COOLING SYSTEM
1) Need for cooling system (INTRODUCTION)
During the process of converting thermal energy to mechanical energy high temp are produced in the cylinder of the engine as a result of the combustion process. A large portion of the heat is transferred to the cylinder head and walls, piston and valves. Unless this excess heat is carried away and these parts are adequate cooled, the engine will be damaged. A cooling system must be preventing damages to vital parts of the engine, but the temperature of these components must be maintained within certain limits in the order to obtain maximum performance from the engine. Hence a cooling system is needed to keep the engine from not getting so hot as to cause problems and yet to permit it to run hot enough to ensure maximum efficiency of the engine. The duty of cooling system, in other word, is to keep the engine from getting not too hot and at the same time not to keep it too cool either.
2) Characteristics of efficient cooling system
The following are the two main characteristics desired of an efficient cooling system
1) It should be capable of removing about 30% of heat generated in the combustion chamber while maintain the optimum temp of the engine under all operating conditions of engine.
2) It should remove heat at a faster rate when engine is hot. However during starting of the engine the cooling should be minimum, so that the working parts of engine reach their operating temperature in short time.
3) Type of cooling system
In order to cool the engine a cooling medium is required. This can be either air or a liquid accordingly there are two type of systems in general use for cooling the IC engine. They are
1) Liquid or indirect cooling system
2) Air or direct cooling system
4) Liquid cooled systems
In this system mainly water is used and made to circulate through the jackets provided around the cylinder, cylinder-head, valve ports and seats where it extracts most of the heat.
It consists of a long flat, thin-walled tube with an opening, facing the water pump outlet and a number of small openings along its length that directs the water against the exhaust valves. The fits in the water jacket and can be removed from the front end of the block.
The heat is transferred from the cylinder walls and other parts by convection and conduction. The liquid becomes heated in its passage through the jackets and is in turn cooled by means of an air-cooled radiator system. The heat from liquid in turn is transferred to air. Hence it is called the indirect cooling system. Water cooling can be carried out by any of the following five methods
1) Direct or non-return system
2) Thermosyphone system
3) Forced circulation cooling system
4) Evaporative cooling system
5) Pressure cooling system
4.1) Direct or non-return system
This system is useful for large installation where plenty of water is available. The water from a storage tank is directly supplied through the inlet valve to
The document discusses the engine cooling system. It begins by explaining how heat is transferred from the combustion chamber through radiation, convection of gas, and conduction. It then describes the need for a cooling system to maintain optimal engine temperatures and prevent overheating. The main types of cooling systems - air cooling and liquid cooling - are presented. For liquid cooling, different circulation systems like thermosyphon and forced circulation are defined. The roles of key components like the radiator and coolant are also summarized.
This document discusses cooling systems for internal combustion engines. It describes the purposes of cooling systems as maintaining optimal engine temperatures for efficiency and preventing damage. It then outlines different cooling system types, including air cooling and liquid cooling systems. Air cooling relies on airflow while liquid cooling circulates coolant like water or coolant. The document details components of liquid cooling systems like radiators, pumps, and thermostats. It compares advantages and disadvantages of different cooling approaches. In summary, cooling systems are necessary to regulate engine temperature for performance and durability.
The document provides an overview of engine cooling systems, including their purpose to remove excessive heat from the engine. It describes the two main types - air-cooled and water-cooled systems. The water-cooled system is discussed in more detail, outlining the key components like the radiator, water pump, thermostat and their functions in circulating coolant to cool the engine. Different types of coolant are also summarized.
This document presents a seminar on an intelligent cooling system for engines that uses fuzzy logic. The key components of a typical cooling system are described, including the radiator, thermostat, water pump, cooling fan, and water jackets. Conventional cooling systems can cause overheating or excessive cooling, leading to issues like lubricant evaporation or corrosion. The intelligent cooling system aims to address these issues by using sensors to monitor cylinder temperature and control the flow of coolant via a valve implemented with fuzzy logic rules. This is expected to improve thermal efficiency while reducing maintenance needs.
The document discusses tractor cooling systems. It defines a cooling system as the system that controls engine temperature. Cooling systems are needed because fuel combustion inside the engine cylinders can produce temperatures as high as 1600 degrees Celsius, which is higher than the melting point of engine parts. There are two main types of cooling systems - air cooled and water cooled. Air cooled engines conduct heat directly from the engine to the atmosphere using fins on the cylinders. Water cooled engines circulate liquid, usually water, around the cylinder to absorb heat and transfer it to a radiator system using components like a water pump, radiator, thermostat, hoses and fan. The document outlines the components and functions of water cooled systems and discusses issues like overheating that
The document discusses two-stroke and four-stroke internal combustion engines. It provides details on the working principles of two-stroke petrol and diesel engines. A two-stroke engine completes the processes of intake, compression, combustion and exhaust in two strokes of the piston rather than four strokes as in a four-stroke engine. This allows a two-stroke engine to produce power during every revolution of the crankshaft.
The document summarizes the components and functioning of liquid cooling systems for engines. It discusses that liquid cooling systems use water jackets and a circulating coolant to absorb heat from the engine. The main components are the radiator, water pump, thermostat, and hoses. The radiator cools the hot coolant, while the water pump circulates the coolant and the thermostat regulates the coolant temperature. The cooling system works to maintain a stable engine temperature during operation.
The document discusses engine cooling systems. It explains that only 20% of the engine's heat is used to power the crankshaft, with 35% transmitted to the cylinder walls, causing inefficiencies. Cooling systems must remove this excess heat to prevent damage. It describes air and liquid cooling systems. Air cooling relies on fins and fans for heat dissipation but has limitations with many cylinders. Liquid cooling uses water jackets and a cooling system involving a water pump, radiator, thermostat, and antifreeze solution to efficiently cool the engine.
The document discusses the engine cooling system. It begins by explaining how heat is transferred from the combustion chamber through radiation, convection of gas, and conduction. It then describes the need for a cooling system to maintain optimal engine temperatures and prevent overheating. The main types of cooling systems - air cooling and liquid cooling - are presented. For liquid cooling, different circulation systems like thermosyphon and forced circulation are defined. The roles of key components like the radiator and coolant are also summarized.
This document discusses cooling systems for internal combustion engines. It describes the purposes of cooling systems as maintaining optimal engine temperatures for efficiency and preventing damage. It then outlines different cooling system types, including air cooling and liquid cooling systems. Air cooling relies on airflow while liquid cooling circulates coolant like water or coolant. The document details components of liquid cooling systems like radiators, pumps, and thermostats. It compares advantages and disadvantages of different cooling approaches. In summary, cooling systems are necessary to regulate engine temperature for performance and durability.
The document provides an overview of engine cooling systems, including their purpose to remove excessive heat from the engine. It describes the two main types - air-cooled and water-cooled systems. The water-cooled system is discussed in more detail, outlining the key components like the radiator, water pump, thermostat and their functions in circulating coolant to cool the engine. Different types of coolant are also summarized.
