Thermal management of electric vehicle batteries involves both cooling and heating to maintain optimal battery temperature. Various cooling methods exist, including air cooling which uses cabin air or an independent system, liquid cooling which circulates coolant, and direct refrigerant cooling. Heating is mainly done through resistive heaters. Proper temperature control maximizes battery life and performance by keeping it within its optimal operating range.
“Optimization of battery Cooling system for electric vehicle using Simulation”IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing the battery cooling system for electric vehicles through simulation. It begins by discussing how battery thermal management systems (BTMS) directly impact electric vehicle performance and describes a CFD model that improves temperature analysis accuracy within battery packs. Liquid cooling systems are found to have higher heat conductivity and capacity than air cooling systems, improving battery performance and maintaining a higher state of charge for longer periods. The document then discusses the methodology, which involves 3D modeling, CFD analysis, simulation, and comparing results graphs. It establishes requirements for the battery pack model and analyzes battery heat generation based on electric current draw and state of charge.
A flywheel, in essence is a mechanical battery - simply a mass rotating about an axis.Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy.They take an electrical input to accelerate the rotor up to speed by using the built-in motor, and return the electrical energy by using this same motor as a generator.Flywheels are one of the most promising technologies for replacing conventional lead acid batteries as energy storage systems.
Lithium Ion Battery Module Thermal Management SystemKulwinder Basuta
The document summarizes a student group's project to design a thermal management system for electric bicycle batteries. The objectives were to maintain cell temperatures below 40°C, design protective battery module cases, and integrate 74 cells to provide over 80 miles of range while fitting within a BMW motorcycle frame. The design included aluminum cases, foam padding for impact absorption, and a cooling system to reduce temperature increases during fast charging and improve cooling rates and temperature uniformity across cells.
2013.10.18 alfred piggott gentherm nrel sae thermoelectric battery thermal ma...ap3slidshare
This document discusses using thermoelectric devices (TEDs) for distributed battery thermal management. It proposes integrating TEDs directly into battery bus bars to provide localized and individually controlled cooling of battery cells. Modeling shows TED-only cooling of 5 watts per cell can maintain a 10-year battery life. Future development testing will evaluate air-cooled TED concepts for battery thermal management and utilize a simplified drive cycle generating 3.5-5 watts of heat per cell. Thermoelectric battery thermal management could enable active cooling solutions for mild hybrid applications without liquid cooling loops.
Active Thermal Management Systems in Electric VehiclesAutomotive IQ
The goal of all thermal management is to deliver a battery pack that functions at an optimum average temperature with even temperature distribution across all cells. Moreover, it must be lightweight, low cost, easy packaged and compatible too. Active thermal management systems offer a wide range of advantages for electric vehicle batteries. But is it actually better than passive systems?
Read more about the topic on the article’s second part on thermal management systems in electric vehicles here: http://bit.ly/Article_ActiveThermalmanagementsystems
A hybrid electric vehicle combines an electric motor with an internal combustion engine or other power source to improve fuel efficiency. There are two main types of hybrid systems - series and parallel. In a series hybrid, the engine only charges a battery which powers the electric motor to turn the wheels. In a parallel hybrid, both the engine and motor can power the wheels directly and work together or independently based on driving conditions. Key components of hybrid systems include batteries to store energy, a generator to charge batteries, and regenerative braking to capture kinetic energy during deceleration. Hybrid vehicles provide benefits like lower emissions and fuel use while maintaining the performance of conventional vehicles. Further research and development of hybrid technology promises more efficient and environmentally friendly vehicles.
An EV is a shortened acronym for an electric vehicle. EVs are vehicles that are either partially or fully powered on electric power. Electric vehicles have low running costs as they have less moving parts for maintaining and also very environmentally friendly as they use little or no fossil fuels (petrol or diesel).
“Optimization of battery Cooling system for electric vehicle using Simulation”IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing the battery cooling system for electric vehicles through simulation. It begins by discussing how battery thermal management systems (BTMS) directly impact electric vehicle performance and describes a CFD model that improves temperature analysis accuracy within battery packs. Liquid cooling systems are found to have higher heat conductivity and capacity than air cooling systems, improving battery performance and maintaining a higher state of charge for longer periods. The document then discusses the methodology, which involves 3D modeling, CFD analysis, simulation, and comparing results graphs. It establishes requirements for the battery pack model and analyzes battery heat generation based on electric current draw and state of charge.
A flywheel, in essence is a mechanical battery - simply a mass rotating about an axis.Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy.They take an electrical input to accelerate the rotor up to speed by using the built-in motor, and return the electrical energy by using this same motor as a generator.Flywheels are one of the most promising technologies for replacing conventional lead acid batteries as energy storage systems.
Lithium Ion Battery Module Thermal Management SystemKulwinder Basuta
The document summarizes a student group's project to design a thermal management system for electric bicycle batteries. The objectives were to maintain cell temperatures below 40°C, design protective battery module cases, and integrate 74 cells to provide over 80 miles of range while fitting within a BMW motorcycle frame. The design included aluminum cases, foam padding for impact absorption, and a cooling system to reduce temperature increases during fast charging and improve cooling rates and temperature uniformity across cells.
2013.10.18 alfred piggott gentherm nrel sae thermoelectric battery thermal ma...ap3slidshare
This document discusses using thermoelectric devices (TEDs) for distributed battery thermal management. It proposes integrating TEDs directly into battery bus bars to provide localized and individually controlled cooling of battery cells. Modeling shows TED-only cooling of 5 watts per cell can maintain a 10-year battery life. Future development testing will evaluate air-cooled TED concepts for battery thermal management and utilize a simplified drive cycle generating 3.5-5 watts of heat per cell. Thermoelectric battery thermal management could enable active cooling solutions for mild hybrid applications without liquid cooling loops.
Active Thermal Management Systems in Electric VehiclesAutomotive IQ
The goal of all thermal management is to deliver a battery pack that functions at an optimum average temperature with even temperature distribution across all cells. Moreover, it must be lightweight, low cost, easy packaged and compatible too. Active thermal management systems offer a wide range of advantages for electric vehicle batteries. But is it actually better than passive systems?
Read more about the topic on the article’s second part on thermal management systems in electric vehicles here: http://bit.ly/Article_ActiveThermalmanagementsystems
A hybrid electric vehicle combines an electric motor with an internal combustion engine or other power source to improve fuel efficiency. There are two main types of hybrid systems - series and parallel. In a series hybrid, the engine only charges a battery which powers the electric motor to turn the wheels. In a parallel hybrid, both the engine and motor can power the wheels directly and work together or independently based on driving conditions. Key components of hybrid systems include batteries to store energy, a generator to charge batteries, and regenerative braking to capture kinetic energy during deceleration. Hybrid vehicles provide benefits like lower emissions and fuel use while maintaining the performance of conventional vehicles. Further research and development of hybrid technology promises more efficient and environmentally friendly vehicles.
