The document lists various organic compounds and reagents and their uses in distinguishing between compound pairs or performing common organic reactions. It includes tests to identify functional groups like carbonyls, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and amines. Common reactions mentioned are halogenation, hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, substitution, elimination, condensation and rearrangement reactions.
30. 2,4 – D.N.P. Used to detect carbonyl group
(orange ppt observed)
DMSO Polar aprotic solvent: favour SN
2 mechanism
Fe + Br2
/FeBr3
Fehling solution Used to identify – CH=O group.
PhCHO gives –ve test
Observation red ppt of Cu2
O formed
Grignard Reagent Follows (i) Acid base reaction
(ii) NAR
(iii) NSR
H2
(Pd/CaCO3
)
Quinoline
Lindlar catalyst:
R–C≡C–R R–CH=CH–R(cis)
Br
31. H3
PO2
(Sodium stannite also can be used for this purpose)
HN3
+ H2
SO4
(Schmidt Reaction)
H3
PO4
/Δ
or
H2
SO4
/Δ
Saytzeff product: C+
mechanism;
Rearranged alkene can be formed
HNO2
(NaNO2
+ HCl) (i) RNH2
⟶ R–OH;
(ii) PhNH2
⟶ PhN2
+
(0 – 5o
C)
(iii) PhNH2
⟶ PhOH (High temperature)
(iv)
N2
+
RNH2
R−C−OH
||
O
N=O
OH OH OH
NO
+
RCH=CH2
RCH−CH3
|
OH
32. HlO4
(Periodic acid)
Oxidative cleavage of diol
H2
(Ni) H2
(Ni) can reduce)
(i)
(ii)
(iii) RCN ⟶ RCH2
NH2
;
–C=C– ⟶ –CH2
–CH2
–,
–HC≡CH– ⟶ –CH2
–CH2
–
H2
(Pd/BaSO4
)
Quinoline
(Rosenmund reduction)
Jones Reagent
(CrO3
+ dil. H2
SO4
+ acetone)
(i) RCH2
OH ⟶ RCOOH;
(ii) R2
CHOH ⟶ R2
C=O
RCH=O + R’CH=O
RCH−CH−R’
|
OH
|
OH
R2
CHOH
R−C−R
||
O
RCH2
OH
R−C−H
||
O
RCH=O
R−C−Cl
||
O
33. KHSO4
Dehydrating Reagent
K2
Cr2
O7
/H+
(i) RCH2
OH ⟶ RCO2
H;
(ii) R2
CHOH ⟶ R2
C = O
MnO2
(i) CH3
–CH=CH–CH2
–OH ⟶ CH3
–CH=CH–CH=O
(ii)PhCH2
OH ⟶ PhCH=O
To oxidise allylic/benzylic hydroxyl group into
corresponding carbonyl.
NaHCO3
NaHSO3
[White crystals, soluble in water used to separate
carbonyl from non-carbonyl compound]
CH2
=CH−CH=O
CH2
−CH−CH2
−OH
|
OH
|
OH
14
RCO2
−Na+
+
CO2
↑
RCO2
H
14
NaHCO3
RC
R−C−R
||
O
|
R
OH
SO3
−
Na+
34. NaOH(aq) (i) RX ⟶ R–OH;
(ii)
Basic hydrolysis of ester
(iii) HCHO HCOO–
+ CH3
OH (cannizaro)
(iv) H3
C–CH=O H3
C–CH=CH–CH=O
(Aldol condensation)
Ninhydrin Detection of amino acid
Observation purple coloured ion
NaOR Strong base:
(i)
(Saytzeff Product E2
elimination)
(ii)
(claisen condensation) (β-keto ester)
R−C−OR’
||
O
NaOH
(H2
O)
R−C−O−
||
O
+ R’OH
RCH−CH2
−R
|
X
RCH=CH−R
H3
C−C−OEt
||
O
||
O
H3
C−C−CH2
−C−OEt
||
O
OH–
OH–
heat
35. NaOH + X2
(i)
(Haloform reaction)
(ii)
(Hoffman Degradation)
NaOH + CaO RCO2
H ⟶ RH
NaOX Same as NaOH + X2
NBS
(i)
(ii) PhCH3
⟶ PhCH2
– Br
NaNO2
+ HCl RNH2
⟶ R–OH
RC−CH3
||
O
-CHI3
RCO2
−
Br
R−C−NH2
||
O
RNH2
36. NaNH2
in paraffin Non-terminal Alkyne ⟶ Terminal Alkyne
(2-Butyne ⟶ 1-butyne)
Na/EtOH reduce all except c/c double & triple bond
Zn(Hg) + HCl ⟶
Clemmensen reduction
NH2
⟶ NH2
/OH–
R–CO–R ⟶ R–CH2
–R
Wolf Kishner
Na in Liq. NH3
(Birch reduction)
(trans alkene)
R−C−R
||
O
R−CH2
−R
C=C
R−C≡CR
H
R
R
H
37. OsO4
+ H2
O ⟶
(syn-addition)
O3
R–CH=CH–R R⟶CHO + R–CHO
[Ozonolysis process]
Oxirane followed by H+
RMgX ⟶ RCH2
–CH2
–OH
PCC (i) RCH2
OH ⟶ RCHO,
(ii) R2
CHOH ⟶ R2
C=O
(iii) R3
COH ⟶ no reaction
[Mild oxidizing reagent]
P(red) + Br2
(i)
(HVZ reaction)
(ii) ROH ⟶ R-Br
RCH=CHR RCH−CH−R
|
OH
|
OH
CH3
CO2
H H2
C−CO2
H
|
Br
O3
H2
OZn
38. P(red) + HI
(Strong reducing agent can
reduce any oxygen or
halogen containing
compound to alkane)
CH3
CO2
H ⟶ CH3
–CH3
CH3
CH=O ⟶ CH3
–CH3
CH3
CH3
OH ⟶ CH3
–CH3
Perbenzoic acid
R’ having more migrating tendency than R
(Baeyer Villiger Oxidation)
RCl + AlCl3
Friedel craft alkylation
RCOCl + AlCl3
Friedel craft acylation
R−C−R’
||
O
R−C−OR’
||
O
R
C−R
||
O
39. Ester formed (Esterification reaction)
SnCl2
+ HCl (i) R–N=N–R’ ⟶ RNH2
+ R’NH2
(ii)
(iii) RCN ⟶ RCH = O Stephen reduction
Sn + HCl (i)
(ii) RCN ⟶ R–CH2
NH2
Silver salt RCOOAg Br2
/CCl4
/Δ⟶RBr + CO2
+ AgBr
Hunsdiecker reaction
ROH + R−C−OH
||
O
NO2
NH2
NO2
NH2
40. (i) AgOH/moist Ag2
O R4
NX ⟶ R4
NOH;
SOCl2
Tollens Reagent –CH=O ⟶ –CO2
–
+ Ag
(Shining silver mirror)
(I) 𝝰-hydroxy ketone,
Ph–NH–OH, HCO2
H gives positive test
(II) Reagent also used to distinguish
(i)
(ii) HCOOH Vs other acid
(III) ketone gives –ve test;
R−C−OH/R−OH
||
O
R−C−Cl/R−Cl
||
O
−C=O
H
|
−C−R
||
O
vs
–
+
+ –
41. Benzene sulphonyl chloride
(Hinsberg reagent)
It is used to distinguish and separate 1o
, 2o
and 3o
amines.
Tetraethyl lead Used as antiknock compound
V2
O5
(I)
(II)
V2
O5
/O2
500°
V2
O5
/O2
300°
O
O
O
HC
||
HC
OH