This document presents a seminar on an intelligent cooling system for engines that uses fuzzy logic. The key components of a typical cooling system are described, including the radiator, thermostat, water pump, cooling fan, and water jackets. Conventional cooling systems can cause overheating or excessive cooling, leading to issues like lubricant evaporation or corrosion. The intelligent cooling system aims to address these issues by using sensors to monitor cylinder temperature and control the flow of coolant via a valve implemented with fuzzy logic rules. This is expected to improve thermal efficiency while reducing maintenance needs.
The document discusses tractor cooling systems. It defines a cooling system as the system that controls engine temperature. Cooling systems are needed because fuel combustion inside the engine cylinders can produce temperatures as high as 1600 degrees Celsius, which is higher than the melting point of engine parts. There are two main types of cooling systems - air cooled and water cooled. Air cooled engines conduct heat directly from the engine to the atmosphere using fins on the cylinders. Water cooled engines circulate liquid, usually water, around the cylinder to absorb heat and transfer it to a radiator system using components like a water pump, radiator, thermostat, hoses and fan. The document outlines the components and functions of water cooled systems and discusses issues like overheating that
The document discusses two-stroke and four-stroke internal combustion engines. It provides details on the working principles of two-stroke petrol and diesel engines. A two-stroke engine completes the processes of intake, compression, combustion and exhaust in two strokes of the piston rather than four strokes as in a four-stroke engine. This allows a two-stroke engine to produce power during every revolution of the crankshaft.
The document summarizes the components and functioning of liquid cooling systems for engines. It discusses that liquid cooling systems use water jackets and a circulating coolant to absorb heat from the engine. The main components are the radiator, water pump, thermostat, and hoses. The radiator cools the hot coolant, while the water pump circulates the coolant and the thermostat regulates the coolant temperature. The cooling system works to maintain a stable engine temperature during operation.
The document discusses engine cooling systems. It explains that only 20% of the engine's heat is used to power the crankshaft, with 35% transmitted to the cylinder walls, causing inefficiencies. Cooling systems must remove this excess heat to prevent damage. It describes air and liquid cooling systems. Air cooling relies on fins and fans for heat dissipation but has limitations with many cylinders. Liquid cooling uses water jackets and a cooling system involving a water pump, radiator, thermostat, and antifreeze solution to efficiently cool the engine.
The document discusses various aspects of steering systems, including:
1. The primary and secondary functions of steering systems which allow the driver to control vehicle direction and provide stability and feedback.
2. Common causes of stiff steering like insufficient lubrication or incorrect tire pressure and alignment.
3. Requirements of a good steering system including accuracy, ease of handling, and minimal effort.
4. Types of front axles including live and dead axles and their characteristics.
The document discusses cooling systems for engines. It describes the need to keep engines at an efficient operating temperature to ensure proper combustion and mechanical reliability. It then covers the main types of cooling systems - air cooling and water cooling. Air cooling uses fins on the engine to dissipate heat to air flowing over them, while water cooling circulates water through the engine using a pump, radiator, thermostat and water jackets to absorb heat and cool the water before recirculating it. The document provides details on how different water cooling systems work and their key components.
The document discusses different types of engine cooling systems for automobiles. It describes the key components and functioning of liquid cooling systems, which use coolant circulating through the engine to draw heat away. Air or direct cooling systems that use fins and baffles to increase surface area exposed to airflow are also covered. Oil cooling systems are mentioned as an alternative that can transfer engine heat to the oil before passing through a radiator. The document provides details on the requirements, advantages, and disadvantages of each type of cooling system.
The automobile cooling system uses coolant, a water pump, radiator, and fan to maintain the engine's temperature. It circulates coolant through passages in the engine and radiator to absorb heat from the engine. The thermostat regulates coolant flow to help the engine reach optimal temperature quickly and maintain temperature under different operating conditions. The radiator, located in the vehicle's airflow, cools the coolant and the pressurized cooling system increases the coolant's boiling point to protect against overheating.
Mr. Moizkhan A. Fadwala completed his term work in mechanical engineering in October 2015. The document then discusses the cooling system used in internal combustion engines. It explains that the cooling system maintains optimal engine temperature to allow for smooth operation while protecting the engine. It describes the key components of a liquid cooling system like the water pump, coolant, radiator and thermostat. It also discusses air cooling systems that use fins and baffles to increase heat transfer from the engine through convection.
Valve timing is the precise timing of the opening and closing of valves in an internal combustion engine. It is controlled by the camshaft and can be varied by modifying the camshaft or using variable valve timing. With traditional fixed valve timing, engines experience a period of valve overlap when both intake and exhaust valves are open simultaneously. Variable valve timing uses computer control and oil pressure to advance or retard cam timing while the engine is running, changing valve duration, overlap, and sometimes lift. It has been implemented in many Japanese and European engines since the 1980s-1990s and more recently in some American engines.
1) A reciprocating compressor takes in air or gas at low pressure and compresses it using pistons moving back and forth in cylinders.
2) It is classified based on design, number of stages, pressure ratio, capacity, number of cylinders, type of fluid, and cooling method.
3) In single stage reciprocating compression, air is drawn into the cylinder on the inward stroke and compressed on the outward stroke through inlet and outlet valves.
Air Injection and Solid Injection SystemParthivpal17
This document summarizes different types of fuel injection systems used in diesel engines. It describes air injection systems which inject fuel along with compressed air, but are not commonly used today. It also discusses solid injection and airless injection systems, categorizing them as common rail, individual pump and injector, or distributor injection systems. The common rail system uses a single high-pressure pump to supply fuel to a header or rail that distributes fuel to each injector. Individual pump systems have a separate pump for each injector. Distributor systems use a central pump and distributor block to time fuel injection.
The cooling system uses five basic parts - water jackets, water pump, thermostat, radiator, and fan - to regulate the engine's temperature. The water pump circulates coolant through the water jackets in the engine and then into the radiator, where the coolant is cooled by the airflow of the fan before returning to the engine. The thermostat controls the flow of coolant to maintain optimal engine temperature. The cooling system is needed to prevent overheating and damage to engine parts from high temperatures during operation.
This document discusses the cooling systems used in internal combustion engines. There are two main types: liquid cooled and air cooled. Liquid cooled systems circulate coolant around the engine to absorb heat and transfer it to a radiator. Air cooled systems use fins on the engine surfaces and airflow to dissipate heat directly into the air. Liquid cooled systems provide more uniform cooling but require more complex components like pumps and radiators. Air cooled systems are lighter and simpler but less efficient at heat removal. Both systems have advantages and disadvantages depending on the application.
The document discusses an ejector refrigeration system (ERS). An ERS uses an ejector instead of a compressor to increase fluid pressure without moving parts. The ejector consists of a primary nozzle, mixing chamber, ejector throat, and diffuser. High pressure fluid expands through the primary nozzle, drawing and mixing with low pressure secondary fluid in the mixing chamber. The document reviews several theories for modeling ejector performance and past studies analyzing ejector design and refrigeration cycle optimization. It also discusses design parameters like entrainment ratio and operating modes like critical and subcritical.
