Decker
1) The document examines the effect of different drying methods (air, convective oven, and microwave oven) on the functional properties of four green leafy vegetables (celery, coriander, dill, and parsley).
2) Fresh plants had the highest contents of antioxidants (total phenols, carotenoids, chlorophyll) and antioxidant capacity, followed by air drying, then oven drying, and microwave drying resulted in the greatest losses.
3) Drying, especially at higher temperatures, significantly reduced the moisture content as well as the bioactive compounds in the plants. Microwave drying led to the greatest decreases in total phenols, carotenoids, chlorophyll, and antioxidant capacity compared to
This study investigated the influence of extraction conditions on the yield of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity from broccoli and lamb's lettuce. For lamb's lettuce, methanol extraction with stirring yielded the highest levels of antioxidants. For broccoli, soxhlet extraction with water produced the greatest total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Overall, lamb's lettuce contained higher amounts of polyphenols and greater antioxidant activity than broccoli as measured by two assays. The results demonstrate that extraction technique and solvent choice significantly impact recovery of beneficial antioxidant compounds from plant materials.
Bioactive constituents, antioxidant activity and in vitro cancerAlexander Decker
The document analyzes the antioxidant and anticancer properties of juices from nine varieties of Moroccan prickly pear fruit. It finds that the juices contain significant antioxidants like phenolics and flavonoids. Testing shows the juices have dose-dependent inhibitory effects on cancer cell growth in vitro. The results suggest the health benefits of different prickly pear varieties and provide information to make best use of them in food and medical applications.
(48)Screening and identifiation of Bacillus sp. isolated from traditional Vie...minhdaovan
Fibrinolytic enzymes produced by microorganisms have been attractive in prevention and
treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) by their low-cost and safety. This study focused
on screening for the existence of firinolytic enzymes in Vietnamese traditional fermented
soybean paste products and isolation and identifiation of related bacteria. Sixteen fermented
soybean paste samples were collected over three regions of Vietnam in which seven samples
gave the positive results on firinolytic enzyme activity. Miso (MS) and Green Chili (GC)
samples had the highest firinolytic enzyme activities (1.81 and 0.77 FU/g, respectively).
According to morphological features, four strains of bacteria were isolated and all of them
were found to produce firinolytic enzymes. The enzyme activities produced by four isolated
strains were in a range of 29.7 - 77.9 FU/g after culturing on solid state media for 24 h. The
isolated strains were identifid as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens using 16 rRNA sequence and
phylogenetic analysis with 99% similarity
Genetic Variability for Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content in Fo...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
This document reports on a study that assessed genetic variability for total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in 139 genotypes of four pulse crops: chickpea, lentil, pigeonpea, and blackgram. Significant genetic variation was found for both total phenolic content and antioxidant activity across all genotypes. Blackgram genotypes had the highest mean phenolic content and antioxidant activity, followed by pigeonpea, chickpea, and lentil. Within each crop, phenolic content and antioxidant activity varied between genotypes. Highly significant correlations between phenolic content and antioxidant activity were found for all crops except pigeonpea. The study indicates genetic diversity exists that can be exploited for improving antioxidant levels in these important pulse crops.
Akoto et al. - 2013 - Health risk assessment of pesticides residue in maize...Henry Andoh
The study measured pesticide residue levels in maize and cowpea samples from Ejura, Ghana. A total of 37 pesticides were investigated, including organochlorines, organophosphorus, and pyrethroids. Results showed that some pesticide residues in maize exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Similarly, residues of some pesticides in cowpea also exceeded the ADI, suggesting potential for chronic toxicity to consumers of these foods.
Analysis of Organophosphate Pesticides Residue on Crops in Abakaliki, Ebonyi ...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes organophosphate pesticide residue found on pumpkin crops in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Samples of pumpkin leaves were collected 3 days after being sprayed with organophosphate pesticides and analyzed using gas chromatography. Sample A contained dioxabenzeofos and phenanthrene. Sample B contained chlorethoxyfos, oxydeprofos, sulfotep, phenanthrene, and dioxabenzofos. Sample C contained chlonethoxy fos, oxydeprofos, sulfotep, phenanthrene, and dioxabenzofos. All residues were below the LD50 toxicity range for organophosphates. The
Bioactive components and antioxidant activity of moroccan paprika (capsicum a...Alexander Decker
This document examines the bioactive components and antioxidant activity of Moroccan paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) harvested and processed at different times. The study found:
1) Paprika produced in November had the highest levels of total phenols (1360 mg/100g DW), carotenoids (3727.54 mg/kg DW), and ASTA color value (167.15 units), and exhibited the strongest radical scavenging activity in DPPH assays.
