This document discusses thermal issues related to electric vehicle batteries and various thermal management techniques. It begins by explaining how battery temperature greatly impacts performance, safety, reliability and lifespan. It then reviews common thermal management options for electric vehicle batteries including using air or liquid for heating and cooling. The document also discusses techniques for improving battery life such as standby thermal management while the vehicle is plugged in and thermal preconditioning of the battery and cabin before driving. The tradeoff between thermal management and thermal comfort is also noted.
Active Thermal Management Systems in Electric VehiclesAutomotive IQ
The goal of all thermal management is to deliver a battery pack that functions at an optimum average temperature with even temperature distribution across all cells. Moreover, it must be lightweight, low cost, easy packaged and compatible too. Active thermal management systems offer a wide range of advantages for electric vehicle batteries. But is it actually better than passive systems?
Read more about the topic on the article’s second part on thermal management systems in electric vehicles here: http://bit.ly/Article_ActiveThermalmanagementsystems
Active Thermal Management Systems in Electric VehiclesAutomotive IQ
The goal of all thermal management is to deliver a battery pack that functions at an optimum average temperature with even temperature distribution across all cells. Moreover, it must be lightweight, low cost, easy packaged and compatible too. Active thermal management systems offer a wide range of advantages for electric vehicle batteries. But is it actually better than passive systems?
Read more about the topic on the article’s second part on thermal management systems in electric vehicles here: http://bit.ly/Article_ActiveThermalmanagementsystems
This is a presentation given during our studies at the Moore School of Business of the University of South Carolina on hydrogen fuel cell technologies.
A hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is a vehicle that uses Hydrogen as a source of fuel. Hydrogen vehicles include hydrogen-fueled space rockets, as well as automobiles and other transportation vehicles. The power plants of such vehicles convert the chemical energy of hydrogen to mechanical energy either by burning hydrogen in an internal combustion engine, or, more commonly, by reacting hydrogen with oxygen in a fuel cell to run electric motors. Widespread use of hydrogen for fueling transportation is a key element of a proposed hydrogen economy.
Overview of Energy storage Technologies, Why we need to use Energy storage system, Case studies , The future of Energy storage systems and Development of Energy Storage systems, Brief discription of each system mentioning its advantages and disadvantages.
Dual purpose cooling plate for thermal management of li ion batteries of elec...Abdul Haq Mohammed
A dual-purpose cooling plate for large prismatic Li-ion batteries (LIBs) for applications in aircraft, submarine, stationary storage, and vehicles is proposed. This cooling plate can maintain the temperature of the battery within the manufacturers’ recommended temperatures during the battery normal operation to increase the life of the battery, and can effectively dissipate the generated heat during thermal runaway to prevent propagation of thermal runaway from one cell to the adjacent cells in a large battery pack. The proposed cooling plate is made of aluminum 6063 and works on the principle of the liquid cooling method with 60% ethylene glycol in water as the coolant. The design of the cooling plate involves an array of pins which act as heat sinks, arranged to disperse the coolant over the surface of the plate. The cooling plate is designed and optimized for heat generation trends in aggressive conditions of discharging at 5C for the normal operation, and thermal runaway of the fully charged battery. In this study, two designs of cooling plates are modeled and compared, and the final design is optimized and demonstrated. The results show that the selected cooling plate maintains the LIB surface temperature about 24°C with input coolant at 20°C and with coolant flow rate of 0.2 L/min during the normal operation; and controls the temperature of the LIB during thermal runaway to less than 85°C in 30 seconds with input coolant at 20°C and with coolant flow rate of 20 L/min. The maximum pressure drop of coolant is 74.8 Pa for the normal operation mode and 24.9 kPa for the thermal runaway operation mode of the cooling plate.
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are zero emission and run on compressed hydrogen fed into a fuel cell "stack" that produces electricity to power the vehicle. A fuel cell can be used in combination with an electric motor to drive a vehicle – quietly, powerfully and cleanly.