An EV is a shortened acronym for an electric vehicle. EVs are vehicles that are either partially or fully powered on electric power. Electric vehicles have low running costs as they have less moving parts for maintaining and also very environmentally friendly as they use little or no fossil fuels (petrol or diesel).
The document discusses energy storage systems (ESS) and how lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology from Samsung SDI is well-suited for this application. ESS can compensate for the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources like solar and wind, help maintain constant grid frequency, reduce curtailment of renewable energy, and defer transmission upgrades. LIB batteries are highlighted as having high energy density, efficiency, lifespan and being eco-friendly compared to other battery technologies. Samsung SDI focuses on lithium manganese oxide (LMO) LIBs which are safest and well-suited for frequency regulation and peak shifting. ESS can be used in residential, telecom, data center, and utility-scale applications.
A hybrid electric vehicle combines an electric motor with an internal combustion engine to improve fuel efficiency. There are two main types of hybrid configurations - parallel and series. In a parallel hybrid, both the engine and electric motor can power the wheels directly. In a series hybrid, the engine charges the battery which powers the electric motor to turn the wheels. Fuel cell hybrid vehicles use hydrogen to power an electric motor, providing emissions-free propulsion. Driving at a constant speed, avoiding abrupt stops, and driving more slowly can improve the fuel efficiency of any hybrid vehicle.
Battery Management System For Electric Vehicle Applications.pdfInstansi
This thesis discusses battery management systems (BMS) for electric vehicle applications. It presents an improved battery model that accounts for self-discharging, temperature effects, and capacity fading. Simulation results show the model can accurately simulate charging, discharging, and cell balancing processes. The thesis also details a BMS hardware system designed using Texas Instruments components. It was improved with a user interface, thermal management, and current monitoring. Experimental results validated the BMS system's performance in monitoring and protecting lithium-ion battery packs.
This document provides an overview of regenerative braking systems. It begins with an introduction and history section describing early patents and developments. The principles and components of regenerative braking are then explained, noting that kinetic energy is converted to electrical energy during braking via electric motors or hydraulic pumps. Applications in electric vehicles, hybrids, and locomotives are discussed. The benefits include improved efficiency and emissions reductions, while costs and complexity are disadvantages. Regenerative braking effectively improves vehicle performance by recapturing kinetic energy.
Conventional Braking System
Introduction OfRegenerative Braking System
Necessity Of The System
Elements Of Regenerative Braking System
Different Types Of Regenerative Braking System
Advantages And Disadvantages
Research Papers
Conclusion
Future Scope
References
1) The document discusses solar heating and cooling systems (SHCS), which use solar energy to provide hot water, space heating, and cooling.
2) SHCS can be either active systems that involve collectors, circulation systems, storage tanks, and controls, or passive systems that rely on building ventilation.
3) Solar cooling uses solar heat to generate chilled water for cooling buildings. Combisystems provide both heating and cooling as well as hot water.
4) SHCS have advantages over conventional methods like reduced costs, employment opportunities, and being more environmentally friendly.
The document provides an overview of automobiles and automobile power plants. It discusses the classification of automobiles based on use, capacity, make, fuel used, body style, wheels, drive, and transmission. The major components of an automobile including the frame, suspension, power plant, transmission system, electrical system, and control systems are described. Different automobile layouts such as front-engine rear-wheel drive, rear-engine rear-wheel drive, and front-engine front-wheel drive are summarized. Safety features in cars like seat belts, air bags, anti-lock brakes, and electronic stability control are highlighted. Different types of automobile power plants including internal combustion engines, electrical vehicles, fuel cells, and hybrid systems are
This document provides an overview of energy storage technologies and innovation. It discusses the need for energy storage to balance electricity supply and demand from renewable sources. It describes various energy storage technologies including batteries, pumped hydroelectric storage, compressed air energy storage, thermal storage, and hydrogen storage. Case studies of existing pumped hydro, thermal, and flywheel energy storage projects are presented. The future of energy storage systems is seen to involve a mix of technologies with batteries and pumped hydro playing a large role.
This document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). HEVs combine an internal combustion engine with an electric motor to provide propulsion. They offer improved fuel efficiency over conventional vehicles through regenerative braking and a smaller engine size. HEVs are classified as parallel, series, or power-split based on how their electric and fuel-powered components are connected and work together. While more expensive initially, HEVs provide benefits like reduced emissions and fuel costs compared to traditional vehicles.
This document summarizes battery energy storage systems for power utilities and electric vehicles. It discusses the different types of battery energy storage options available, including lead-acid, sodium sulfur, zinc bromine, and zinc chloride batteries. For power utilities, it examines battery energy storage systems used for load leveling, peak shaving, frequency control and spinning reserve. It also provides details on several demonstration battery energy storage plants that have been built. For electric vehicles, it discusses the specifications and types of cycles required of batteries for energy storage and propulsion.
Battery electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, conventional vehicle and now fuel cell vehicles. With the advancement of technology new inventions have been made in auto industry in past few years. Do you know what fuel cell vehicle is? This presentation attributes the features of fuel cell vehicles and how it differs from battery electric, plug-in hybrid electric and conventional vehicles. Also have some light on its feasibility and merits & demerits.
The document discusses three types of mechanical energy storage: pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS), compressed air energy storage (CAES), and flywheels. PHS involves pumping water to a higher elevation and releasing it through turbines to generate power. CAES compresses air underground for later use in power generation. Flywheels store energy kinetically in a spinning rotor. Each technology has benefits like cost-effectiveness (PHS) or ability to help integrate renewable energy, but also challenges such as energy losses or limited locations. Flywheels in particular can have very high cycle life compared to batteries.
- Hydrogen can be used as a fuel in fuel cells or internal combustion engines. It is the most abundant element in the universe and can be produced from water through electrolysis using renewable energy sources.
- Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles operate by using hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity through an electrochemical reaction without combustion, emitting only water vapor. Several automakers have developed hydrogen fuel cell vehicle prototypes.
- For widespread adoption, infrastructure is needed for large-scale hydrogen production, storage, and distribution similar to today's gas stations. Challenges include the flammability of hydrogen and high costs of production compared to fossil fuels.
This document provides an overview of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. It begins with an introduction and then covers the history of fuel cells dating back to 1839. It also discusses hydrogen as a fuel, explaining that hydrogen can be extracted from various sources and used as a clean fuel. The document outlines various hydrogen storage technologies as well as the principles and types of fuel cells, including proton exchange membrane, phosphoric acid, solid oxide, and alkaline fuel cells. It addresses hydrogen production methods and concludes by discussing the advantages of fuel cells in reducing emissions.
Thermal Management of Lithium-Ion Battery in Electric VehicleIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on thermal management methods for lithium-ion battery packs in electric vehicles. It compares air cooling and direct liquid cooling systems using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The simulations analyzed temperature distribution in a battery cell model under static conditions, with air cooling, and with liquid cooling using ethanol glycol. Results showed liquid cooling reduced the maximum cell temperature the most, from 66.85°C without cooling to 35.85°C with liquid cooling, a decrease of over 30°C. Air cooling also reduced temperatures but not as effectively as liquid cooling. The research aims to optimize cooling strategies to maintain optimal battery operating temperatures and improve safety, lifespan and costs for electric vehicles.