2) Total flavonol and flavonoid contents varied slightly depending on harvest and processing time.
3) Total phenolic content and total carotenoid content were highly correlated with DPPH radical scavenging activity
Inoculan Differences in the Quality of Physical and Nutrition Quality Palm Fe...IOSRJAVS
This study aims to determine the effect of different inoculan of the physical quality and nutritional quality of fermented palm fronds. The experimental design used in this study is a randomized design complete (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications, namely: T1 (palm fronds with molasis), T2 (palm fronds with strabio), T3 (palm fronds with M4 organic) and T4 (estrak palm frond with local fruit). The variables measured were: characteristics (smell, texture, color and pH), content of nutrients (PK, and SK) and in-vitro digestibility (KCBK and KCBO). The results showed that the addition of EM4 inoculan (T3) generate the color of 2.61, by 2.87 texture, aroma with a pH of 2.67 to 3.46. The nutritional content of 32.16% crude fiber and crude protein digestibility by 7.78% whereas 70.23% of dry matter and organic matter digestibility of 68.64%. It was concluded that the palm fronds can be used as ruminant feed.
Growth Pattern, Molecular Identification and Bio molecules Analysis of FOMITO...journal ijrtem
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Total Monomeric Anthocyanin and Total Flavonoid Content of Processed Purple Potato
1. Florentina Damşa et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 5) January 2016, pp.75-82
www.ijera.com 75|P a g e
Total Monomeric Anthocyanin and Total Flavonoid Content of
Processed Purple Potato
Florentina Damşa1,2
, Alexandru Woinaroschy1
, Gheorghe Olteanu2
, Carmen
Liliana Bădărău2,3
, Angela Mărculescu3
1
“Politehnica” University of Bucharest, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, 1-7, Polizu Str.,
011061, Bucharest, Romania
2
National Institute of Research and Development for Potato and Sugar Beet, no. 2 Fundăturii street, 500470,
Brasov, Romania.
3
University Transilvania of Brasov, Faculty of Food and Tourism, Brasov, Romania
Abstract
It is well known that processing change physical and chemical composition of foods, thus affecting the content
in bioactive substances. Potatoes are almost always consumed after processing (baked, fried or boiled) making it
critical to understand the effect of such processing techniques on the containing in bioactive compounds. In
order to determine the influence of processing on the content of anthocyanin pigments and flavonoids was
achieved the extraction of these compounds from boiled and baked purple potato tuber (Albastru-Violet de
Galanesti variety). Also, in order to obtain the maximum amount of anthocyanin pigments and flavonoids from
processed potatoes was applied ultrasonic extraction (20 kHz) and was performed the mathematical modeling
(central composite design) using SigmaXL software. The total anthocyanins content were determined
spectrophotometrically by the pH differential method and the total flavonoids content were determine
colorimetric by AlCl3 method. This study proves that the potato processing decreases the content of
anthocyanin pigments and flavonoids.
Keywords: purple potato, anthocyanin pigments, flavonoid, processed potato
I. Introduction
Potato is the fourth food culture of the world,
after corn, wheat and rice, with a production of 329
million tones per year. Worldwide, in terms of
harvested area potato ranks seven after wheat, rice,
corn, barley, sorghum and rapeseed. In terms of
consumption, potato ranks third after rice and wheat.
In Romania, currently, from the total cultivated area
of 8.9 million hectares, potato ranks third with a
share of about 3.2% after cereals which represent
62% and oilseeds 15% (FAO 2012).
Potatoes are significant source of natural
antioxidants and exhibit antioxidant activity as
demonstrated in recent time by many authors. Studies
have indicated that these phytochemicals have high
free-radical scavenging activity, which helps to
reduce the risk of chronic diseases and age-related
neuronal degeneration (Teow et al. 2007). Genotypes
of potato with peel and pulp intensely colored (red,
purple, blue) have antioxidant capacity 2-3 times
higher than the white / yellow genotypes, and these
aliments could help to supplement the required daily
doses of antioxidants in the diet (Damsa et al. 2015).
As a result, in recent years, breeder’s efforts
intensified to get new potato genotypes in different
versions: blue peel and pulp (Kosieradzka et al. 2004,
Nara et al. 2006).