This presentation gives us clear idea on Electric vehicles. Need of EV in building a new methods in transportation world to reduce carbon emissions. Need of batteries into the cars.
This report discusses new advances in technologies like regenerative breaking, mass production that reduces cost, battery management system, and higher battery life and battery efficiency are the few of the techies that made electric cars a within the reach of the common man.
this is the report on Hydrogen Fuel cell. which is the future of vehicles & probably future of electric vehicles.
Hydrogen Fuel cell is the one part or type of fuel cell.
here is the working, advantages, disadvantages of fuel cell vehicles.
as well as there are list of popular fuel cell vehicles recently launched.
23-03-2020
a brief intro to the technology and working of hydrogen fuel cells.It also discusses the types of fuel cells available in the market and the economy of hydrogen fuel cells.It concludes by giving suitable examples of fuel cell vehicles and a short video animation to properly understand the topic
HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE
2. introduction
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) augments an electric vehicle (EV) with a second source of power referred to as the alternative power unit (APU).
65. <ul><li>Fuel cell output power oriented control strategy based on FCE loading and unloading equations
66. similar to the fuel cell output power oriented control strategy as just mentioned above, but there has some new control characteristics as follows:
67. If cSOC > cSOC.t, the battery regulation power is zero and the battery actual output power is the power difference between Pd and Pf;
68. If cSOC≤ cSOC.t, the battery regulation charging power is considered and the target fuel cell power is the sum of driving power and charging power;
69. When the vehicle is braking, the fuel cell works at the minimum power and charges the battery pack with the regenerative braking;
70. The fuel cell engine works on nearly all of the driving time expect for the over high SOC battery pack and small driving power requirement at the first cold starting.
72. HYBRID MILEAGE TIPS<br />Drive slower - The aerodynamic drag on the car increases dramatically the faster you drive. For example, the drag force at 70 mph (113 kph) is about double that at 50 mph (81 kph). So, keeping your speed down can increase your mileage significantly. <br />Maintain a constant speed - Each time you speed up the car you use energy, some of which is wasted when you slow the car down again.
73. CONCLUSIONS<br />Using the concept of Hybridization of cars results in better efficiency and also saves a lot of fuel in today’s fuel deficit world.<br />A hybrid gives a solution to all the problems to some extent. <br />If proper research and development is done in this field, hybrid vehicle promises a practical, efficient, low pollution vehicle for the coming era. <br />One can surely conclude that this concept and the similar ones to follow with even better efficiency & conservation rate are very much on the anvil in today’s energy deficit world
The electric car is basically a machine that operates on Electric Car battery. Instead of the conventional gasoline engine, you have components powered by electrical energy. The car moves by the power supplied by this electric energy.
The single most important component in the electric car is the battery. It provides the motive force aside the powering of electrical components like the wiper, headlamps and horn.
We take a look at the battery system of the electric car which looks and works in a much different way from that of conventional vehicles.
This is a presentation given during our studies at the Moore School of Business of the University of South Carolina on hydrogen fuel cell technologies.
A hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is a vehicle that uses Hydrogen as a source of fuel. Hydrogen vehicles include hydrogen-fueled space rockets, as well as automobiles and other transportation vehicles. The power plants of such vehicles convert the chemical energy of hydrogen to mechanical energy either by burning hydrogen in an internal combustion engine, or, more commonly, by reacting hydrogen with oxygen in a fuel cell to run electric motors. Widespread use of hydrogen for fueling transportation is a key element of a proposed hydrogen economy.
Overview of Energy storage Technologies, Why we need to use Energy storage system, Case studies , The future of Energy storage systems and Development of Energy Storage systems, Brief discription of each system mentioning its advantages and disadvantages.