Hybrid cars produce significantly fewer greenhouse gas emissions and are more fuel efficient than normal gasoline-powered cars. While they have higher upfront costs, hybrids have lower maintenance needs and can save owners money on fuel and oil changes over time. One disadvantage is that the batteries are difficult to dispose of safely when no longer usable. The document surveys public opinions on hybrid cars and identifies advantages like reduced emissions and costs, as well as challenges around battery disposal and higher initial prices.
This document summarizes research on optimizing automotive radiator design. It discusses the importance of radiators in vehicle design and the need for optimization between performance, size, shape, and weight. Chapter 1 introduces the topic and Chapter 2 reviews related literature. Chapter 3 discusses the necessity of cooling systems to prevent overheating. Chapter 4 describes different radiator types. Chapter 5 reports on parametric studies examining the effects of operating conditions like air and coolant flow rates, temperatures, and coolant type on radiator performance. It also analyzes the influence of design parameters such as fin pitch, louver angle, and coolant flow layout. Figures and tables are referenced but not included.
This document discusses regenerative braking systems. It begins by explaining how conventional braking systems waste kinetic energy as heat, while regenerative braking systems convert kinetic energy to electrical energy during braking. It then provides details on the working principle of regenerative braking, where the electric motors coupled to the drive wheels generate electricity during braking which is stored in the battery. The document presents the history of regenerative braking and provides examples of vehicles that use this technology today, concluding that regenerative braking improves fuel efficiency and reduces emissions.
The document discusses flywheel energy storage systems (FESS). It first provides an introduction to energy storage and defines FESS. It then reviews literature on FESS technology and applications. The main components of FESS are described as the flywheel rotor, electric machine, power electronics, bearings and housing. Examples of FESS applications discussed include use in the Porsche 911, transportation, railways, and spacecraft. FESS provide advantages like high power capability and long lifespan but also have limitations such as potential energy losses over time.
Joule, a spearhead for the south African Electric Vehicle and Battery industr...RAMP Group
This document provides an overview of Optimal Energy, a South African company developing an electric vehicle called the Joule. It discusses the challenges of climate change and energy security driving a need for electric vehicles. Optimal Energy aims to establish itself as a leader in the South African and global electric vehicle industries. The company was founded in 2005 and has over 100 employees. Its vehicle, the Joule, was designed by a renowned automotive stylist and will be a compact, safe, spacious city car with a range of 240km. Optimal Energy plans to produce 50,000 vehicles annually by 2023 for both domestic and export markets.
This V2G report by Zpryme:
| Begins with a global perspective and progresses into high-growth markets
such as US, China, Japan, Germany, UK, South Korea, and Denmark
| Delves into drivers and trends such as Smart Grid and charging station
deployments, renewable energy policy, rising energy costs, auto
manufacturer financial viability pressures, universal standard adoption,
telematics, and brand loyalty
| Explores the role of the battery space, rising cost of fossil fuels, and the
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
| Discloses the actionable insights and opportunities to capitalize and
prepare for the V2G market in both the short and long term
| Concludes with commentary from the experts in V2G: University of
Delaware, Austin Energy, Plug in America, Ford Motor Company,
Grid2Home, Electrification Coalition, Coulomb Technologies, Smart Grid
Library and ZigBee Alliance
The document discusses energy storage systems (ESS) and how lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology from Samsung SDI is well-suited for this application. ESS can compensate for the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources like solar and wind, help maintain constant grid frequency, reduce curtailment of renewable energy, and defer transmission upgrades. LIB batteries are highlighted as having high energy density, efficiency, lifespan and being eco-friendly compared to other battery technologies. Samsung SDI focuses on lithium manganese oxide (LMO) LIBs which are safest and well-suited for frequency regulation and peak shifting. ESS can be used in residential, telecom, data center, and utility-scale applications.
A hybrid electric vehicle combines an electric motor with an internal combustion engine to improve fuel efficiency. There are two main types of hybrid configurations - parallel and series. In a parallel hybrid, both the engine and electric motor can power the wheels directly. In a series hybrid, the engine charges the battery which powers the electric motor to turn the wheels. Fuel cell hybrid vehicles use hydrogen to power an electric motor, providing emissions-free propulsion. Driving at a constant speed, avoiding abrupt stops, and driving more slowly can improve the fuel efficiency of any hybrid vehicle.
Battery Management System For Electric Vehicle Applications.pdfInstansi
This thesis discusses battery management systems (BMS) for electric vehicle applications. It presents an improved battery model that accounts for self-discharging, temperature effects, and capacity fading. Simulation results show the model can accurately simulate charging, discharging, and cell balancing processes. The thesis also details a BMS hardware system designed using Texas Instruments components. It was improved with a user interface, thermal management, and current monitoring. Experimental results validated the BMS system's performance in monitoring and protecting lithium-ion battery packs.
This document provides an overview of regenerative braking systems. It begins with an introduction and history section describing early patents and developments. The principles and components of regenerative braking are then explained, noting that kinetic energy is converted to electrical energy during braking via electric motors or hydraulic pumps. Applications in electric vehicles, hybrids, and locomotives are discussed. The benefits include improved efficiency and emissions reductions, while costs and complexity are disadvantages. Regenerative braking effectively improves vehicle performance by recapturing kinetic energy.
Conventional Braking System
Introduction OfRegenerative Braking System
Necessity Of The System
Elements Of Regenerative Braking System
Different Types Of Regenerative Braking System
Advantages And Disadvantages
Research Papers
Conclusion
Future Scope
References
1) The document discusses solar heating and cooling systems (SHCS), which use solar energy to provide hot water, space heating, and cooling.
2) SHCS can be either active systems that involve collectors, circulation systems, storage tanks, and controls, or passive systems that rely on building ventilation.
3) Solar cooling uses solar heat to generate chilled water for cooling buildings. Combisystems provide both heating and cooling as well as hot water.
4) SHCS have advantages over conventional methods like reduced costs, employment opportunities, and being more environmentally friendly.
The document provides an overview of automobiles and automobile power plants. It discusses the classification of automobiles based on use, capacity, make, fuel used, body style, wheels, drive, and transmission. The major components of an automobile including the frame, suspension, power plant, transmission system, electrical system, and control systems are described. Different automobile layouts such as front-engine rear-wheel drive, rear-engine rear-wheel drive, and front-engine front-wheel drive are summarized. Safety features in cars like seat belts, air bags, anti-lock brakes, and electronic stability control are highlighted. Different types of automobile power plants including internal combustion engines, electrical vehicles, fuel cells, and hybrid systems are
This document provides an overview of energy storage technologies and innovation. It discusses the need for energy storage to balance electricity supply and demand from renewable sources. It describes various energy storage technologies including batteries, pumped hydroelectric storage, compressed air energy storage, thermal storage, and hydrogen storage. Case studies of existing pumped hydro, thermal, and flywheel energy storage projects are presented. The future of energy storage systems is seen to involve a mix of technologies with batteries and pumped hydro playing a large role.