The document discusses the purpose and components of engine lubrication systems. It describes three main types of lubrication systems - wet sump, dry sump, and mist lubrication. Wet sump systems are most common and utilize an oil pan and pump to circulate oil through the engine. Dry sump systems separate the oil reservoir from the engine using external tanks and pumps. Mist lubrication mixes oil with fuel for two-stroke engines. The properties, types, additives, and viscosity ratings of engine lubricating oils are also outlined.
This document discusses multi-cylinder engines and port fuel injection systems. It describes how port fuel injection helps ensure a uniform air-fuel mixture in each cylinder by injecting the same amount of gasoline into the intake manifold. It then provides details on the components and working of port multi-point fuel injection (MPFI) systems, including electronic control systems, fuel systems, air induction systems, sensors that feed information to the engine control unit, and how this helps precisely control fuel injection.
The document provides information on combustion in compression ignition (CI) engines. It discusses various topics such as:
1. The stages of combustion in CI engines including ignition delay period, uncontrolled combustion, controlled combustion, and afterburning. Ignition delay depends on factors like temperature, fuel quality, and compression ratio.
2. Diesel knock (detonation) which produces a clanking sound from rapid combustion. It can be controlled by using better fuel, controlling fuel supply rate, and increasing swirl.
3. Different types of combustion chambers in CI engines including direct injection, indirect injection, pre-combustion chamber, swirl chamber, and air-cell chamber.
4. F
The document provides an overview of internal combustion engines. It discusses the basic classifications and cycles of internal combustion engines including two-stroke and four-stroke engines. It also covers the workings of spark ignition and compression ignition engines, as well as common engine components and systems such as carburetors and fuel injection systems. Key topics include the Otto, Diesel, and Carnot power cycles; combustion stages; valve timing diagrams; and scavenging, pre-ignition, detonation, lubrication, and emissions control.
A carburetor mixes air and fuel for combustion in internal combustion engines. It has several main components including venturis, jets, floats, valves and levers that work together to provide the optimal air-fuel ratio for different engine speeds and loads. There are several types of carburetors including updraft, downdraft and horizontal, as well as constant vacuum, multiple venturi and multi-jet varieties. Common modern carburetor brands discussed include Zenith, Solex and Carter.
The document describes the components and systems of a carburetor that allow it to provide the correct air-fuel mixture to an engine under varying operating conditions. A simple carburetor can only supply the proper mixture at one throttle position. Additional systems like the idling, auxiliary port, power enrichment, and accelerating pump systems allow the carburetor to adjust the fuel flow for different loads, speeds, and rates of acceleration. These systems provide richer mixtures for idling, acceleration, and high power demands and leaner mixtures for cruising to improve fuel economy.
The document provides an introduction to radial compressors, also known as centrifugal compressors. It discusses the main components of a centrifugal compressor, including the inlet, impeller, diffuser, and collector. It explains how gas enters the impeller and is pushed outward, creating high pressure and compression. Applications include gas compression for natural gas pipelines and offshore platforms. Centrifugal compressors have advantages like wide operating ranges, high reliability, and efficiency. Their disadvantages include instability at low flows and sensitivity to gas composition changes.
This presentation discusses lubricants, including their composition, properties, functions, and different types. Lubricants are substances that reduce friction between surfaces. They typically contain 90% base oil and less than 10% additives. Additives can improve properties like oxidation resistance. Lubrication reduces wear, friction, heat, noise, and corrosion. Different lubrication methods include oil cans, grease packing, and circulation systems. Lubricant types include solid, semi-solid, liquid, synthetic, animal, vegetable, and mineral oils. Properties like viscosity, stability, volatility, and thermal stability were also covered.
G2 p.e u2 l1 4 movements with apparatus (1) golden cronica pubalvin rivera
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The document discusses various aspects of steering systems, including:
1. The primary and secondary functions of steering systems which allow the driver to control vehicle direction and provide stability and feedback.
2. Common causes of stiff steering like insufficient lubrication or incorrect tire pressure and alignment.
3. Requirements of a good steering system including accuracy, ease of handling, and minimal effort.
4. Types of front axles including live and dead axles and their characteristics.
The document discusses cooling systems for engines. It describes the need to keep engines at an efficient operating temperature to ensure proper combustion and mechanical reliability. It then covers the main types of cooling systems - air cooling and water cooling. Air cooling uses fins on the engine to dissipate heat to air flowing over them, while water cooling circulates water through the engine using a pump, radiator, thermostat and water jackets to absorb heat and cool the water before recirculating it. The document provides details on how different water cooling systems work and their key components.
The document discusses different types of engine cooling systems for automobiles. It describes the key components and functioning of liquid cooling systems, which use coolant circulating through the engine to draw heat away. Air or direct cooling systems that use fins and baffles to increase surface area exposed to airflow are also covered. Oil cooling systems are mentioned as an alternative that can transfer engine heat to the oil before passing through a radiator. The document provides details on the requirements, advantages, and disadvantages of each type of cooling system.
The automobile cooling system uses coolant, a water pump, radiator, and fan to maintain the engine's temperature. It circulates coolant through passages in the engine and radiator to absorb heat from the engine. The thermostat regulates coolant flow to help the engine reach optimal temperature quickly and maintain temperature under different operating conditions. The radiator, located in the vehicle's airflow, cools the coolant and the pressurized cooling system increases the coolant's boiling point to protect against overheating.
Mr. Moizkhan A. Fadwala completed his term work in mechanical engineering in October 2015. The document then discusses the cooling system used in internal combustion engines. It explains that the cooling system maintains optimal engine temperature to allow for smooth operation while protecting the engine. It describes the key components of a liquid cooling system like the water pump, coolant, radiator and thermostat. It also discusses air cooling systems that use fins and baffles to increase heat transfer from the engine through convection.
Valve timing is the precise timing of the opening and closing of valves in an internal combustion engine. It is controlled by the camshaft and can be varied by modifying the camshaft or using variable valve timing. With traditional fixed valve timing, engines experience a period of valve overlap when both intake and exhaust valves are open simultaneously. Variable valve timing uses computer control and oil pressure to advance or retard cam timing while the engine is running, changing valve duration, overlap, and sometimes lift. It has been implemented in many Japanese and European engines since the 1980s-1990s and more recently in some American engines.
1) A reciprocating compressor takes in air or gas at low pressure and compresses it using pistons moving back and forth in cylinders.
2) It is classified based on design, number of stages, pressure ratio, capacity, number of cylinders, type of fluid, and cooling method.
3) In single stage reciprocating compression, air is drawn into the cylinder on the inward stroke and compressed on the outward stroke through inlet and outlet valves.
