This document summarizes a project to design and fabricate a cross link four wheel steering system. The project aims to reduce turning radius, improve vehicle handling and stability, and reduce driver workload. It discusses the objectives, literature review, existing steering systems and their drawbacks, the proposed four wheel steering system, its working mechanism, calculations, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and comparisons to two wheel steering. The cross link mechanism connects the front and rear wheels through ball joints and bars to coordinate steering of all four wheels based on driver input.
Four steering system is about the maneuvering of the wheel using all four wheel. Which allows the vehicle to take sharp turn at slow speed and decrease the rollover accident danger at higher speed.
Four steering system is about the maneuvering of the wheel using all four wheel. Which allows the vehicle to take sharp turn at slow speed and decrease the rollover accident danger at higher speed.
The suspension System of an automobile is one which separates the wheel/axle assembly from the body. The primary function of the suspension system is to isolate the vehicle structure from shocks & vibration due to irregularities of the road surface.
Project presention on four wheels steering system by PARVIND GUPTAParvind Gupta
In this project there are participated four member at college SKYLINE INSTITUTE GREATER NOIDA
About the Project: With the help of this system all four wheels can be turned to any direction with the steering. This can controlled more effectively & also speed of vehicle can be increased & decreased as per requirements.
The suspension System of an automobile is one which separates the wheel/axle assembly from the body. The primary function of the suspension system is to isolate the vehicle structure from shocks & vibration due to irregularities of the road surface.
Project presention on four wheels steering system by PARVIND GUPTAParvind Gupta
In this project there are participated four member at college SKYLINE INSTITUTE GREATER NOIDA
About the Project: With the help of this system all four wheels can be turned to any direction with the steering. This can controlled more effectively & also speed of vehicle can be increased & decreased as per requirements.
GEOMETRICAL OPTIMIZATION AND EVALUATION OF ALLOY WHEEL FOUR WHEELERIjripublishers Ijri
Alloy wheels are automobile wheels which are made from an alloy of aluminum or magnesium metals or sometimes a
mixture of both. Alloy wheels differ from normal steel wheels because of their lighter weight, which improves the steering
and the speed of the car. Alloy wheels will reduce the unstrung weight of a vehicle compared to one fitted with standard
steel wheels. The benefit of reduced unstrung weight is more precise steering as well as a nominal reduction in fuel
consumption.
The goal of the project is to suggest optimum geometric shape and material for alloy wheel of a four wheeler.
In the first step previous journals will be studied to understand actual problem, selection of materials, selection of
shape’s and rectification method.
In the next step parametric models will be prepared for further analysis purpose
Evaluation will be done on the model using Ansys work bench for reading results.
Forces are generated at the tire contact patch during various maneuvers of the car and transferred to the chassis through the suspension links. Calculating the forces on every link is important to design the suspension system as all the forces from wheel to the chassis are transferred by the suspension linkages. These forces have been calculated for all the links of a double wishbone suspension geometry. The load paths and FBD have been drawn and axial stress in the all the linkages
الحقيبة التعليمية لمادة ميكانيك السيارات للمرحلة الثانية لقسم المكائن والمعدات - معهد اعداد المدربين التقنيين - العراق- بغداد
من اعداد المهندس : صلاح مهدي خليل
with the help of intelligent braking system we can reduce the chances of accident and save human life. this system is based on STM32F3 micro-controller board,LPC-1768 board and Ultra-sonic sensor etc.
An example of using FEA to improve a series of automotive wheel designs. Wheels must pass durability tests to be certified for use. This family did not pass the tests and a large investment had been made in tooling. The company did not want this investment to go to waste and assigned me the task to resolve the issue soon after hiring me. This is a brief outline of the changes made to improve the wheel such that all tests were passed. It should be noted that all work was done virtually and all tests were passes first time after tooling modifications.
four wheel steering configurations with the types of four wheel steering. It also goes through zero turning radius, crab steering, low speed steering and high speed steering.
Ultrasonic automatic braking system in cars by Accelerator Disengagement Mech...Arvind Srivastava
The Ultrasonic Automatic Braking System in cars is a safety measure which can be implemented to apply the brakes suddenly in case of collision. Accelerator disengagement mechanism uses a servo motor and an additional link which shuts down the throttle valve to disengage accelerator and then the brakes.
presentation on IR based vehicle with AUTOMATIC BRAKING and DRIVER AWAKENING ...Neeraj Khatri
IR Based Vehicle With AUTOMATIC BRAKING and DRIVER AWAKENING System (2014)
In this Project When any obstacle comes in front of the vehicle in a fixed range then the automatic brakes are applied and the vehicle sounds an alarm and also a very small current is produced on the steering of the vehicle. If the vehicle met with an accident then a call is generated on the last dialled number from the phone which is placed in the vehicle.