This document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). HEVs combine an internal combustion engine with an electric motor to provide propulsion. They offer improved fuel efficiency over conventional vehicles through regenerative braking and a smaller engine size. HEVs are classified as parallel, series, or power-split based on how their electric and fuel-powered components are connected and work together. While more expensive initially, HEVs provide benefits like reduced emissions and fuel costs compared to traditional vehicles.
This document summarizes battery energy storage systems for power utilities and electric vehicles. It discusses the different types of battery energy storage options available, including lead-acid, sodium sulfur, zinc bromine, and zinc chloride batteries. For power utilities, it examines battery energy storage systems used for load leveling, peak shaving, frequency control and spinning reserve. It also provides details on several demonstration battery energy storage plants that have been built. For electric vehicles, it discusses the specifications and types of cycles required of batteries for energy storage and propulsion.
Battery electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, conventional vehicle and now fuel cell vehicles. With the advancement of technology new inventions have been made in auto industry in past few years. Do you know what fuel cell vehicle is? This presentation attributes the features of fuel cell vehicles and how it differs from battery electric, plug-in hybrid electric and conventional vehicles. Also have some light on its feasibility and merits & demerits.
The document discusses three types of mechanical energy storage: pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS), compressed air energy storage (CAES), and flywheels. PHS involves pumping water to a higher elevation and releasing it through turbines to generate power. CAES compresses air underground for later use in power generation. Flywheels store energy kinetically in a spinning rotor. Each technology has benefits like cost-effectiveness (PHS) or ability to help integrate renewable energy, but also challenges such as energy losses or limited locations. Flywheels in particular can have very high cycle life compared to batteries.
- Hydrogen can be used as a fuel in fuel cells or internal combustion engines. It is the most abundant element in the universe and can be produced from water through electrolysis using renewable energy sources.
- Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles operate by using hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity through an electrochemical reaction without combustion, emitting only water vapor. Several automakers have developed hydrogen fuel cell vehicle prototypes.
- For widespread adoption, infrastructure is needed for large-scale hydrogen production, storage, and distribution similar to today's gas stations. Challenges include the flammability of hydrogen and high costs of production compared to fossil fuels.
This document provides an overview of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. It begins with an introduction and then covers the history of fuel cells dating back to 1839. It also discusses hydrogen as a fuel, explaining that hydrogen can be extracted from various sources and used as a clean fuel. The document outlines various hydrogen storage technologies as well as the principles and types of fuel cells, including proton exchange membrane, phosphoric acid, solid oxide, and alkaline fuel cells. It addresses hydrogen production methods and concludes by discussing the advantages of fuel cells in reducing emissions.
Thermal Management of Lithium-Ion Battery in Electric VehicleIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on thermal management methods for lithium-ion battery packs in electric vehicles. It compares air cooling and direct liquid cooling systems using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The simulations analyzed temperature distribution in a battery cell model under static conditions, with air cooling, and with liquid cooling using ethanol glycol. Results showed liquid cooling reduced the maximum cell temperature the most, from 66.85°C without cooling to 35.85°C with liquid cooling, a decrease of over 30°C. Air cooling also reduced temperatures but not as effectively as liquid cooling. The research aims to optimize cooling strategies to maintain optimal battery operating temperatures and improve safety, lifespan and costs for electric vehicles.
Hybrid cars produce significantly fewer greenhouse gas emissions and are more fuel efficient than normal gasoline-powered cars. While they have higher upfront costs, hybrids have lower maintenance needs and can save owners money on fuel and oil changes over time. One disadvantage is that the batteries are difficult to dispose of safely when no longer usable. The document surveys public opinions on hybrid cars and identifies advantages like reduced emissions and costs, as well as challenges around battery disposal and higher initial prices.
This document summarizes research on optimizing automotive radiator design. It discusses the importance of radiators in vehicle design and the need for optimization between performance, size, shape, and weight. Chapter 1 introduces the topic and Chapter 2 reviews related literature. Chapter 3 discusses the necessity of cooling systems to prevent overheating. Chapter 4 describes different radiator types. Chapter 5 reports on parametric studies examining the effects of operating conditions like air and coolant flow rates, temperatures, and coolant type on radiator performance. It also analyzes the influence of design parameters such as fin pitch, louver angle, and coolant flow layout. Figures and tables are referenced but not included.
This document discusses regenerative braking systems. It begins by explaining how conventional braking systems waste kinetic energy as heat, while regenerative braking systems convert kinetic energy to electrical energy during braking. It then provides details on the working principle of regenerative braking, where the electric motors coupled to the drive wheels generate electricity during braking which is stored in the battery. The document presents the history of regenerative braking and provides examples of vehicles that use this technology today, concluding that regenerative braking improves fuel efficiency and reduces emissions.
The document discusses flywheel energy storage systems (FESS). It first provides an introduction to energy storage and defines FESS. It then reviews literature on FESS technology and applications. The main components of FESS are described as the flywheel rotor, electric machine, power electronics, bearings and housing. Examples of FESS applications discussed include use in the Porsche 911, transportation, railways, and spacecraft. FESS provide advantages like high power capability and long lifespan but also have limitations such as potential energy losses over time.
Joule, a spearhead for the south African Electric Vehicle and Battery industr...RAMP Group
This document provides an overview of Optimal Energy, a South African company developing an electric vehicle called the Joule. It discusses the challenges of climate change and energy security driving a need for electric vehicles. Optimal Energy aims to establish itself as a leader in the South African and global electric vehicle industries. The company was founded in 2005 and has over 100 employees. Its vehicle, the Joule, was designed by a renowned automotive stylist and will be a compact, safe, spacious city car with a range of 240km. Optimal Energy plans to produce 50,000 vehicles annually by 2023 for both domestic and export markets.
This V2G report by Zpryme:
| Begins with a global perspective and progresses into high-growth markets
such as US, China, Japan, Germany, UK, South Korea, and Denmark
| Delves into drivers and trends such as Smart Grid and charging station
deployments, renewable energy policy, rising energy costs, auto
manufacturer financial viability pressures, universal standard adoption,
telematics, and brand loyalty
| Explores the role of the battery space, rising cost of fossil fuels, and the
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
| Discloses the actionable insights and opportunities to capitalize and
prepare for the V2G market in both the short and long term
| Concludes with commentary from the experts in V2G: University of
Delaware, Austin Energy, Plug in America, Ford Motor Company,
Grid2Home, Electrification Coalition, Coulomb Technologies, Smart Grid
Library and ZigBee Alliance
Lite EV - 300 mi Battery Electric Vehicles!