Dual purpose cooling plate for thermal management of li ion batteries of elec...Abdul Haq Mohammed
A dual-purpose cooling plate for large prismatic Li-ion batteries (LIBs) for applications in aircraft, submarine, stationary storage, and vehicles is proposed. This cooling plate can maintain the temperature of the battery within the manufacturers’ recommended temperatures during the battery normal operation to increase the life of the battery, and can effectively dissipate the generated heat during thermal runaway to prevent propagation of thermal runaway from one cell to the adjacent cells in a large battery pack. The proposed cooling plate is made of aluminum 6063 and works on the principle of the liquid cooling method with 60% ethylene glycol in water as the coolant. The design of the cooling plate involves an array of pins which act as heat sinks, arranged to disperse the coolant over the surface of the plate. The cooling plate is designed and optimized for heat generation trends in aggressive conditions of discharging at 5C for the normal operation, and thermal runaway of the fully charged battery. In this study, two designs of cooling plates are modeled and compared, and the final design is optimized and demonstrated. The results show that the selected cooling plate maintains the LIB surface temperature about 24°C with input coolant at 20°C and with coolant flow rate of 0.2 L/min during the normal operation; and controls the temperature of the LIB during thermal runaway to less than 85°C in 30 seconds with input coolant at 20°C and with coolant flow rate of 20 L/min. The maximum pressure drop of coolant is 74.8 Pa for the normal operation mode and 24.9 kPa for the thermal runaway operation mode of the cooling plate.
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are zero emission and run on compressed hydrogen fed into a fuel cell "stack" that produces electricity to power the vehicle. A fuel cell can be used in combination with an electric motor to drive a vehicle – quietly, powerfully and cleanly.
This presentation gives us clear idea on Electric vehicles. Need of EV in building a new methods in transportation world to reduce carbon emissions. Need of batteries into the cars.
This report discusses new advances in technologies like regenerative breaking, mass production that reduces cost, battery management system, and higher battery life and battery efficiency are the few of the techies that made electric cars a within the reach of the common man.
this is the report on Hydrogen Fuel cell. which is the future of vehicles & probably future of electric vehicles.
Hydrogen Fuel cell is the one part or type of fuel cell.
here is the working, advantages, disadvantages of fuel cell vehicles.
as well as there are list of popular fuel cell vehicles recently launched.
23-03-2020
a brief intro to the technology and working of hydrogen fuel cells.It also discusses the types of fuel cells available in the market and the economy of hydrogen fuel cells.It concludes by giving suitable examples of fuel cell vehicles and a short video animation to properly understand the topic
HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE
2. introduction
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) augments an electric vehicle (EV) with a second source of power referred to as the alternative power unit (APU).
65. <ul><li>Fuel cell output power oriented control strategy based on FCE loading and unloading equations
66. similar to the fuel cell output power oriented control strategy as just mentioned above, but there has some new control characteristics as follows:
67. If cSOC > cSOC.t, the battery regulation power is zero and the battery actual output power is the power difference between Pd and Pf;
68. If cSOC≤ cSOC.t, the battery regulation charging power is considered and the target fuel cell power is the sum of driving power and charging power;
69. When the vehicle is braking, the fuel cell works at the minimum power and charges the battery pack with the regenerative braking;
70. The fuel cell engine works on nearly all of the driving time expect for the over high SOC battery pack and small driving power requirement at the first cold starting.
72. HYBRID MILEAGE TIPS<br />Drive slower - The aerodynamic drag on the car increases dramatically the faster you drive. For example, the drag force at 70 mph (113 kph) is about double that at 50 mph (81 kph). So, keeping your speed down can increase your mileage significantly. <br />Maintain a constant speed - Each time you speed up the car you use energy, some of which is wasted when you slow the car down again.