Project report on IR based vehicle with automatic braking and driver awakenin...Neeraj Khatri
IR Based Vehicle With AUTOMATIC BRAKING and DRIVER AWAKENING System (2014)
In this Project When any obstacle comes in front of the vehicle in a fixed range then the automatic brakes are applied and the vehicle sounds an alarm and also a very small current is produced on the steering of the vehicle. If the vehicle met with an accident then a call is generated on the last dialled number from the phone which is placed in the vehicle.
An approach to parallel parking and zero turning radius in automobilesIjrdt Journal
Conventional steering mechanism involves either the use of Ackerman or Davis steering systems. The disadvantage associated with these systems is the minimum turning radius that is possible for the steering action. This difficulty that is associated with the conventional methods of steering is eliminated by employing a four wheel steering system. In this system, the wheels connected to the front axles are turned opposite to each other, and so are the wheels connected to the rear axle. The wheels on the on left half vehicle rotate in one direction and the ones on the right half of the vehicle rotate in the opposite direction. This arrangement of the wheels enables the vehicle to turn 360 degrees, without moving from the spot, i.e. the vehicle has zero turning radius. This helps in maneuvering the vehicle in tight spaces such as parking lots and within small compounds.
Different Modes in Four Wheel Steered Multi-Utility Vehiclesresearchinventy
Four wheel steering is the innovative technology in which research is going on. The front-to-rear wheel alignment plays a significant role in the directional stability of a vehicle in a good manner. Four wheel steering is the system that allows the rear wheels to turn for maneuvering, rather than just follow the front wheels. The system is employed by some vehicles to improve steering response, increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed. In Four Wheel Steering System, the rear wheels do play an active role for steering, which can be guided at high as well as in low speeds. In this paper we made a four wheel steered vehicle for the analysis of four wheel steering systems (4WS). Apart from normal front wheel steered vehicle our designed model can work in all four modes of four wheel steering. The four modes include front wheel steering, 360 degree rotation of vehicle with in the position, parallel parking mode and shorter radius mode. 4WS is one of the devices which are used for the improvement of vehicle maneuverability and stability. Another significant finding is the effect of vehicle add-ons which showed how a multi utility vehicle can be made by giving a floor cleaning machine with it. We introduced Neodymium magnets to attract metal scraps, which helps us to clean the floor. It is expected that our different modes will be very beneficial to everyone who involved or interested in the automotive design, steering modes, analysis, performance assessment and applications of various types of four wheel steering systems.
A Four wheel steering system also known as Quadra steering system. In this paper, both front
wheel and rear wheels can be steered according to speed other vehicle and space available for
turning. Quadra steer gives full size vehicle greater ease while driving at low speed, improves
stability, handling and control at higher speed.
Production-built cars tend to under steer or, in few instances, overseer. If a car could
automatically compensate for an under steer overseer problem, the driver would enjoy nearly
neutral steering under varying conditions. Four wheel systems is a serious effort on the part of
automotive design engineers to provide near-neutral steering.
This system finds application in off-highway vehicles such as forklifts, agricultural and
construction equipment mining machinery also in Heavy Motor Vehicles. It is also useful in
passenger cars.
It improves handling and helps the vehicle make tighter turns. This system is used to minimize
the turning radius.
Front Wheel Steering System With Moveable HeadlightsSuchit Moon
This is Mechanical project report on Front wheel steering system with moveable headlights with latest
electronics technology. The most standard steering arrangement is to show the front wheels employing
a hand–operated handwheel that is positioned before of the motive force, via the steering column, which
can contain universal joints to permit it to deviate somewhat from a line. alternative arrangements ar
generally found on differing types of vehicles, as an example, a tiller or rear–wheel steering. tracked
vehicles like tanks sometimes use differential steering — that's, the tracks are created to maneuver
at completely different speeds or maybe in opposite directions to originate a amendment in fact.
What is rack and pinion steering mechanismManish Nepal
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Design & Synthesis of Four Wheel Steering MechanismIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to analyze the steering mechanism of an automobile for the purpose of making a mechanism which is capable of turning all the four wheels of the automobile simultaneously whether in same or different directions as per the requirement so as to utilize the steering mechanism of the automobile in an effective way and to reduce the efforts applied by the driver to park the vehicle in a limited space or to reverse the vehicle direction. The steering mechanism plays a vital role to balance all the four wheels of the automobile while a vehicles moves in a definite direction. In this paper an attempt has been made to develop such a mechanism which can turn all the four wheels of automobile simultaneously which could be beneficial to make an effective turn as well as can assist in parking the vehicles. The radius covered by the vehicle to reverse its direction by both two wheel and four wheel steering mechanism has been calculated as well as experimentally evaluated.