Lite EV – All - Composite Super Lightweight EV with variable load carrying capacity depending on battery size
Lite EV - Instant Charge Car Swap Station, based on eco-friendly, compact renewable source of energy
Tracxn Research — Electric Vehicles Landscape, October 2016Tracxn
While the US is the leading nation when it comes to founding and funding activity in electric vehicles, China is catching up, with big ticket investments in electric car and battery companies in 2016.
The document discusses electric vehicles (EVs). It defines different types of EVs, including battery electric vehicles (BEVs) which run entirely on batteries, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) which can be plugged in and run partly on batteries, and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) which cannot be plugged in. It provides details on how each type works and its pros and cons. It also discusses the history of EVs, components of EVs like batteries and motors, EV infrastructure including charging stations, and high performance EVs like the NIO EP9 that can reach speeds up to 194 mph.
Tesla designs and sells high performance electric vehicles. It aims to accelerate the world's transition to sustainable energy through highly efficient electric vehicles. Tesla brings together automotive and technology to produce beautiful, exciting electric cars with the most efficient production. Its key technology is the 100% electric powertrain. Strategic goals include achieving high Model S production and partnering with other automakers. Competitors include BMW, Daimler, Toyota and GM. Tesla has competitive advantages through its low battery pack costs and proprietary technology. Political and environmental factors like government incentives and climate change awareness support electric vehicles.
An electric car runs on an electric motor powered by rechargeable batteries instead of an internal combustion engine powered by gasoline. It has three main parts - an electric motor, controller, and battery. When the accelerator pedal is pressed, the controller directs electricity from the battery to power the motor and turn the wheels. Electric cars have economic advantages like lower fuel and maintenance costs and environmental benefits from producing fewer emissions than gasoline cars. However, their disadvantages include longer recharge times, limited service facilities, higher vehicle costs, and fewer models available.
plug in hybrid electrical vehicals seminar ppt by MD NAWAZMD NAWAZ
A 'gasoline-electric hybrid car' or 'Plug in hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution. The objective is to design and fabricate a two wheeler hybrid electric vehicle powered by both battery and gasoline. The combination of both the power makes the vehicle dynamic in nature. It provides its owner with advantages in fuel economy and environmental impact over conventional automobiles. Hybrid electric vehicles combine an electric motor, battery and power system with an internal combustion engine to achieve better fuel economy and reduce toxic emissions.
In HEV, the battery alone provides power for low-speed driving conditions where internal combustion engines are least efficient. In accelerating, long highways, or hill climbing the electric motor provides additional power to assist the engine. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used. Besides it also utilizes the concept of regenerative braking for optimized utilization of energy. Energy dissipated during braking in HEV is used in charging battery. Thus the vehicle is best suited for the growing urban areas with high traffic. Initially the designing of the vehicle in CAD, simulations of inverter and other models are done. Equipment and their cost analysis are done. It deals with the fabrication of the vehicle. This includes assembly of IC Engine and its components. The next phase consists of implementing the electric power drive and designing the controllers. The final stage would consist of increasing the efficiency of the vehicle in economic ways.
A Guide to SlideShare Analytics - Excerpts from Hubspot's Step by Step Guide ...SlideShare
This document provides a summary of the analytics available through SlideShare for monitoring the performance of presentations. It outlines the key metrics that can be viewed such as total views, actions, and traffic sources over different time periods. The analytics help users identify topics and presentation styles that resonate best with audiences based on view and engagement numbers. They also allow users to calculate important metrics like view-to-contact conversion rates. Regular review of the analytics insights helps users improve future presentations and marketing strategies.
This document discusses thermal issues related to electric vehicle batteries and various thermal management techniques. It begins by explaining how battery temperature greatly impacts performance, safety, reliability and lifespan. It then reviews common thermal management options for electric vehicle batteries including using air or liquid for heating and cooling. The document also discusses techniques for improving battery life such as standby thermal management while the vehicle is plugged in and thermal preconditioning of the battery and cabin before driving. The tradeoff between thermal management and thermal comfort is also noted.
COOLING SYSTEM
1) Need for cooling system (INTRODUCTION)
During the process of converting thermal energy to mechanical energy high temp are produced in the cylinder of the engine as a result of the combustion process. A large portion of the heat is transferred to the cylinder head and walls, piston and valves. Unless this excess heat is carried away and these parts are adequate cooled, the engine will be damaged. A cooling system must be preventing damages to vital parts of the engine, but the temperature of these components must be maintained within certain limits in the order to obtain maximum performance from the engine. Hence a cooling system is needed to keep the engine from not getting so hot as to cause problems and yet to permit it to run hot enough to ensure maximum efficiency of the engine. The duty of cooling system, in other word, is to keep the engine from getting not too hot and at the same time not to keep it too cool either.
2) Characteristics of efficient cooling system
The following are the two main characteristics desired of an efficient cooling system
1) It should be capable of removing about 30% of heat generated in the combustion chamber while maintain the optimum temp of the engine under all operating conditions of engine.
2) It should remove heat at a faster rate when engine is hot. However during starting of the engine the cooling should be minimum, so that the working parts of engine reach their operating temperature in short time.
3) Type of cooling system
In order to cool the engine a cooling medium is required. This can be either air or a liquid accordingly there are two type of systems in general use for cooling the IC engine. They are
1) Liquid or indirect cooling system
2) Air or direct cooling system
4) Liquid cooled systems
In this system mainly water is used and made to circulate through the jackets provided around the cylinder, cylinder-head, valve ports and seats where it extracts most of the heat.
It consists of a long flat, thin-walled tube with an opening, facing the water pump outlet and a number of small openings along its length that directs the water against the exhaust valves. The fits in the water jacket and can be removed from the front end of the block.
The heat is transferred from the cylinder walls and other parts by convection and conduction. The liquid becomes heated in its passage through the jackets and is in turn cooled by means of an air-cooled radiator system. The heat from liquid in turn is transferred to air. Hence it is called the indirect cooling system. Water cooling can be carried out by any of the following five methods
1) Direct or non-return system
2) Thermosyphone system
3) Forced circulation cooling system
4) Evaporative cooling system
5) Pressure cooling system
4.1) Direct or non-return system
This system is useful for large installation where plenty of water is available. The water from a storage tank is directly supplied through the inlet valve to
This document proposes an innovative solution to cool a passenger car cabin using thermoelectric cooling powered by solar energy. It discusses how a car cabin heats up significantly when parked in the sun, causing discomfort. A prototype thermoelectric cooler is proposed that uses the Peltier effect powered by thin-film solar cells to absorb heat from the cabin and transfer it without refrigerants or moving parts. An implementation scheme shows installing the thermoelectric cooler and fans in the car with a microcontroller to set temperature levels, providing cooling without using fuel by harvesting solar energy.
This document summarizes heat transfer processes within internal combustion engines. It discusses how about one-third of the total chemical energy from fuel must be dissipated through heat transfer to keep engine materials from overheating. The hottest areas include around the spark plug, exhaust valve, and piston face. Engines use water jackets or fins to cool the engine block. During operation, heat is transferred through conduction, convection and radiation within the combustion chamber and throughout the engine. Maintaining proper heat transfer is critical for engine performance and durability.