Air Injection and Solid Injection SystemParthivpal17
This document summarizes different types of fuel injection systems used in diesel engines. It describes air injection systems which inject fuel along with compressed air, but are not commonly used today. It also discusses solid injection and airless injection systems, categorizing them as common rail, individual pump and injector, or distributor injection systems. The common rail system uses a single high-pressure pump to supply fuel to a header or rail that distributes fuel to each injector. Individual pump systems have a separate pump for each injector. Distributor systems use a central pump and distributor block to time fuel injection.
The cooling system uses five basic parts - water jackets, water pump, thermostat, radiator, and fan - to regulate the engine's temperature. The water pump circulates coolant through the water jackets in the engine and then into the radiator, where the coolant is cooled by the airflow of the fan before returning to the engine. The thermostat controls the flow of coolant to maintain optimal engine temperature. The cooling system is needed to prevent overheating and damage to engine parts from high temperatures during operation.
This document discusses the cooling systems used in internal combustion engines. There are two main types: liquid cooled and air cooled. Liquid cooled systems circulate coolant around the engine to absorb heat and transfer it to a radiator. Air cooled systems use fins on the engine surfaces and airflow to dissipate heat directly into the air. Liquid cooled systems provide more uniform cooling but require more complex components like pumps and radiators. Air cooled systems are lighter and simpler but less efficient at heat removal. Both systems have advantages and disadvantages depending on the application.
The document discusses an ejector refrigeration system (ERS). An ERS uses an ejector instead of a compressor to increase fluid pressure without moving parts. The ejector consists of a primary nozzle, mixing chamber, ejector throat, and diffuser. High pressure fluid expands through the primary nozzle, drawing and mixing with low pressure secondary fluid in the mixing chamber. The document reviews several theories for modeling ejector performance and past studies analyzing ejector design and refrigeration cycle optimization. It also discusses design parameters like entrainment ratio and operating modes like critical and subcritical.
The document discusses the purpose and components of engine lubrication systems. It describes three main types of lubrication systems - wet sump, dry sump, and mist lubrication. Wet sump systems are most common and utilize an oil pan and pump to circulate oil through the engine. Dry sump systems separate the oil reservoir from the engine using external tanks and pumps. Mist lubrication mixes oil with fuel for two-stroke engines. The properties, types, additives, and viscosity ratings of engine lubricating oils are also outlined.
This document discusses multi-cylinder engines and port fuel injection systems. It describes how port fuel injection helps ensure a uniform air-fuel mixture in each cylinder by injecting the same amount of gasoline into the intake manifold. It then provides details on the components and working of port multi-point fuel injection (MPFI) systems, including electronic control systems, fuel systems, air induction systems, sensors that feed information to the engine control unit, and how this helps precisely control fuel injection.
The document provides information on combustion in compression ignition (CI) engines. It discusses various topics such as:
1. The stages of combustion in CI engines including ignition delay period, uncontrolled combustion, controlled combustion, and afterburning. Ignition delay depends on factors like temperature, fuel quality, and compression ratio.
2. Diesel knock (detonation) which produces a clanking sound from rapid combustion. It can be controlled by using better fuel, controlling fuel supply rate, and increasing swirl.
3. Different types of combustion chambers in CI engines including direct injection, indirect injection, pre-combustion chamber, swirl chamber, and air-cell chamber.
4. F
The document provides an overview of internal combustion engines. It discusses the basic classifications and cycles of internal combustion engines including two-stroke and four-stroke engines. It also covers the workings of spark ignition and compression ignition engines, as well as common engine components and systems such as carburetors and fuel injection systems. Key topics include the Otto, Diesel, and Carnot power cycles; combustion stages; valve timing diagrams; and scavenging, pre-ignition, detonation, lubrication, and emissions control.
A carburetor mixes air and fuel for combustion in internal combustion engines. It has several main components including venturis, jets, floats, valves and levers that work together to provide the optimal air-fuel ratio for different engine speeds and loads. There are several types of carburetors including updraft, downdraft and horizontal, as well as constant vacuum, multiple venturi and multi-jet varieties. Common modern carburetor brands discussed include Zenith, Solex and Carter.
The document describes the components and systems of a carburetor that allow it to provide the correct air-fuel mixture to an engine under varying operating conditions. A simple carburetor can only supply the proper mixture at one throttle position. Additional systems like the idling, auxiliary port, power enrichment, and accelerating pump systems allow the carburetor to adjust the fuel flow for different loads, speeds, and rates of acceleration. These systems provide richer mixtures for idling, acceleration, and high power demands and leaner mixtures for cruising to improve fuel economy.
The document provides an introduction to radial compressors, also known as centrifugal compressors. It discusses the main components of a centrifugal compressor, including the inlet, impeller, diffuser, and collector. It explains how gas enters the impeller and is pushed outward, creating high pressure and compression. Applications include gas compression for natural gas pipelines and offshore platforms. Centrifugal compressors have advantages like wide operating ranges, high reliability, and efficiency. Their disadvantages include instability at low flows and sensitivity to gas composition changes.
This presentation discusses lubricants, including their composition, properties, functions, and different types. Lubricants are substances that reduce friction between surfaces. They typically contain 90% base oil and less than 10% additives. Additives can improve properties like oxidation resistance. Lubrication reduces wear, friction, heat, noise, and corrosion. Different lubrication methods include oil cans, grease packing, and circulation systems. Lubricant types include solid, semi-solid, liquid, synthetic, animal, vegetable, and mineral oils. Properties like viscosity, stability, volatility, and thermal stability were also covered.
G2 p.e u2 l1 4 movements with apparatus (1) golden cronica pubalvin rivera
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The document discusses a model created using STELLA software to analyze the relationship between gray wolf and deer populations in northern Minnesota over 50 years. The wolf population begins at 3,000 and declines to under 100, while the deer population starts at 1,113,000 and falls to around 300,000. The model does not account for some factors like future wolf hunting, and uses estimates for deer birth and fawn survival rates. While generally reflecting expected growth and death patterns, the model results in more extreme population changes than anticipated.
TOEFL adalah tes kemampuan bahasa Inggris yang diujikan secara tertulis dan lisan yang terdiri dari empat komponen utama yaitu listening, reading, writing dan speaking. Tes ini digunakan untuk tujuan pendidikan dan pekerjaan di luar negeri.
Este documento lista los puntos de vacunación fijos e institucionales en Medellín para la Jornada Nacional de Vacunación "Día de Ponerse al Día" en agosto de 2015. Incluye más de 100 ubicaciones en diferentes localidades de la ciudad, como clínicas, hospitales, universidades, centros comerciales y hogares geriátricos donde las personas podrán recibir vacunas de manera gratuita.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create engaging slideshows.
Toda organização precisa de um líder para gerir sua equipe. Essa missão geralmente não é fácil, pois é da responsabilidade do líder identificar talentos, saber delegar, motivar, dar feedbacks para o seu time, dentre outras inúmeras tarefas. Muitas vezes, as empresas subestimam o valor que tem um líder engajado. Eles promovem grandes transformações na equipe, tornam os grupos mais inovadores, trazem resultados surpreendentes e conseguem interferir diretamente nos índices de turnover da equipe. Por outro lado, um líder sem engajamento pode desagregar completamente um time.