73. CONCLUSIONS<br />Using the concept of Hybridization of cars results in better efficiency and also saves a lot of fuel in today’s fuel deficit world.<br />A hybrid gives a solution to all the problems to some extent. <br />If proper research and development is done in this field, hybrid vehicle promises a practical, efficient, low pollution vehicle for the coming era. <br />One can surely conclude that this concept and the similar ones to follow with even better efficiency & conservation rate are very much on the anvil in today’s energy deficit world
The electric car is basically a machine that operates on Electric Car battery. Instead of the conventional gasoline engine, you have components powered by electrical energy. The car moves by the power supplied by this electric energy.
The single most important component in the electric car is the battery. It provides the motive force aside the powering of electrical components like the wiper, headlamps and horn.
We take a look at the battery system of the electric car which looks and works in a much different way from that of conventional vehicles.
Turbine Inlet Air Cooling (TIAC) - Case Studies - Economics - Performance - C...Salman Haider
Efficiency Enhancement of a Gas Turbine in Hot climate conditions. Design strategies and technology varieties. Detailed Case Studies of TIAC equipped power plants, economic and performance analysis. Study of Climate effect on GT Performance in three different locations.
In hot climates such as the Gulf Cooperating Council (GCC) region, the cooling systems demand represents approximately 50% and up to 70% of total and peak electricity consumptions, respectively. In Iraq cooling shares about 75% of the electricity consumption.
A review of thermoelectric generators for waste heat recovery in marine appli...ManabSaha6
Power and energy demands are increasing for current and future marine vessels (including commercial and naval ships), while the maritime industry is facing challenges associated with rising fuel costs and tightening emission legislation. To mitigate the challenges, the installed power generation unit (i.e., engine) will likely need to be complemented by a mix of energy-efficient plant, waste-energy recovery technologies, smart-power system configuration, and energy-storage technologies.
In our recently published review article in Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments (SETA) journal, we have provided insights (including concepts, applications and technological advancements) into Thermoelectric Generators (TEG) as waste heat recovery (WHR) technology applicable to maritime platforms and to address the challenges faced by current and future marine vehicles.
This paper has covered more recent advances in TEG application to marine platforms and has demonstrated the potential of TEG-based technology on maritime platforms’ capability enhancement and guides future research.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
1. Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal
Issues and Thermal Management
Techniques
John P. Rugh, NREL
Ahmad Pesaran, NREL
Kandler Smith, NREL
NREL/PR-5400-52818
Presented at the
SAE 2011 Alternative Refrigerant and System Efficiency Symposium
September 27-29, 2011
Scottsdale, Arizona USA
2. 2
Outline
• Introduction
• Importance of battery temperature
• Review of electric drive vehicle (EDV) battery
thermal management options
• Techniques to improve battery life
– Standby thermal management
– Preconditioning
• Tradeoff with thermal comfort
• Summary
3. 3
Battery is The Critical Technology for EDVs
Enables hybridization and electrification
Provides power to motor for acceleration
Provides energy for electric range and other auxiliaries
Helps downsizing or eliminating the engine
Enables regenerative braking
× Adds cost, weight, and volume
× Could decrease reliability and durability
× Decreased performance with aging
× Raises safety concerns
3
Lithium-ion battery cells, module, and battery pack for
the Mitsubishi iMiEV (Courtesy of Mitsubishi)
4. 4
As The Size of The Engine Is Reduced, The
Battery Size Increases
Size of Electric Motor (and associated energy storage system)
Size
of
Fueled
Engine
Conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles
Electric vehicles (EVs) (battery or fuel cell)
Micro hybrids (start/stop)
Mild hybrids (start/stop + kinetic energy recovery)
Full hybrids (medium hybrid capabilities +
electric launch)
Plug-in hybrids (full hybrid capabilities +
electric range)
Medium hybrids (mild hybrid + engine assist )
Axes not to scale
5. 5
Battery Requirements for Different EDVs
Vehicle Power (kW) Energy (kW/h) Cycles
Micro and Mild
Hybrid Electric
Vehicles (HEVs)
Very high power Low energy Many (400K) shallow
charge/discharge cycles
(±5% change)
Medium and
Full HEVs
High power Moderate energy Many (300K) shallow
charge/discharge cycles
(±10% change)
Plug-in HEVs
(PHEVs)
High power High energy Many (200K) shallow
charge/discharge cycles
(±5% change)
Many (3-5K)deep discharge
cycles (50% change)
Battery EVs Moderate
power
Very high energy Many (3-5K) deep
discharges (70% change)
Calendar life of 10+ years Safety: the same as ICE vehicles
6. 6
Lithium ion technology comes close to meeting most of the required technical and
cost targets in the next 10 years.