It is well known that processing changes the
physical and chemical composition of foods (Spanos
et al. 1990; Price et al. 1997), thus, affecting their
antioxidant activity (Nicoli et al. 1999; Dewanto et
al. 2002). Potatoes are almost always consumed after
processing (baked, chipped, fried, boiled or
microwaved) making it critical to understand the
effect of such processing techniques on the activity
and composition of bioactive compounds in potatoes.
Some authors (Dao and Friedman 1992) reported
a 100% loss in the chlorogenic acid content of
potatoes baked at 212°C for 45 minutes, which
suggested that chlorogenic acid is susceptible to heat.
Baking led to an increase in the total phenolic content
and antioxidant activity of eight potato genotypes.
Samples had greater levels of chlorogenic acid,
caffeic acid, para-coumaric acid and vanillic acid
(Blessington et al. 2010). Baking for 30 minutes
increased the total phenolic content and chlorogenic
acid content in three potato genotypes. This increase
could be due to improvement in the extractability of
phenolic compounds as cooking weakens the matrix,
and inactivates enzymes that use phenolic
compounds as substrate (Ezekiel et al. 2011). The
effects of baking cannot be generalized for all potato
clones as they differ depending on potato genotype.
Researchers found that boiling for 20 minutes did not
alter the phenolic acid content but significantly
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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decreased the anthocyanin content of colored-flesh
cultivars (Mulinacci et al. 2008). Researchers
reported that boiling for 18 minutes caused an
increase in the total phenolic content and chlorogenic
acid content in two white-fleshed and one purple-
fleshed potato genotypes (Navarre et al. 2010).
Boiled samples had greater levels of chlorogenic
acid, caffeic acid and vanillic acid (Blessington et al.
2010). A possible reason suggested was the increase
in the extractability of phenolic compounds from
cooked samples, similar to the observations for baked
potato samples.
The optimisation of the extraction of
anthocyanins and flavonoids is essential to reach an
accurate analysis (Alberti et al. 2013). Response
surface methodology (RSM) is an effective tool for
optimizing this process. Also, this is a method for
improving and optimizing processes, and it can
evaluate the effect of the variables and their
interactions (Farris and Piergiovanni 2009,
Wettasinghe and Shahidi, 1999).
The main objective of this paper was to
determine the influence of processing technique on
the content of anthocyanin pigments and flavonoids.
II. Materials and methods
2.1. Plant materials
The potato variety, Albastru-Violet de Gălăneşti,
a population found in Romania (Morar et al. 2004),
was analysed after harvest from the research field of
National Institute of Research and Development for
Potato and Sugar Beet (NIRDPSB) Braşov, Romania.
2.2. Sample preparation
Purple potato in amount of 4 g (± 0.02 g) was
homogenized in 40 ml of 1% acidified water. The
extraction was achieved from fresh, baked and boiled
purple potato tuber. The sample was treated with
ultrasonic waves (UP400S, Hielscher USA, Inc)
using an ultrasonic probe with a 1.3 cm diameter
cylindrical titanium alloy head operated at 20 kHz
and 750 W (Fig. 1). The tip of the probe was placed
at 2 cm below the sample mixture and treated
following each condition presented in Table 1. After
the ultrasonic treatment, the sample mixture was
centrifuged (10000 rpm, 15 min) and concentrated at
45o
C. All the experiments were conducted in
triplicate, the results are expressed as mean value ±
standard deviation and for significant difference on p
< 0.05.
Ultrasonic generator is equipped with a
thermocouple and the temperature was set at 40o
C to
prevent overheating and consequently sample
degradation.
Fig. 1. Experimental setup for sonication
Table 1. Conditions applied for anthocyanins and flavonoids extraction from purple potato tuber
Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Amplitude (%) 20 50 80
Frequency (kHz) 20
Time (min) 5 15 25 5 15 25 5 15 25
2.3. Determination of total monomeric
anthocyanin content
The total monomeric anthocyanins content
(TAC) were determined through pH differential
method (Giusti et al., 2007) based on the property of
anthocyanin pigments to change the color with pH.