Confira o infográfico e descubra quais características um super líder deve ter.
Prepositions are an important part of English that allow for more complex sentences, as they convey location and other relationships. This document encourages practicing common prepositions of place like "in, on, under, behind, between" through interactive exercises where students follow instructions to move objects to different locations relative to their desks and chairs.
This short prayer asks God to give the best in this life and the next and protect the speaker from Hell. It acknowledges God's control over the future and requests His mercy and guidance.
This document discusses the importance and principles of effective demonstrations in teaching. It defines a demonstration as showing how something is done by emphasizing key merits, utility, and efficiency. Some principles for demonstrations include establishing rapport with students, avoiding assumptions about prior knowledge, and rehearsing with a checklist of necessary materials. Effective demonstrations are methodical, keep the main ideas simple, check for understanding, and conclude with a written summary.
Nijas Aboobacker is an electrical engineer with over 7 years of experience in the UAE and India. He is currently working as an electrical engineer for ARCO General Contracting in Dubai, where he manages MEP projects from start to completion. Prior to his current role, he worked as an electrical engineer for Ultra Electrical Contracts and as a maintenance engineer in India. He has expertise in HV and LV electrical systems, project management, and CAD design. He holds a Bachelor's Degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Travancore Engineering College in India.
The SEC adopted new rules under Regulation A+ to make it easier for smaller companies to raise capital from public investors in a more efficient way. Regulation A+ creates two tiers of offerings that allow companies to issue up to $50 million of securities in a 12-month period, which provides an alternative path for growth companies to obtain funding. The new rules are aimed at facilitating smaller companies' access to capital while still protecting investors.
The document discusses the cooling system of internal combustion engines. It explains that the cooling system maintains the engine's temperature at optimal levels by removing around 30% of the heat generated. It cools the engine faster when it is hot but provides minimum cooling during starting. The cooling system prevents engine damage by dissipating the high temperatures produced during combustion. It describes the types of cooling systems as liquid/water-cooled or air-cooled. The key components of the liquid cooling system are also outlined, including the radiator, thermostat, water pump, and fan.
This document discusses the cooling system of internal combustion engines. It explains that a cooling system is necessary to maintain optimal engine temperatures and prevent overheating. There are two main types of cooling systems - air cooling and water cooling. Water cooling systems circulate coolant through the engine and radiator via pumps and fans. The key components of a water cooling system are the water pump, radiator, fan, thermostat, and hoses which work together to regulate the engine's temperature.
There are two main methods of cooling engines: air cooling and water cooling. Air cooling uses fins and airflow from vehicle movement to cool the engine directly, while water cooling circulates liquid through a jacket around the engine and then to a radiator to dissipate heat before recirculating. Water cooling can be open, thermosyphon, forced circulation, or pressurized, with forced circulation being most common using a pump, radiator, thermostat, and fan to regulate temperatures. Proper maintenance like cleaning and using appropriate coolant is important to prevent overheating issues.
Enhancement of Specific Power Output of a Gas Turbine Using Filtered Chilled AirIOSR Journals
Conventionally the specific power output of the gas turbine can be increased using reheating and
intercooling. The thermal efficiency can be improved by adding a regenerating at lower pressure ratios. In the
present work the emphasis is given to enhance the specific power output by other means like reduction in the air
temperature at the inlet duct. The power output of the gas turbine has been estimated by allowing air at reduced
temperatures, step wise. The experiment is conducted till STP conditions are attained. The chiller coils are used
for inlet air cooling. The variation of power output with respect to temperature is also studied.
The document provides information on various aircraft engine cooling and exhaust systems. It discusses:
1. Air cooling systems which use fins and baffles to direct air flow over hot engine parts to absorb heat. Liquid cooling systems circulate coolant through engine jackets.
2. Exhaust systems include piping, mufflers and shrouds. Straight and short stack systems direct exhaust straight from cylinders. Collector systems combine exhaust from each cylinder.
3. Superchargers compress air to increase engine power and allow operation at high altitudes where air is less dense.
ENERGY AUDIT presentationin power system .pptxReshevSharma
An energy audit is a systematic process of evaluating and analyzing energy usage in a building, facility, or industrial process to identify opportunities for energy efficiency improvements, cost savings, and environmental sustainability. The goal of an energy audit is to assess energy consumption patterns, identify areas of inefficiency or waste, and recommend measures to optimize energy usage and reduce overall energy consumption.
Here's an overview of the typical steps involved in conducting an energy audit:
1. **Pre-Audit Planning:**
Define the scope and objectives of the energy audit, including the areas or systems to be evaluated, the level of detail required, and the desired outcomes. Identify key stakeholders, establish audit goals, and gather relevant documentation, such as utility bills, building plans, and equipment specifications.
2. **Data Collection and Analysis:**
Collect comprehensive data on energy consumption, including utility bills, meter readings, and operational data
This document discusses engine cooling systems. It explains that cooling systems are necessary to dissipate the high temperatures produced by engine combustion, which could otherwise damage engine components and reduce efficiency. It describes the two main types of cooling systems - air cooling and water cooling. Water cooling systems circulate coolant through the engine and radiator using pumps, fans, and thermostats to maintain optimal engine temperatures. Both systems have advantages for different applications.
This document summarizes heat transfer processes within internal combustion engines. It discusses how about one-third of the total chemical energy from fuel must be dissipated through heat transfer to keep engine materials from overheating. The hottest areas include around the spark plug, exhaust valve, and piston face. Engines use water jackets or fins to cool the engine block. During operation, heat is transferred through conduction, convection and radiation within the combustion chamber and throughout the engine. Maintaining proper heat transfer is critical for engine performance and durability.
This document discusses the cooling system of an automobile engine. It explains that only 25% of the heat generated during combustion is converted to useful work, with the rest lost to various engine components. This excess heat must be removed to prevent damage. There are two main types of cooling systems - air cooling and water cooling. Water cooling is more efficient and involves circulating water through the engine block and head via a water pump, radiator, and thermostat to dissipate heat to the air via fins in the radiator. The document describes the basic components and functioning of a water cooling system.
The document discusses engine cooling systems. It describes how cooling systems work to dissipate the large amounts of heat generated by the engine using conduction, convection and radiation. It identifies the main components of cooling systems like the radiator, water pump, hoses and fan, and explains their functions in maintaining optimal engine temperature. Specifically, it explains how overheating and overcooling can damage engines and the importance of controlling engine temperature.
Radiators are used to cool internal combustion engines by circulating a liquid coolant through the engine and radiator. The radiator consists of tubes surrounded by fins that transfer heat from the coolant to the air. Oil coolers also help control engine oil and transmission oil temperatures. Heater cores use hot coolant to provide heat to the vehicle interior. Air conditioning systems include an evaporator, compressor, condenser, and expansion valve to cool and dehumidify air inside the vehicle.