Generation of electrcity from gasoline engine waste heatAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated using thermoelectric generators (TEGs) to generate electricity from the waste heat of a gasoline engine. The study included:
1) Setting up a test rig with a Cussons gasoline engine and attaching TEGs to the exhaust pipe and cooling water pipe to recover waste heat.
2) Performing experiments under idle and load conditions of the engine and measuring the electrical output of the TEGs.
3) Finding that while the overall efficiency of the TEGs was low due to irreversibilities, the output power established that usable electrical power can be obtained from engine waste heat.
This document summarizes research on developing a solar-powered system to control the temperature inside parked cars. It discusses how car interiors can reach temperatures over 60°C on hot days due to sunlight. Chapter 1 introduces the problem and shows temperature increases within 5-15 minutes. Chapter 2 reviews previous studies on reducing car temperatures through ventilation systems and solar power. Chapter 3 describes a developed system using fans, an acetone coolant chamber, and solar panels. It provides the system design, components, and test results showing temperature decreases of up to 8°C within 10 minutes. Chapter 4 proposes a portable car cooling system using Peltier cells instead of ventilation to maintain comfortable interior temperatures.
An experimental investigation of engine coolant temperature on exhaust emissi...IAEME Publication
This document presents an experimental study on the effect of engine coolant temperature on exhaust emissions of a 3-cylinder, 4-stroke spark ignition engine. The study found that raising the coolant temperature in the engine block reduced hydrocarbon emissions, while lowering the coolant temperature in the cylinder head reduced nitrogen oxide emissions. Testing over coolant temperatures of 45-85°C and engine speeds of 1500-2400 rpm showed decreasing trends in hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions at higher coolant temperatures and engine loads. The results indicate that exhaust emissions are dependent on engine coolant temperature, with optimal temperatures existing for reducing different pollutants.
An experimental investigation of engine coolant temperature on exhaust emissi...IAEME Publication
This document describes an experimental investigation into the effects of engine coolant temperature on exhaust emissions from a 3-cylinder, 4-stroke spark ignition engine. The experiments varied the engine coolant temperature from 45°C to 85°C at different engine speeds and loads. The results show that raising the coolant temperature decreases hydrocarbon emissions, while lowering the coolant temperature in the cylinder head decreases nitrogen oxide emissions. Both hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides emissions generally decreased as the coolant temperature increased from 75°C to 85°C across different engine loads. The study confirms that exhaust emissions are dependent on engine coolant temperature.
Thermo Structural Analysis on Cylinder Head of 4 Stroke VCR Diesel EngineDr. Amarjeet Singh
The main aim of the project is to analyse the design performance of VCR 4 stroke Diesel engine cylinder head at the compression ratio 16.5 using Ansys software. The basic modelling is done on CATIA V5 software. The design exposition can be done structurally and thermally in ansys. By the structural analysis the maximum and minimum von misses stress, total deformation can be determined, the maximum gas pressure required for this analysis is taken from the experimental set up of VCR engine. With the steady state thermal analysis we will get the maximum temperature distribution and total heat flux of the cylinder head with the initial pressure value. The results of both the expositions are used to decide the critical areas of the cylinder head which require further amendment and also the quality of design. If the maximum stress is less than the material strength of the cylinder head then the basic design criteria can be achieved.
This document summarizes a case study on an engine tripping problem in an engine used at XYZ Resources Ltd. due to seasonal temperature variations. During training, the author observed the G3412TA engine would frequently trip without warning on hot days, shutting down the plant for 1.5 hours. Potential causes investigated included high ambient temperatures, insufficient coolant flow, and faulty sensors. The document concludes the problem is likely caused by high inlet air temperatures and insufficient coolant flow. It recommends installing a better engine room ventilation system per Caterpillar guidelines to address high temperatures as a solution.
1. The study compared the power consumption of air cooling versus water cooling for an extrusion process using four different resins.
2. Water cooling used slightly more energy than air cooling for all resins, with the greatest difference seen in PET where water cooling used 80% more energy.
3. Air cooling is recommended for dedicated processes as it provides sufficient cooling with less energy use than water cooling, however the screw design must match the resin to avoid excessive heating or cooling needs.
IRJET- Performance and Evaluation of Aqua Ammonia Air Conditioner System ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the performance evaluation of an aqua-ammonia air conditioning system for automobiles that uses waste exhaust heat from the vehicle engine. The study examines how the generator and absorption refrigeration system can utilize the available waste heat. Results found that the cooling capacity was affected by the ammonia concentration and provided acceptable cooling between 1-1.5 tons. The coefficient of performance was highest at higher generator and evaporator temperatures but decreased with increasing condenser and absorber temperatures. Overall, the study shows that an aqua-ammonia vapor absorption system has the potential to provide air conditioning for vehicles using only waste exhaust heat from the engine.
Review Report on Cooling System and Control Model for Improved Engine Thermal...ijtsrd
Advanced thermal management systems for combustion engines will improve fluid temperature regulation and servomotor power consumption to positively impact the pipage emissions, fuel economy, and parasitic losses by better regulating the combustion method with multiple computer controlled parts. Advanced automotive thermal management systems integrate electro mechanical components for improved fluid flow and thermodynamic control action. Progressively, the design of ground vehicle heating and cooling management systems require analytical and empirical models to establish a basis for real time control algorithms. One of the key elements in this computer controlled system is the smart thermostat valve which replaces the traditional wax based unit. This paper gives a review of the cooling system and control model for improved engine thermal management and related work. Ankush Tandel | Amit Kaimkuriya "Review Report on Cooling System and Control Model for Improved Engine Thermal Management" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25267.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/25267/review-report-on-cooling-system-and-control-model-for-improved-engine-thermal-management/ankush-tandel
The document discusses the cooling system of internal combustion engines. It explains that the cooling system maintains the engine's temperature at optimal levels by removing around 30% of the heat generated. It cools the engine faster when it is hot but provides minimum cooling during starting. The cooling system prevents engine damage by dissipating the high temperatures produced during combustion. It describes the types of cooling systems as liquid/water-cooled or air-cooled. The key components of the liquid cooling system are also outlined, including the radiator, thermostat, water pump, and fan.
This document summarizes the design of an air conditioning system for cooling the cabin of a truck using an air refrigeration cycle. The system uses a turbocharger and waste exhaust gases from the truck engine. Atmospheric air is compressed using the turbocharger and sent to an intercooler to reduce its temperature. It is then expanded in a turbo-expander to further lower its temperature before being supplied to the truck cabin. Thermodynamic and heat transfer analyses are presented to evaluate the performance of the system components and the cooling capacity. The results show that the air refrigeration cycle can provide enough cooling to lower the truck cabin temperature by 10-15°C without significantly impacting engine performance.