Two dilutions of the same sample were prepared, the
first one in potassium chloride buffer (0.025 M, pH
1.0) and the second one in sodium acetate buffer (0.4
M, pH 4.5), pH being adjusted with HCl 0.2N. After
equilibration at room temperature for 15 min, the
absorbance of two dilutions was read at 510 nm and
700 nm using a UV-Vis Microplate Readers (Sunrise-
Basic Tecan, Switzerland). Total monomeric
anthocyanins - mg cyanidin 3-galactoside (cy-3-glu)
equivalent / 100 g Fresh Weight - were calculated as
follows:
WtLVDFMWALmgTAC /100)/(
(1)
5.47005101700510
pHnmnmpHnmnm AAAAA
(2)
The semnifications of symbols used in these relations
are:
A – Absorbance
ε – Molar extinction coefficient (34300
for cy-3-glu)
L – Path length
MW – Molecular weight (484.84 g/mol for cy-3-glu)
DF – Dilution factor
V – Volume
Wt – sample weight
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2.4. Determination of total flavonoid content
The total flavonoid content (TFC) of purple
potato extracts was determined by a colorimetric
method as described previously in other studies (Kim
et al., 2003; Zhishen et al., 1999).
The extracts were diluted with 2 ml of distilled
water and 150 μl 5% NaNO2 was added. After 6 min
the mixture was treated with 150 μl AlCl3 10% and,
after 6 min, with 2 ml NaOH 1N and the volume
were made to 5 ml. The absorbance was measured at
510 nm using a spectrophotometer (DR2800, Hach,
USA) and the flavonoid content was expressed as mg
of quercetine equivalents for 100 g of Fresh Weigh
(FW).
For building the calibration curve, quercetine is
used as a standard materials. Various concentrations
(Table 2) of standard quercetine solution were used
to make a standard calibration curve (Figure 2).
Concentration values of extracts were obtained from
quercetine standard curve, by interpolating to the X-
axis. TFC was calculated by using the following
formula:
(3)
The semnifications of symbols used in this relation
are:
R - Result obtained from the standard curve;
DF - Dilution factor;
V – Volume;
W – Sample weight.
Table 2 Absorbance at 510nm of different
concentration of quercetine
Fig. 2 Calibration curve of quercetine
2.5. Central composite design for the extraction of
anthocyanins and flavonoids
Central composite design (CCD) with three-level
and two-factor (Table 3) was design and created
using SigmaXL statistical analysis software
(Econotron Software Inc., Canada) to cover the range
of investigated ultrasonic treatment time and
amplitude. Sonication time and sonication amplitude
were chosen as independent variables and the total
flavonoid content (TFC) and total monomeric
anthocyanins (TAC) were the responses of the
design.
Table 3. Levels in central composite design
Factor Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
A: Amplitude (%) 5 15 25
τ: Sonication time (min) 20 50 80
A second-order polynomial equation was used to
fit the experimental data of the studied variables. The
generalized second-order polynomial model used in
the response surface analysis is shown in equation 4.
Y=β0 + β1A + β2τ + β11A2
+ β22τ2
+ β12Aτ (4)
The semnifications of symbols used in this
formula are:
Y – Response design (TFC or TAC);
β0 – Intercept term;
β1 and β2 – Linear coefficients;
β12 – Interaction coefficients;
β11 and β22 – Quadratic coefficients;
τ and A – Independent variables (sonication time
and amplitude).
The statistical significance of the terms in the
regression equations was examined by ANOVA for
each response. The terms statistically found as non-
significant were excluded from the initial model and
the experimental data were re-fitted only to the
significant (p < 0.05) parameters.
III. Results and discussions
3.1. Optimization of sonication time and
amplitude for TAC extraction from baked and
boiled purple potato tuber
The mean values of the total anthocyanins
Concentration
(mg/ml)
Absorbance
(510nm)
0.005 0.065
0.01 0.125
0.02 0.231
0.025 0.274
0.03 0.322
0.04 0.436
0.05 0.547
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content of the extraction performed on purple potato
tuber with 1% acidified water are shown in Table 4.
The total anthocyanins content ranged from 72.67
mg/100g (run number 4) to 150.863 mg/100g (run
number 1) for baked potato and from 85.626
mg/100g (run number 4) to 164.619 mg/100g (run
number 1). The highest values for TAC of 164.619
mg cy-3-glu/100 g FW was obtained at 20%
amplitude from boiled potato tuber using 1%
acidified water, which was higher than the maximum
TAC of 150.863 mg cy-3-glu /100 g FW obtained
from baked potato tuber using 1% acidified water at
the same amplitude and sonication time of 5 min.
The multiple regression analysis of total
anthocyanins content values from baked potato
showed that the model was significant (p<0.0001),
did not present lack of fit (p=0.39) and it could
explain 96.92% of all variance (R2
adj=0.96). The
predicted model can be described by the equation 5.