The document summarizes the cooling system of an internal combustion engine. It discusses that 30% of the heat produced during combustion is removed by the cooling system. There are two main types of cooling systems - air cooling and water cooling. Water cooling uses a water pump to circulate water through jackets around the engine and into a radiator for cooling, before returning to the engine. It maintains optimum engine temperature for efficient operation.
The document discusses different engine cooling systems. It describes liquid cooling systems which use coolant circulating through jackets in the engine block and head to transfer heat to a radiator. Air cooling systems use fins on the cylinder walls to transfer heat directly to air flowing past. The key components discussed are the water pump, thermostat, radiator, radiator cap, and cooling fans. Advantages and disadvantages of liquid and air cooling are provided. The goal of cooling systems is to maintain optimal engine temperature for performance and prevent overheating damage.
All the technical aspects discussed will be limited to the design, application, methods for operating and control, and services of HVAC systems in the Central Utility Complex (CUC). The HVAC systems at Bahrain Airport are limited to Cooling and Air Handling Unit (AHU).
Heating cooling & ventilation: Methods of cooling & ventilationAsif Jamadar
There are three main types of electrical machine cooling: natural cooling using air movements, self cooling using an integrated or mounted fan, and separate cooling using an external fan. Ventilation systems can also be open circuit using induced or forced ventilation, closed circuit circulating an intermediate medium, or surface cooling via an external surface. Further, cooling air circuits can be radial, axial, combined radial and axial, or multiple inlet depending on machine size and design. Larger machines may use closed circuit cooling with air or hydrogen recirculating through ducts and a heat exchanger to remove heat before being returned to the machine.
Understanding Catalytic Converter Theft:
What is a Catalytic Converter?: Learn about the function of catalytic converters in vehicles and why they are targeted by thieves.
Why are They Stolen?: Discover the valuable metals inside catalytic converters (such as platinum, palladium, and rhodium) that make them attractive to criminals.
Steps to Prevent Catalytic Converter Theft:
Parking Strategies: Tips on where and how to park your vehicle to reduce the risk of theft, such as parking in well-lit areas or secure garages.
Protective Devices: Overview of various anti-theft devices available, including catalytic converter locks, shields, and alarms.
Etching and Marking: The benefits of etching your vehicle’s VIN on the catalytic converter or using a catalytic converter marking kit to make it traceable and less appealing to thieves.
Surveillance and Monitoring: Recommendations for using security cameras and motion-sensor lights to deter thieves.
Statistics and Insights:
Theft Rates by Borough: Analysis of data to determine which borough in NYC experiences the highest rate of catalytic converter thefts.
Recent Trends: Current trends and patterns in catalytic converter thefts to help you stay aware of emerging hotspots and tactics used by thieves.
Benefits of This Presentation:
Awareness: Increase your awareness about catalytic converter theft and its impact on vehicle owners.
Practical Tips: Gain actionable insights and tips to effectively prevent catalytic converter theft.
Local Insights: Understand the specific risks in different NYC boroughs, helping you take targeted preventive measures.
This presentation aims to equip you with the knowledge and tools needed to protect your vehicle from catalytic converter theft, ensuring you are prepared and proactive in safeguarding your property.
Implementing ELDs or Electronic Logging Devices is slowly but surely becoming the norm in fleet management. Why? Well, integrating ELDs and associated connected vehicle solutions like fleet tracking devices lets businesses and their in-house fleet managers reap several benefits. Check out the post below to learn more.
EV Charging at MFH Properties by Whitaker JamiesonForth
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Unlock the secrets behind your Mercedes Sprinter's uphill power loss with our comprehensive presentation. From fuel filter blockages to turbocharger troubles, we uncover the culprits and empower you to reclaim your vehicle's peak performance. Conquer every ascent with confidence and ensure a thrilling journey every time.
Expanding Access to Affordable At-Home EV Charging by Vanessa WarheitForth
Vanessa Warheit, Co-Founder of EV Charging for All, gave this presentation at the Forth Addressing The Challenges of Charging at Multi-Family Housing webinar on June 11, 2024.
Ever been troubled by the blinking sign and didn’t know what to do?
Here’s a handy guide to dashboard symbols so that you’ll never be confused again!
Save them for later and save the trouble!
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1. COOLING SYSTEM
1) Need for cooling system (INTRODUCTION)
During the process of converting thermal energy to mechanical energy high
temp areproduced in the cylinder of the engine as a result of the combustion
process. A large portion of the heat is transferred to the cylinder head and
walls, piston and valves. Unless this excess heat is carried away and these parts
are adequate cooled, the engine will be damaged. A cooling systemmustbe
preventing damages to vital parts of the engine, but the temperature of these
components must be maintained within certain limits in the order to obtain
maximum performancefromthe engine. Hence a cooling systemis needed to
keep the engine fromnot getting so hot as to causeproblems and yet to
permit it to run hot enough to ensuremaximum efficiency of the engine. The
duty of cooling system, in other word, is to keep the engine fromgetting not
too hot and at the same time not to keep it too cool either.
2) Characteristics of efficient cooling system
The following are the two main characteristics desired of an efficient cooling
system
1) Itshould be capable of removing about 30% of heat generated in the
combustion chamber while maintain the optimum temp of the engine
under all operating conditions of engine.
2) Itshould remove heat at a faster rate when engine is hot. However
during starting of the engine the cooling should be minimum, so that the
working parts of engine reach their operating temperature in shorttime.
2. 3) Type of cooling system
In order to cool the engine a cooling medium is required. This can be either air
or a liquid accordingly there are two type of systems in general use for cooling
the IC engine. They are
1) Liquid or indirect cooling system
2) Air or direct cooling system
4) Liquidcooled systems
In this systemmainly water is used and made to circulate through the jackets
provided around the cylinder, cylinder-head, valveports and seats where it
extracts mostof the heat.
Itconsists of a long flat, thin-walled tube with an opening, facing the water
pump outlet and a number of small openings along its length that directs the
water againstthe exhaustvalves. The fits in the water jacketand can be
removed from the frontend of the block.
The heat is transferred fromthe cylinder walls and other parts by convection
and conduction. The liquid becomes heated in its passagethrough the jackets
and is in turn cooled by means of an air-cooled radiator system. The heat from
liquid in turn is transferred to air. Hence it is called the indirect cooling system.
Water cooling can be carried out by any of the following five methods
1) Direct or non-return system
2) Thermosyphonesystem
3) Forced circulation cooling system
4) Evaporativecooling system
5) Pressurecooling system
4.1) Direct or non-return system
This systemis useful for large installation whereplenty of water is available.
The water froma storage tank is directly supplied through the inlet valveto the
engine cooling jacket. The hot water in not cooled for reusebut simply
discharged.
3. 4.2) Thermosyphone system
The basic principle of thermosyphonecan be explained with respect to fig.
heat is supplied to the fluid in the tank A. because of relative lower density, the
hot fluid travel up, its place is being taken by comparatively cold fluid fromthe
tank B through pipe p2.