Volvo L220E Wheel Loader Service Repair Manual Instant Download.pdftepu22753653
The document provides instructions for removing an engine from a machine. It involves draining coolant and oils, disconnecting hoses and electrical connections, removing protective panels and plates, and using lifting tools to detach the engine from its mountings and transmission. Over 30 individual steps are outlined, with diagrams to illustrate key disconnection and securing points. The engine removal process safely prepares the components for engine replacement while retaining necessary information for reinstallation.
Volvo L220E Wheel Loader Service Repair Manual Instant Download.pdff8ioseoodkmmd
The document provides instructions for removing an engine from a machine. Key steps include:
1. Draining the coolant and engine, transmission, and hydraulic oils.
2. Disconnecting hoses, pipes, wires, and other components connected to the engine like the radiator, fuel lines, starter, and sensors.
3. Securing the transmission and attaching lifting tools and a device to the engine before removing mounting bolts.
4. Lifting out the engine once all connections are removed.
Volvo L220E Wheel Loader Service Repair Manual Instant Download.pdffapanhe306271
The document provides instructions for removing an engine from a machine. It describes draining the coolant and oils, disconnecting hoses and electrical connections, removing protective panels and partitions, and using slings and a lifting tool to remove the engine. Key steps include draining the cooling and hydraulic systems, disconnecting fuel lines and sensors, loosening the alternator belt, and removing mounting bolts before lifting out the heavy engine. Safety warnings are provided to avoid burns when draining hot coolant and not to disconnect air conditioning lines.
Similar to Alfred Piggott 2012.05.31 Battery Cooling System Layout Thermal Management Thermal (20)
2. Table of Contents
Summary.............................................................................................................................................................. 3
Battery Thermal Management .......................................................................................................................... 3
Battery Cooling................................................................................................................................................... 4
Types of Battery Cooling Systems ................................................................................................................... 6
Air Cooled Systems ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Cabin Air Cooled System ............................................................................................................................. 7
Independent Air Cooling System ................................................................................................................ 8
Refrigerant Chilled Coolant System ............................................................................................................ 8
Direct Refrigerant ........................................................................................................................................10
Battery Heating.................................................................................................................................................12
Types of Battery Heating ................................................................................................................................12
Resistive Heater (Joule Heaters) ................................................................................................................12
Alternating Current Heating ......................................................................................................................12
Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................13
Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................14
Alfred Piggott EE3120 Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal Management 2 of 14
3. SUMMARY
Thermal management of EV (Electric Vehicle) and HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle) batteries allows
for the optimization of battery life and performance. Various battery heating and cooling methods
exist to control battery temperature within an optimal range, each with their own advantages and
disadvantages.
BATTERY THERMAL MANAGEMENT
Thermal management of an electric vehicle battery falls into two categories, battery cooling and
battery heating. Both heating and cooling are needed to maintain the vehicle battery in an optimum
temperature range which will maximize both performance and battery life.
A general trend for all battery chemistries is discharge time (Capacity) increases as temperature rises
above 25°C (77°F), discharge times decrease as temperature falls below 25°C (77°F). Charge times
increase as temperature drops below 25°C (77°F), and decrease as temperature go above 25°C (77°F).
Battery life increases as temperature drops below 25°C (77°F), battery life decreases as temperature
go above 25°C (77°F) (1)
Alfred Piggott EE3120 Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal Management 3 of 14
4. Lithium Ion (Li-ion) battery chemistry is dominating current production and new development
electric vehicles as well as consumer electronics. Li-ion operating temperature ranges from -10°C to
40°C (14°F to 104°F) below -10°C performance is significantly degraded and above 40°C the life of
the battery is reduced. The effect of battery temperature can be seen as the area under the curves in
figure 1.
Figure 1: Li-ion Battery Capacity and Temperature (www.mpoweruk.com)
Not only is absolute temperature important to performance and battery life but temperature gradient
within the battery cells is also important to control and is limited to 5° to 10° C. Temperature
gradient between the cells is limited to 5°C (7)
BATTERY COOLING
Although the energy conversion process from chemical energy to electric energy is around 95%
efficient, significant heat is generated in the battery. The heat generated in the battery is due to I2R
losses and enthalpy changes caused by chemical reactions in the battery. The rate of heat generation
is dependent on the battery chemistry and construction, Initial and final state of charge, battery
temperature and charge and discharge rate and charge and discharge profile. (7) If this heat generated,
in the battery is not dissipated at the same rate it is being generated the battery temperature will
increase.
Alfred Piggott EE3120 Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal Management 4 of 14
5. Transferring heat out of the battery starts with the cell geometry. Typical battery cell geometries are
cylindrical, prismatic and pouch style. (Figure 2)
Figure 2: Typical Battery Cell Geometry (www.behrgroup.com)
Cylindrical battery cells are undesirable compared with Prismatic or Pouch style. This is owed to an
unfavorable surface to volume ratio compared with Prismatic and pouch style. The Prismatic and
pouch style have surfaces favorable for contact to heat conducting elements of the battery cooling
systems.
There are several ways (Figure 3 and 4) to transfer heat from the battery cells. When ease of
assembly, cooling effectiveness and packaging space are considered, Base/head cooling and
conductor cooling are most favorable. (8)
Figure 3: Transferring heat from the battery (www.behrgroup.com)
Alfred Piggott EE3120 Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal Management 5 of 14
6. Figure 4: Round Battery Coolant Manifold (Tesla Motors Patent Application US 2010/0104938 A1)
TYPES OF BATTERY COOLING SYSTEMS
Air Cooled Systems
There are two types of air cooled battery cooling systems, Cabin Air Cooled systems and
Independent Air Cooled Systems.
Alfred Piggott EE3120 Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal Management 6 of 14
7. Cabin Air Cooled System
The Toyota Prius is an example that uses a Cabin Air Cooled system. This system uses
preconditioned air from the vehicle cabin cooling system to cool the battery pack (Figure 5). A
cooling fan draws air from the vehicle cabin. The air flows over the surface and / or through
channels in the battery and is exhausted to the outside of the vehicle.
Figure 5: (Cabin Air Cooled Battery Pack) www.autoshop101.com
Advantages
May use less energy since the cooling or heating air is already conditioned
May be lower cost than a liquid cooling system due to less complexity
Disadvantages
May be effective in mild climates, but not enough capacity in harsh hot or cold climates
Lower convection coefficient of air compared to liquid means less responsive system
Alfred Piggott EE3120 Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal Management 7 of 14
8. Independent Air Cooling System
The Independent air cooling system uses preconditioned air from the cabin plus another evaporator
dedicated to the batteries. (Figure 6)
Figure 6: Independent Air Cooled System (www.behrgroup.com)
Advantages
Batteries can be cooled below the cabin air temperature
The larger temperature difference between the air and battery compared with Cabin air
cooling will make the system more effective at removing heat
Disadvantages
Higher Cost than the Cabin Air Cooled system
Higher complexity than the Cabin Air Cooled system
More mass than a Cabin Air Cooled system
Refrigerant Chilled Coolant System
The Chevy Volt System (4) (Figure 7) uses a Refrigerant Chilled Coolant system. Coolant is circulated
by an electric auxiliary water pump through thin plates located between each cell (5) (Figure 8). A
three way control valve allow the coolant to either be cooled by an ambient air cooled radiator, an
Alfred Piggott EE3120 Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal Management 8 of 14
9. air conditioning chilled loop or bypass the cooling loops and keep circulating coolant around the
battery. The later of the loops contains an electric heater for battery heating.