Interactions coefficient of time (τ) and amplitude (A)
increased the anthocyanins extraction, and time (τ),
amplitude (A) and quadratic regression coefficient of
time (τ) had a significantly negative effect.
TACC = 118.626 – 18.025A – 23.909τ + 8.61125Aτ –
16.599τ2
(5)
The result suggested that the quadratic regression
coefficient of amplitude had negligible effects on the
extraction of anthocyanins from baked potato.
The multiple regression analysis of total
anthocyanins content values from boiled potato
showed that the model was significant (p<0.0003),
did not present lack of fit (p=0.51) and it could
explain 95.77% of all variance (R2
adj=0.95). The
predicted model can be described by the equation 6.
Interactions coefficient of time (τ) and amplitude (A)
increased the anthocyanins extraction, and time (τ),
amplitude (A) and quadratic regression coefficient of
time (τ) had a significantly negative effect.
TACF = 125.144 – 18.6A – 20.808τ + 9.694Aτ –
11.474τ2
(6)
The models are well fitted with multiple
regression equations for both processed technique:
baked (TACC) and boiled (TACF), observed in the
response surface analysis obtained (Fig. 3).
Table 4. Effect of sonication time and amplitude on TAC extraction from processed purple potato tuber using
central composite design
Run
order
τ
(min)
A
(%)
TAC (mg cy-3-glu/100 g FW)
Residuals
for baked
Residuals
for boiled
Experimental values Predicted values
Baked Boiled Baked Boiled
1* 5 20 150.863 164.619 152.57 162.77 -1.709 1.847
2 5 80 102.846 111.457 99.299 106.18 3.547 5.274
3 25 20 86.242 100.012 87.532 101.77 -1.290 -1.757
4 25 80 72.67 85.626 68.704 83.956 3.966 1.670
5 15 20 142.862 147.815 136.65 143.74 6.211 4.071
6 15 80 96.299 103.761 100.60 106.54 -4.301 -2.783
7 5 50 124.098 127.357 125.94 134.48 -1.838 -7.121
8 25 50 75.442 92.949 78.118 92.862 -2.676 0.087
9 15 50 115.668 127.357 118.63 125.14 -2.957 2.213
10 15 50 119.673 121.643 118.63 125.14 1.048 -3.501
* Optimum conditions for TAC extraction from baked and boiled potato tuber.
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Fig. 3. Response contour plot and surface plot showing the effect of sonication time - τ (min) and amplitude - A
(%) on TAC extraction from purple potato tuber: a) baked potato tuber, b) boiled potato tuber.
The optimisation procedure was conducted in
order to maximise the total anthocyanins content.
Through this models was found that the maximum
anthocyanins content was obtained at amplitude of
20% and sonication time of 5.20 min for baked
potato (152.579 mg cy-3-glu/100 g FW) and, for
boiled potato, at amplitude of 20% and sonication
time of 1.71 min (164.015 mg cy-3-glu/100 g FW).
3.2. Optimization of sonication time and
amplitude for TFC extraction from baked and
boiled purple potato tuber
The mean values of the total flavonoids content
of the extraction performed on purple potato tuber
with 1% acidified water are shown in Table 5. The
total flavonoids content ranged from 97.499 mg/100g
(run number 4) to 162.852 mg/100g (run number 8)
for baked potato and from 98.243 mg/100g (run
number 4) to 179.886 mg/100g (run number 8). The
highest values for TFC of 179.886 mg cy-3-glu/100 g
FW was obtained at 20% amplitude from boiled
potato tuber using 1% acidified water, which was
higher than the maximum TFC of 162.852 mg cy-3-
glu /100 g FW obtained from baked potato tuber
using 1% acidified water at the same amplitude and
sonication time of 15 min.
The multiple regression analysis of total
flavonoids content values from baked potato showed
that the model was significant (p<0.0001), did not
present lack of fit (p=0.36) and it could explain
98.19% of all variance (R2
adj=0.98). The predicted
model can be described by the equation 7.
Interactions coefficient of time (τ) and amplitude (A)
increased the flavonoids extraction, and time (τ),
amplitude (A) and quadratic regression coefficient of
time (τ) had a significantly negative effect.
TFCC = 146.692 – 12.005A – 10.876τ + 3.811Aτ –
30.539τ2
(7)
The result suggested that the quadratic regression
coefficient of amplitude had negligible effects on the
extraction of flavonoids from baked potato.
The multiple regression analysis of total
flavonoids content values from boiled potato showed
that the model was significant (p<0.0001), did not
present lack of fit (p=0.71) and it could explain
98.93% of all variance (R2
adj=0.98). The predicted
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model can be described by the equation 8.