Energy and Power by Battery Type
www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/facts/2010_fotw609.html
7. 7
Battery Cycle Life Depends on State-of-Charge Swing
4,000
50%
70%
• PHEV battery likely to deep-cycle each day driven: 15 yrs equates to 4,000–5,000 deep cycles
Source: Christian Rosenkranz (Johnson Controls) at EVS 20, Long Beach, CA, November 15-19, 2003
Potential
Potential
Potential
Potential
8. 8
Outline
• Introduction
• Importance of battery temperature
• Review of EDV battery thermal management
options
• Techniques to improve battery life
– Standby thermal management
– Preconditioning
• Tradeoff with thermal comfort
• Summary
9. 9
Phoenix
44oC max, 24oC avg
0oC
Houston
39oC max, 20oC avg
Minneapolis
37oC max, 8oC avg
10oC
20oC
30oC
Impact of Geography and Temperature on
Battery Life
Li-ion technology
must be sized
with significant
excess power to
last 15 years in
hot climates
10. 10
Li-Ion Battery Resistance Increases with
Decreasing Temperature
• Power decreases
with decrease in
temperature
• Impacts power
capability of
motor and
vehicle
acceleration
11. 11
• Useful energy from
the battery
decreases with
decrease in
temperature
• Impacts driving
range and
performance of
vehicle
Li-Ion Battery Capacity Decreases with
Decreasing Temperature
12. 12
Battery Temperature is Important
Temperature affects battery:
Operation of the electrochemical system
Round trip efficiency
Charge acceptance
Power and energy availability
Safety and reliability
Life and life-cycle cost
Battery temperature affects vehicle
performance, reliability, safety, and
life-cycle cost
http://autogreenmag.com/tag/chevroletvolt/page/2/
13. 13
Temperature Impacts Battery Sizing &
Life and Thus Cost
Power
Limits
15°C 35°C
discharge
charge
Rated
Power
T
Degradation
Sluggish
Electrochemistry
Power
Limits
15°C 35°C
discharge
charge
Rated
Power
T
Degradation
Sluggish
Electrochemistry
Dictates power capability
Also limits the electric driving
range
Power and energy fade
rates determine the
original battery size
Power limited to
minimize T increase
and degradation
Kandler Smith, NREL Milestone Report, 2008
Desired
Operating
Temperature
14. 14
Battery High-Temperature Summary
• Primary considerations
– Life
– Safety
– Non-uniform aging due to thermal gradients
• Cooling typically required
– In hot environments (could be 24 hr)
– During moderate to large current demands during
drive
– During fast charging
Photo Credit: John Rugh, NREL
15. 15
Battery Low-Temperature Summary
• Primary considerations
– Performance
– Damage due to charging too fast
• Heating typically required
– In cold environments during charging and
discharging
Photo Credit: Mike Simpson, NREL
16. 16
Outline
• Introduction
• Importance of battery temperature
• Review of EDV battery thermal management
options
• Techniques to improve battery life
– Standby thermal management
– Preconditioning
• Tradeoff with thermal comfort
• Summary
17. 17
• Regulate pack to operate in the desired temperature
range for optimum performance/life
15o
C – 35o
C
• Reduce uneven temperature distribution
Less than 3o
C – 4o
C
• Eliminate potential hazards related to uncontrolled