Fig: 3 Principal of thermosyphon system
The hot fluid flow through the pipe p1 to the tank B whereit get cooled. Thus
the fluid circulates through the systemin the formof convectivecurrent.
For engine application the tank a representthe cylinder jacket while tank B
representa radiator and water act as a circulating fluid. The main advantageof
this systemis its simplicity and automatic circulating of the cooling water.
4.3) Forced circulating cooling system
This systemis used in large number of automobile like cars, buses and even
heavy trucks. Here, flow of water fromradiators to water jacket is by
convection assisted by pump.
The main principle of this systemis explained with the help of block diagram as
shown.
4. Fig: 4 Principalof forced circulation cooling systemusing
thermostat.
The water or coolant is circulated through jacket around the part of engine to
be cooled, and is kept in motion by a centrifugal pump which is driven by the
engine. The water is passed through the radiator whereit is cooled by the air
drawn through the radiator by a fan and by the air draftto the forward motion
of the vehicle. A thermostatis used to control the water temperature required
for cooling. Itconsistmainly four component radiator, fan water pump and a
thermostat.
Fig: 5 cooling of an automobile
5. 4.4) Evaporativecooling system
This is predominately used in stationary engine. In this the engine will be
cooled because of the evaporation the water in the cylinder jackets into the
steam. Here the advantage is taken from the high latent heat of vaporizing of
the water by allowing evaporating in the cylinder jackets. If the steam is
formed at a pressureaboveatmospheric the temperature will be above the
normal permissibletemperature.
Fig: 6 Evaporativecooling with air cooled condenser
In fig. evaporative cooling with air cooled condenser. In this case water is
circulated by the pump A and when delivered to the overhead tank B partof it
boils out. The tank has portion C. The vapors riseabovethe portion C and
because of the condensing action of the radiator tube D, condensateflow into
the lower tank E fromwhich it is picked up and return to the tank B by the
small pump F. the vertical pipe G is in communication with the outside
atmosphereto preventthe collapsing of the tank B and E when the pressure
inside them due to condensation fall below the atmosphere.
6. 4.5) Pressure cooling system
In pressurecooling systemmoderate pressure, say up to 2 bar, are commonly
used. As shown in fig a cap is fitted with two valves which are loaded by a
compression spring and a vacuumvalve. When the coolant is cold both valve
are shutbut as the engine warmup the coolant temperature rises until it
reaches a certain presetvalue corresponding to the desired pressurewhen the
safety valve open. But if the coolant temperature falls during the engine
operation the valve will close again until the temperature rises to equivalent
pressurevalue. When the engine is switched off and the coolant cool down
vacuumbeing to formin the cooling systembut when the internal pressurefall
below atmospherethe vacuumvalveis opened by the higher outside pressure
and the cooling systemthen attains atmospherepressure.
5) Air cooled system
In the air cooled systema current of air is made to flow past the outside of the
cylinder barrel, outer surfacearea of which has been considerably increased by
providing cooling fin as shown in fig. this method will increased the rate of
cooling. This method is mainly applicable to the engine in the motorcycles,
small cars, airplanes and combat tank where motion of the vehicle gives a good
velocity to cool the engine. The value of heat transfer coefficient between
metal and air is appreciably low. As a resultof this the cylinder wall
temperature of the air cooled cylinder are considerably higher than those of
water cooled type.
7. Fig :7 Cooling fins
6) Comparison of liquidand air cooling system:
In view of the wide spread useof these two alternative cooling systemfor
petrol as well as diesel engine it is of interest to summarizethe respective
advantageand limitation of these system.
6.1) Advantage of liquidcooling system
(1)Compact design of engine with appreciably smaller frontalarea is
possible.
(2)The fuel consumption of high compression liquid cooled engine is rather
lower than for air cooled ones.
(3)Because of the even cooling of the cylinder barrel and due to jacketing
makes it possibleto reduce the cylinder head and valve seat
temperature.
(4)In caseof water cooled engines, installation is not necessarily at the
frontof the mobile vehicle, aircraftetc. as the cooling systemcan be
conveniently located wherever required. This is not possiblein case of
air cooled system.
8. (5)The size of engine does not involveserious problem as far as the design
of the cooling systemis concerned. In caseof air cooled engines
particularly in high horsepower rangedifficulty is encounter in the
circulation of requisite quantity of air for the cooling purpose.
6.2) Limitation
(1) This is a dependent systemin which water circulation in the jackets is to
be ensured by additional.
(2)Power absorbed by the pump for water circulation is considerableand
this affects the power output of the engine.
(3)In the event of failure of the cooling system serious damagemay be
caused to the engine.
(4)Cost of the systemis considerably high.
(5)Systemrequires considerablemaintenance of its various parts.
6.3) Advantage of Air-cooling System
(1)The design of the engine becomes simpler as no water jackets are
required. The cylinder can have identical dimensions and be
individually detachable and therefore cheaper to renew in caseof
accident etc.
(2)Absenceof cooling pipes, radiator, etc. makes the cooling system
thereby minimum maintenance problems.
(3)No danger of cooling leakage etc.
(4)The engine is subjected to freezing troubles etc., usually
encountered in case of water coolant engines.
(5)The weight of the air-cooled engine is less than that of water-
cooled engine, i.e., power to weight ratio is improved.
(6)In this case, the engine is rather a self-contained unit as it requires
no external components like radiator, header, tank etc.
(7)Insulation of air-cooled engines is easier.
9. 6.4) Limitations
(1)Can be applied only to small and medium sized engines.
(2)In places where ambient temperature are lower.
(3)Cooling is not uniform.
(4)Higher working temperature compared to water-cooling.
(5)Produce more aerodynamic noise.
(6)Specific fuel consumption is slightly higher.
(7)Lower maximum allowable compression ratios.
(8)The fan, if used absorbs as much as 5% of the power developed by
the engine.
10. LUBRICATION SYSTEM
1) Lubrication
Lubrication is an art of admitting a lubricant (oil, grease, etc.) between two
surfaces thatare in contact and in relative motion. The purposeof lubrication
in engine is to performone or severalof the following function:-
1) To reduce friction and wear between the moving parts and thereby the
energy loss and to increase the life of engine.
2) To provideselling action e.g. the lubrication oil helps the piston rings to
maintain an effective seal againstthe high pressuregasses in the
cylinder fromleaking out into the crankcase.
3) To cool the surfaceby carrying away the heat generated in engine
components.
4) To clean the surfaceby washing away carbon and the metal particles
caused by wear.
Of all these function, the firstfunction is considered to be the most
important one. In internal combustion engines, the problem of lubrication
become more difficult because of the high temperature experienced during
the combustion process and by the wide rangeof temperature encounter
throughoutthe cycle. So the energy losses fromthe friction between different
components of the engine can be minimized by providing proper lubrication.