Interactions coefficient of time (τ) and amplitude (A)
increased the flavonoids extraction, and time (τ),
amplitude (A) and quadratic regression coefficient of
time (τ) had a significantly negative effect.
TFCF = 164.698 – 13.794A – 10.131τ + 4.136Aτ –
47.350τ2
(8)
The models are well fitted with multiple
regression equations for both processed technique:
baked (TFCC) and boiled (TFCF), observed in the
response surface analysis obtained (Fig. 4).
Table 5. Effect of sonication time and amplitude on TFC extraction from processed purple potato tuber using
central composite design
Run
order
τ
(min)
A
(%)
TFC (mg quercetin/100 g FW)
Residuals
for baked
Residuals
for boiled
Experimental values Predicted values
Baked Boiled Baked Boiled
1 5 20 142.483 143.164 142.84 145.41 -0.362 -2.245
2 25 50 105.884 108.336 105.28 107.22 0.607 1.118
3 15 50 145.058 168.224 146.69 164.70 -1.633 3.526
4 25 80 97.499 98.243 97.082 97.559 0.417 0.684
5 5 50 126.312 129.483 127.03 127.48 -0.717 2.004
6 25 20 112.447 115.074 113.47 116.88 -1.024 -1.802
7 5 80 112.293 109.789 111.21 109.55 1.079 0.241
8* 15 20 162.852 179.886 158.70 178.49 4.156 1.393
9 15 50 142.895 163.357 146.69 164.70 -3.796 -1.341
10 15 80 135.961 147.326 134.69 150.90 1.274 -3.578
* Optimum conditions for TFC extraction from baked and boiled potato tuber.
Fig. 4. Response contour plot and surface plot showing the effect of sonication time - τ (min) and amplitude - A
(%) on TFC extraction from purple potato tuber: a) baked potato tuber, b) boiled potato tuber.
7. Florentina Damşa et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 5) January 2016, pp.75-82
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The optimization procedure was conducted in
order to maximize the total flavonoids content.
Through this models was found that the maximum
flavonoids content was obtained at amplitude of 20%
and sonication time of 12.60 min for baked potato
(160.462 mg quercetine/100g FW) and, for boiled
potato, at amplitude of 20% and sonication time of
13.49 min (179.567 mg quercetine/100g FW).
3.3. Comparison between extraction of
anthocyanins and flavonoids from processed and
fresh purple potato tubers
The results of ultrasound extraction from
processed potato (amplitude 20% - optimum
amplitude for anthocyanins and flavonoid extraction)
were compared with the results of ultrasound
extraction from fresh potato tuber (sample control).
The result from fresh potato for TAC was
significantly higher than both processed technique
(baked and boiled) (Fig. 5). For TAC extraction from
baked potato was observed a significant decrease that
range from 35.99% (sonication time of 15 min.) to
53.44% (sonication time of 25 min). Also, for TAC
extraction from boiled potato was observed a
significant decrease that range from 33.77%
(sonication time of 15 min.) to 46.01% (sonication
time of 25 min).
Fig. 5. Influence of processed technique on TAC
extraction from potato tuber.
The result from fresh potato for TFC was
significantly higher than both processed technique
(baked and boiled) (Fig. 6). For TFC extraction from
baked potato was observed a significant decrease that
range from 21.52% (sonication time of 15 min.) to
33.59% (sonication time of 25 min). Also, for TFC
extraction from boiled potato was observed a
significant decrease that range from 13.31%
(sonication time of 15 min.) to 32.04% (sonication
time of 25 min).
Fig. 6. Influence of processed technique on TFC
extraction from potato tuber.
IV. Conclusions
CCD was effective in estimating the effect of
two independent variables on the extraction of total
anthocyanins and total flavonoids compounds in
purple potato tuber. For TAC the best results was
obtained at 20% amplitude and 5 min, and for TFC
the best results was obtained at 20% amplitude and
15 min. Also, CCD was successfully used to obtain
the optimum conditions for TAC and TFC.
For both processing methods was observed a
significant decrease in the content of anthocyanins
and flavonoids in processing potato.
V. Acknowledgement
This work was partially supported by a grant of
the Romanian National Authority for Scientific
Research, CNDI-UEFISCDI, PN-II-PT-PCCA-2013-
4-0452 (178/2014) and PN-II-PT-PCCA-2013-4-
1629 (225/2014).
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