temperatures – thermal runaway
Battery Pack Thermal Management Is Needed
18. 18
Battery Thermal Management System Requirements
• Compact
• Lightweight
• Easily packaged
• Reliable
• Serviceable
• Low-cost
• Low parasitic power
• Optimum temperature
range
• Small temperature
variation
http://www.toyota.com/esq/articles/2010/Lithium_Ion_Battery.html
19. 19
Battery Pack
Outside Air
Exhaust
Fan
Battery Pack
Cabin Air
Exhaust
Fan
Outside Air
Return
Vehicle
heater and
evaporator
cores
Battery Pack Exhaust
Fan
Outside Air
Return
Auxiliary or vehicle
heater and evaporator
cores
Outside Air Ventilation
Cabin Air Ventilation
Heating/cooling of Air to Battery – Outside or Cabin Air
Prius & Insight
Thermal Control Using Air
i-MiEV (fast charge)
20. 20
Battery Heating and Cooling Using Air
Pro Con
All waste heat eventually has to go to
air
Low heat transport capacity
Separate cooling loop not required More temperature variation in pack
Low mass of air and distribution system Connected to cabin temperature control
No leakage concern Potential of venting battery gas into
cabin
No electrical short due to fluid concern High blower power
Simple design Blower noise
Lower cost
Easier maintenance
21. 21
Thermal Control Using Liquid
Liquid
Pump
Liquid/air heat
exchanger
Fan
Outside Air Exhaust
Battery Pack
Pump
Liquid/air heat
exchanger
Fan
Outside air Exhaust
Battery Pack
Liquid direct -contact or jacketed
Refrigerant
Liquid
Pump
Liquid/liquid heat
exchanger or electric
heater
Pump
Vehicle engine
coolant Return
Battery Pack
A/C heat
exchanger
Liquid direct-contact or jacketed
Ambient
cooling
Active dedicated
cooling/heating Volt, Tesla
22. 22
Battery Heating and Cooling Using Liquid
Pro Con
Pack temperature is more uniform -
thermally stable
Additional components
Good heat transport capacity Weight
Better thermal control Liquid conductivity – electrical isolation
Lower pumping power Leakage potential
Lower volume, compact design Higher maintenance
Higher viscosity at cold temperatures
Higher cost
23. 23
Outline
• Introduction
• Importance of battery temperature
• Review of EDV battery thermal management
options
• Techniques to improve battery life
– Standby thermal management
– Preconditioning
• Tradeoff with thermal comfort
• Summary
24. 24
Standby Thermal Cooling in Hot Climates
• Battery life can greatly benefit from cooling the battery during standby,
i.e., while vehicle is plugged in to the grid
• Slower battery degradation rate enables smaller, lower cost battery
• NREL study investigated
– Insulation
– Insulation and air cooling
– Insulation and small vapor compression system (VC)
– Insulation, small VC system, and phase change material (PCM)
25. 25
Phoenix Houston Minneapolis Phoenix Houston Minneapolis
Saft HP-12LC Cell
(Belt/INL, ECS Mtg. 2008)
• low fade rate, high cost
DOE/TLVT Cell
(Christopersen/INL, Battaglia/LBL, 2007 Merit Review)
• moderate fade rate, lower cost
5%-10% less power
fade with Ins. + VC
9%-22% less power
fade with Ins. + VC
Lower cost cell preferred,
provided it can meet life.
Next slide compares Δcosts of
DOE/TLVT battery sized for 15
years in Phoenix, w/ and w/o
insulation + VC system.