What Does the PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual Message Mean for You...Autohaus Service and Sales
Learn what "PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual" means for your Mercedes-Benz. This message indicates a malfunction in the parking assistance system, potentially due to sensor issues or electrical faults. Prompt attention is crucial to ensure safety and functionality. Follow steps outlined for diagnosis and repair in the owner's manual.
Comprehensive program for Agricultural Finance, the Automotive Sector, and Empowerment . We will define the full scope and provide a detailed two-week plan for identifying strategic partners in each area within Limpopo, including target areas.:
1. Agricultural : Supporting Primary and Secondary Agriculture
• Scope: Provide support solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Tzaneen, Thohoyandou, Makhado, and Giyani.
2. Automotive Sector: Partnerships with Mechanics and Panel Beater Shops
• Scope: Develop collaborations with automotive service providers to improve service quality and business operations.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Lephalale, Mokopane, Phalaborwa, and Bela-Bela.
3. Empowerment : Focusing on Women Empowerment
• Scope: Provide business support support and training to women-owned businesses, promoting economic inclusion.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Thohoyandou, Musina, Burgersfort, and Louis Trichardt.
We will also prioritize Industrial Economic Zone areas and their priorities.
Sign up on https://profilesmes.online/welcome/
To be eligible:
1. You must have a registered business and operate in Limpopo
2. Generate revenue
3. Sectors : Agriculture ( primary and secondary) and Automative
Women and Youth are encouraged to apply even if you don't fall in those sectors.
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Maximized driving performance and quick charging time through high-density battery pack and fast charging technology and applicable to various vehicle types!
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Things to remember while upgrading the brakes of your carjennifermiller8137
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"Trans Failsafe Prog" on your BMW X5 indicates potential transmission issues requiring immediate action. This safety feature activates in response to abnormalities like low fluid levels, leaks, faulty sensors, electrical or mechanical failures, and overheating.
𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙮 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙨. 𝙒𝙚 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙪𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙪𝙨.
Over the 10 years, we have gained a strong foothold in the market due to our range's high quality, competitive prices, and time-lined delivery schedules.
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All-Wheeled Steering System
1. DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF CROSS LINK
FOUR WHEEL STEERING
PROJECT REVIEW
1
13/04/2015DATE
P R O J E C T M E M B E R S :
R . K O U S I K P R A B H U ( 7 2 0 7 1 2 11 4 0 6 8 )
G . PA L PA N D I A N ( 7 2 0 7 1 2 11 4 1 0 3 )
B . P R E M N AT H ( 7 2 0 7 1 2 11 4 111 )
M . R A J A R A M ( 7 2 0 7 1 2 11 4 1 2 2 )
P R O J E C T G U I D E :
M r . C . A . J A G A D I S H M . E ,
A S S I S T A N T P R O F E S S O R
2. STEERING SYSTEM
FUNCTION OF STEERING
• Control of front wheel (sometimes
rear wheel) direction.
• Transmit road feel (slight steering
wheel pull caused by the road surface)
to the drivers hand.
• Maintain correct amount of effort
needed to turn the wheels.
• Absorb most of the shock going to the
steering wheel as the tire hits holes
and bumps in the road.
• Allow for suspension action
2
3. OBJECTIVE
3
The main objectives for our project
• To reduce turning radius
• To improve handling and stability of vehicle
• To reduce driver work load
4. LITERATURE SURVEY
S.NO TITLE AUTHOR REMARKS
1. Developing quadra steering
system
Manish
k.mistry,jagodanad
ipak
Design and
caculation. stability
in vehicle
2. Developing four wheel
steering system for a car
k.lohith,
s.r shankapal,
Theory for steering,
To provide neutral
steering on vehicle
3. Study of four wheel steering
system to reduce turning
Arun singh,
abhishek kumar
Parts and equipments
required
4. Four wheel steering for
future
Dilip.s.choudhari Quadra steering
system
5. Dynamic characteristics of
multi function four wheel
steering system
I nyoman
sutantra,yusuf
kaelani
Zero side slip
methods
6. Cross link steering system Ashok B.1, Nitish
Singh2, Naman
simple kinematic bar
mechanism
4
5. ABOUT EXISTING SYSTEM AND ITS DRAWBACKS
A steering system is used to change the direction of motion of the vehicle
and to make the vehicle turn either left or right.
For this purpose, a steering wheel, a steering rod, and a rack and pinion is
connected to the wheels only on the front.
Thus making only the front wheels to steer.
The rear wheels remain constant.
This makes the rear wheels skid when the vehicle turns.