2) Lubricationof engine component
In the reciprocating engine there are many surfaces in the contact with each
other and thereforethey should be lubricated to reduce friction. The principal
friction surfaces requiring lubrication in an internal combustion engine are :-
1. Piston and cylinder
2. Crankshaftand their bearings
3. Crank pin and their bearing
4. Wristpin and their bearing
5. Valve gear
11. 3) Type of Lubricationsystem
The function of lubrication systemis to providesufficient quantity of cool,
filtered oil to give positiveand adequate lubrication to all the moving parts of
an engine. The various systems used for internalcombustion engine may be
classified as:-
1) Mist lubrication system
2) Wet sump lubrication system
3) Dry sump lubrication system
3.1) Mist lubricationsystem
This systemis used wherecrankcaselubrication is not suitable. In two stroke
engine, as the charge is compressed in the crankcase, itis not possibleto have
the lubrication oil in the sump. Hence mist lubrication is used in practice. In
such engine, the lubrication oil is mixed with the fuel, the usualratio being 3%
to 6%. The oil and fuel mixture is inducted through the carburetor. The fuel is
vaporized and the oil in the form of mist goes via the crankcaseinto the
cylinder. The oil which strikes the crankcasewalls lubricates the main and
connecting rod bearings and the restof oil lubricate the piston, piston rings
and the cylinder.
12. The advantage of this systemis its simplicity and low costas it does not require
an oil pump, filter, etc. however there are certain disadvantagewhich are
enumerated are following:
1) Itcause heavy exhaust strokedue to burning of lubricating oil partially or
fully and also forms depositon piston crown and exhaust port which are
affect engine efficiency.
2) Since the oil come in close contact with acidic vapor produced during the
combustion process get contaminant and may result in the corrosion of
bearing surfaces.
3) This systemcall for a thorough mixing if effective lubrication. This
requires either separatemixing prior to use or use of someadditive to
give the oil good mixing characteristics.
4) During closed throttle operation as in the caseof vehicle moving down
the hill, the engine will suffer frominsufficientlubrication as the supply
of fuel is less. This is an importantlimitation of system.
3.2) Wet sump lubricationsystem
In the wet sump lubrication system, the bottom of the crankcasecontains an
oil pan or sump fromwhich the lubricating oil is pumped to various engine
components by a pump. After lubrication these parts, the oil flow back to the
sump by gravity. Again it is picked by a pump and recirculated through the
engine lubricating system. There are three varieties in the wet sump
lubricating system. They are:
1) The splash system
2) The splash and pressuresystem
3) The pressurefeed system
13. 3.2.) 1- Splash system
This type of lubricating systemis used in light duty engine. The lubricating oil
is dischargeinto the bottom of the engine crankcaseand maintained at a
predetermined level. The oil is drawn by the pump and delivered through a
distributing pipe extending the length if the crankcaseinto the splash trough
located under the big end of all the connecting rods. Thesetroughs were
provided with overflows and oil in the trough are therefore kept at a constant
level. A splasher or dipper is provided under each connecting rod cap which
dips into the oil in the trough at every revolution of the crankshaftand the oil
is splashed all over the interior of crankcase, into the pistons and onto the
exposed portion of cylinder walls. The oil dripping fromthe cylinder is
collected in the sump where it is cooled by the air flowing around. The cooled
oil is then recirculated.
Fig: 1 Splash lubrication system
14. 3.2)2- The splash and pressure lubricationsystem:
In this system, the lubricating oil is supplied under pressureto main and
camshaftbearing. Oil is also supplied under pressureto pipes which direct a
streamof oil againstthe dipper on the big end of connecting rod bearing cup
and thus the crankpin bearing are lubricated by the splash or spray of oil
thrown up by the dipper.
3.2)3- Pressure feed system:
In this system, the oil is drawn in fromthe sump and forced to all the main
bearings of the crankshaftthrough distributing channels. A pressurerelief
valve will also be fitted near the delivery point of the pump which open when
the pressurein the systemattains a predetermine value. An oil hole is drilled in
the crankshaftfromthecenter of each crankpin to the center of an adjacent
main journal, through which oil can pass fromthe main bearing to the crankpin
bearing. Fromthe crankpin it reaches piston pin bearing through a hole drilled
in the connecting rod. The cylinder wall, tappet roller, piston and piston rings
are lubricated by oil spray fromaround the piston pins and the main and
connecting rod bearings. The basic components of the wet sump lubricating
systemare (1) pump (2) strainer (3) pressureregulator (4) filter (5) breather.
Fig :2 pressurefeed lubrication system
15. Oil is drawn fromthe sump by a gear or rotor type of oil pump through an oil
strainer. The strainer is a fine mesh screen which prevents foreign particles
fromentering the oil circulating system. A pressurerelief valveis provided
which automatically keep the delivery pressureconstantand can set to any
value. When the oil pressureexceed that for which the valve is set, the valve
open and allow someof the oil to return to the sump thereby reliving the oil
pressurein the system.
3.3) Dry sump lubricationsystem
In this system, the supply of oil is carried in an external tank. An oil pump
draws oil fromthe supply tank and circulates it under pressureto the various
bearing of the engine. Oil dripping fromthe cylinder and bearing into the sump
is removed by the scavenging pump which in turn the oil is pass through a
filter, and is fed back to the supply tank. Thus oil is prevented from
accumulating in the baseof engine. The capacity of the scavenging pump is
always greater than the oil pump. In this systema filter with a bypass valveis
placed in between the scavenging pump and the supply tank. If a filter is
clogged, the pressurerelief valveopens permitting oil to bypass the filter and
reaches the supply tank. A separate oil cooler with either water or air as the
cooling medium, is usually provided in the dry sump systemto remove the
heat fromthe oil.
16. 4) Properties of lubricants
The duties of the lubricant in an engine are many and varied in a scope. The
lubricant is called upon to limit and control the following:
1) Friction between the componentand metal to metal contact
2) Overheating of the component
3) Wear of component
4) Corrosion
5) Deposit
To accomplish the above function, the lubricantshould have
1) Suitable viscosity
2) Oiliness to ensure adherence to the bearing, and for less friction and
wear when the lubrication is in the boundary region , and as a protective
covering against corrosion
3) High strength to prevent the metal to metal contact and seizureunder
heavy load
4) Should not react with the lubricating surface
5) A low pour point to allow floe of the lubricant at low temperature to the
oil pump
6) No tendency to form depositby reacting with air, water, fuel or the
productof combustion
7) Cleaning ability
8) Non foaming characteristics
9) Non-toxic and non-inflammable
17. 5) Additivesfor lubricants
The modern lubrication for heavy duty engines are highly refined which
otherwisemay producesludgeor suffer a progressiveincreasein viscosity. For
these reasons the lubricant are seasoned by the additive of certain oil soluble
organic compound containing inorganic elements such as phosphorus, Sulphur,
amine additive. Thus oil soluble organic compound added to the present day
lubricant to impart one or more of the following characteristics.
1) Anti-oxidant and anticorrosiveagent
2) Detergent dispersant
3) Extreme pressureadditives
4) Pour point depressor
5) Viscosity index improver
6) Antifoam agent
7) Oiliness and film strength agent