Figure 8: Liquid Cooled Battery Pack (http://gm-volt.com)
Figure 7: Liquid Cooled Battery Pack (http://gm-volt.com)
Advantages
More precise thermal management of the battery than an air system
Reduced battery warranty over an air cooled system
High performance compared to air cooled systems
Disadvantages
Complexity due to many parts and functions
Higher Cost
Increased Mass may reduce fuel economy
Alfred Piggott EE3120 Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal Management 9 of 14
10. Lag in cooling response due to thermal mass of the coolant compared with Direct
Refrigerant Systems
Larger packaging space compared to Air Cooled Systems
Direct Refrigerant
Direct refrigerant systems connect an evaporator plate in parallel with the current evaporator of the
vehicle air conditioning system. (Figure 9,10,11) The evaporator plate(s) makes direct contact with
the battery cells and transfer heat from the battery cell to the refrigerant.
Figure 10: Evaporator Plate (www.behrgroup.com)
Figure 9: Direct Refrigerant System (www.behrgroup.com)
Battery Cells Evaporator
Plate
Figure 11: Evaporator Plate Battery Pack (www.behrgroup.com)
Alfred Piggott EE3120 Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal Management 10 of 14
11. An example of a direct refrigerant system is the 2009 Mercedes S400 BlueHybrid. (Figure 11)
Figure 11: Direct Refrigerant System (www.behrgroup.com)
Advantages
Packaging Space is relatively small
Lower complexity than a Chilled Coolant System
Disadvantages
Battery cooling only possible when the AC system is running unlike the Chilled Coolant
System
No technology available to integrate battery heating into the refrigerant circuit
Alfred Piggott EE3120 Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal Management 11 of 14
12. BATTERY HEATING
As mentioned previously, at low temperature, battery performance drops significantly. The
mechanism of this performance drop is increased viscosity of electrolyte in the battery. The viscosity
limits the flow of current in the battery and has a dramatic effect on battery capacity (2). Battery
heating becomes the solution in cold weather.
The amount of power required to heat the battery can be calculated knowing the amount of heat
required to change the battery from an initial temperature to a final temperature, the mass of the
battery, the specific heat capacity and the desired amount of time in which the heating is to take
place. (Equation 1)
. mC p (T final − TInitial )
Q= (Equation 1)
Time
TYPES OF BATTERY HEATING
Resistive Heater (Joule Heaters)
The dominant heating method for electric vehicle batteries is resistive heaters. For chilled Coolant
Systems like the Chevy Volt, the resistive heating element is placed in the flow path of the coolant.
Air cooled systems rely on cabin heat to warm the battery. Direct Refrigerant may not provide a
heating system. Having no heating system or a low capacity air system may be okay for mild Hybrid
vehicles because loosing some functionality of the electric motor or regenerative braking will not
cease operation of the vehicle. In a fully electric vehicle this may not be acceptable.
Alternating Current Heating
One way to heat a battery that is still in the concept stages is heating the battery with alternating
current. One study (6) used alternating current to heat the battery pack and compared it with four
other heating methods. The other methods mentioned were heating the battery pack with external
electric heaters (Joule Heaters), heating each cell with electric heaters, using hot fluid to heat the
battery pack and using hot fluid to heat each cell. To perform the heating on a pure electric vehicle,
a 100 amp current was used at 60Hz. For an HEV, a 60 amp, 10 kHz current was used to prevent
Alfred Piggott EE3120 Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal Management 12 of 14
13. damage to smaller and lighter power electronics. The power required to heat a 40 kg battery from -
30°C to 0°C in 2 minutes was 9.76 kW for a 100% efficient process or 19.52 kW for a 50% efficient
process. The study concluded using alternating current was the most effective and used the least
amount of energy compared to the other studied methods.
CONCLUSION
To optimize the performance and life of electric vehicle batteries, engineers have devised many
different systems for thermal management. Each system has advantages and disadvantages. Which
system, combination or systems or future technology that is utilized will depend on the higher level
goals and targets of the vehicle for which they will be employed.
Alfred Piggott EE3120 Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal Management 13 of 14
14. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. "Temperature Effects On Battery Performance & Life." Http://www.discover-
energy.com/files/shared/Discover_temperature_effects_charging.pdf. 2009. Web. 11 Apr. 2011.
<www.discover-energy.com>.
2. Stuart, T. A., and A. Handeb. "HEV Battery Heating Using AC Currents." Http://www.utd.edu. University of
Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI, USA, 29 Sept. 2003. Web.
11 Apr. 2011. <http://www.utd.edu/~axh059000/publications/JPS_battery_heating.pdf>.
3. "Battery Life and How To Improve It." Electropaedia, Energy Sources and Energy Storage, Battery and Energy
Encyclopaedia and History of Technology. Woodbank Communications Ltd. Web. 12 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.mpoweruk.com/life.htm>.
4. WopOnTour. "The Chevrolet Volt Cooling/Heating Systems Explained." GM-Volt: Chevy Volt Electric Car Site.
Dr. Lyle J. Dennis, Dec. 2009. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. <http://gm-volt.com/2010/12/09/the-chevrolet-volt-
coolingheating-systems-explained/>.
5. "Dana Battery Cooling Technology Featured on All-New Chevrolet Volt -- MAUMEE, Ohio, Feb. 9, 2011
/PRNewswire/." PR Newswire: Press Release Distribution, Targeting, Monitoring and Marketing. Dana Holding
Corporation, 9 Feb. 2011. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. <http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dana-battery-cooling-
technology-featured-on-all-new-chevrolet-volt-115630804.html>.
6. PESARAN, Ahmad, Andreas VLAHINOS, and Thomas STUART. "Cooling and Preheating of Batteries in
Hybrid Electric Vehicles." National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 16 Mar. 2003. Web. 14 Apr. 2011. <
http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/energystorage/pdfs/jte_2003-633_sw_ap.pdf>
7. Behr. "Li-ion Battery Cooling: More than Just Another Cooling Task." Www.behrgroup.com. Behr. Web. 15 Apr.
2011.
8. Heckenberger, Thomas. "Lithium Ion Battery Cooling: More than Just Another Cooling Task." Behr. Behr, 20 May
2009. Web. 16 Apr. 2011. <www.behrgroup.com>.
9. Pesaran, Ahmad A., and Matthew Keyser. "Thermal Characteristics of Selected EV and HEV Batteries."
National Renewable Energy Resource Laboratory. 9 Jan. 2001. Web. 17 Apr. 2011. <http://www.nrel.gov>.
Alfred Piggott EE3120 Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal Management 14 of 14