5
6. FOUR WHEEL STEERING
Four-wheel steering (or all wheel steering) is a system employed to improve
steering response.
Increased vehicle stability while manoeuvring at high speed.
It also decreases turning radius at low speed.
By controlling the steering angle of all four wheels, this steering system helps
reduce driver’s steering workload at low speed.
6
7. HISTORY OF 4WS
4WS has its history from the late
1980’s to early 1990’s.
Honda had four-wheel steering as
an option in their 1987-2000
Prelude.
Mazda also offered four-wheel
steering on the 626 and MX6 in
1988.
Honda
Prelude
Mazda
MX6
7
8. CROSS LINK MECHANISM
8
The material selected for cross bar
and side bar is duplex 2205 stainless
steel hollow pipes of 25.4mm
diameter and 2mm thickness due to
its high tensile strength and its
fracture toughness.
The setup requires the use of three
ball joints along with a steering rack
and pinion assembly and a modified
knuckle for the attachment of shaft in
the rear end diagonally.
The material selected for the bar is a
type of super stainless steel having
following properties [2]:
Ultimate strength = 620 MPa Yield
Strength = 570 MPa Density = 7805
Kg/m3
NOMAL MODE
9. WORKING
9
The setup consists of one cross bar
which runs between front and rear
ends cross ways.
The bar is joined to the frontier side
of the front knuckle through ball joint
from one end and connected to the
rear side of the rear knuckle with
another ball joint.
Another kind of bar, side bar (similar
to a toe link) connects the rear two
knuckles.
All four wheels are linked to each
other, making it a constrained system.
WORKING MODE
11. AT LOW SPEED
rear wheels are turned
in opposite direction
of front wheels
(below 40 miles or 64 kilometers per
hour), in the negative phase, the rear
wheels turn in the opposite direction of
the front wheels ,Reduces turn radius
up to 20 percent , Improves
maneuverability ,Eases parking ,
Simplifies trailer positioning
At moderate speeds (around 40 miles
or 64 kilometers per hour), the rear
wheels remain straight, or neutral
WORKING MODE
11
12. CALCULATION
12
• Gross Weight (m) = 1350 kg.
• Weight of vehicle (W) = m * g = 13243.5 N
• Radius of Wheel (r W) =0.3556 m.
• Radius of curvature(R) = 1.7868 m.
• Width of Track(x) = 1.295 m.
• Wheel Base (b) =1.295 m.
• Distance of C.G. vertically above the road surface (h) = 0.55 m.
• Distance of C.G. horizontally from rear wheel axle (l) = 0.963 m.
• Linear velocity (V) = 16 m/s.
• Normal Steer Mode: Radius of curvature(R) = 3 m.
• Cross Steer Mode: Radius of curvature(R)=1.7868 m.
• %Reduction= (3-1.7868/3) * 100 = 40.44 % .
13. ADVANTAGES OF 4WS
Vehicles move smoothly both in the city and on winding roads.
Added stability means vehicles can be driven safely.
Quick and responsive control system will allow gentle steering
operation.
At high speeds, the four wheel steering system avoids skidding in cars.
At slow speeds, the four wheel steering system helps in reducing
turning radius by 21% which has its applications in parking.
The mechanism can be controlled electronically or hydraulically.
13
14. DISADVANTAGES OF 4WS
Complex links to connect front and rear wheels.
Expensive.
Additional weight to the vehicle.
14
15. RECENT APPLICATIONS
4ws used in large farm vehicles
and trucks.
Monster truck.
Our setup can be applied on the
vehicles which have high
ground clearance ( Lorry, buses
All- terrain vehicles, Sports
utility vehicles) and large
turning radius.
15
16. 2WS 4WS
Only front wheels are steered.
Turning radius is large.
Steering response and stability are
less.
Less complicated.
More complicate for lane change.
Both front and rear wheels are
steered.
Turning radius is smaller than
2WS.
Steering response and stability are
high.
More complicated.
Easily taking lane change
COMPARISON
16
18. REFERENCE
[1] PACEJKA, H. B. 2006. Tyre Mechanics and Vehicle Dynamics,
Butterworth-Heinemann .
[2] Bansal, R.K. 2010. A textbook of Strength of Materials, Laxmi
Publications.
[3] REIMPELL, J. 2001. The Automotive Chassis - Engineering
Principles, Butterworth-Heinemann .
[4] William F. Milliken, Douglas L. Milliken, 1995. Race Car Vehicle
Dynamics , Society of Automotive Engineers
[5] Swanson Analysis Systems, Inc. ANSYS software (Version 14.0).
[6] Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Corp., a subsidiary of Dassault
Systèmes, S. A. (Vélizy, France) Solidworks software
(December9,2009), version 4.
18