Battery Life for Various Standby Systems
can differ widely depending on cell chemistry, materials, and manufacturer
26. 26
Savings from Downsized Battery Expected to
Significantly Outweigh Cost of Added Components
DOE/TLVT cell
sized for 15 years;
in Phoenix, AZ,
charged nightly
($360) ($320) ($250)
PHEV10
ΔkWh
ΔkW
VC
Fan
Insulation
ΔkWh
ΔkW
VC
Fan
Insulation
ΔkWh
ΔkW
VC
Fan
Insulation
PHEV20 PHEV40
Total
Savings
($)
Total savings assuming components
represent additional cost
PHEV10 PHEV20 PHEV40
27. 27
Standby Thermal Management – Passive
Techniques to Reduce Battery Temperatures
• Installed metalized solar reflective film on the glazings
of a Toyota Prius in Phoenix
• Cabin air temperature reduced ~6o
C
• Before: Battery daily max temp 1.5o
C above ambient
• After: Battery daily max temp 2o
C below ambient
Photo Credit: John Rugh, NREL
28. 28
Thermal Preconditioning
Issues:
• For conventional vehicle and HEV platforms, A/C use leads
to increased fuel consumption
• For PHEV and EV platforms, climate control energy is
supplied by the traction battery
Charge depletion (CD) range reduction
• Batteries degrade rapidly at high temperatures and benefit
from active cooling
• Batteries suffer from reduced power and energy at cold
temperatures; their performance can be improved by
preheating
Battery wear and life impacts
Potential Solution:
• Use grid power to thermally precondition cabin and battery
• Save valuable onboard stored energy for propulsion
29. 29
Preconditioning, Driving & Charging Patterns
Affect Battery Temperature and Duty-Cycle
24-hour profiles created to estimate impact of preconditioning on battery life
6 am 10 am 3 pm 8 pm 1 am 6 am
Rest
20 minute preconditioning
8:00 am: 26.6 km trip
Rest
20 minute preconditioning
5:00 pm: 26.6 km trip
10:00 pm: Charge at 6.6 kW
Rest
6 am 10 am 3 pm 8 pm 1 am 6 am
PHEV40s, hwy cycle, 95°F (35°C) ambient.
Battery heat generation rates and SOC extracted from PSAT vehicle simulations of charge-depleting and charge-sustaining operation.
30. 30
Thermal Preconditioning can Regain CD Range
as well as Improve Thermal Comfort
*Compared to no thermal preconditioning
EDV Platform
(Climate
Control)
Fuel
Consumption
Impact*
CD Range
Impact*
PHEV15 (heat) -1.4% +19.2%
PHEV15 (AC) -0.6% +5.2%
PHEV40 (heat) -2.7% +5.7%
PHEV40 (AC) -1.5% +4.3%
EV (heat) NA +3.9%
EV (AC) NA +1.7%
31. 31
Thermal Preconditioning Can Also Improve
Battery Life
• Battery capacity loss over time is driven by ambient temperature
• Thermal preconditioning has a small benefit in reducing battery
capacity loss (2%–7%), primarily by reducing pack temperature
(2%–6%) in the high ambient temperature (35o
C/95o
F) scenario
EDV Platform
(Climate Control)
Capacity Loss
Reduction*
PHEV15(A/C) +2.1%
PHEV40 (A/C) +4.1%
EV (A/C) +7.1%
*Compared to no thermal preconditioning
32. 32
Thermal Preconditioning Considerations
• Timing
– avoid cooling or heating too early
– does the heating/cooling coincide with peak
demand on the grid?
• Can the charge circuit provide power for
simultaneous heating/cooling and charging?
• When not plugged in, is it worth using onboard
stored energy for preconditioning?
– Trade stored energy (range) for battery life
33. 33
Systems Approach - Options for Improving
Electric Range with Climate Control
• Incorporate thermal preconditioning strategies
• Reduced heat transfer into/out of the cabin
• Use efficient HVAC equipment
• Reduce cooling capacity or heat load
– Zonal climate control
– Focus on occupant comfort
• HVAC controls
– Eco mode (temporarily minimize energy use)
– Eliminate inefficient HVAC control practices
34. 34
Outline
• Introduction
• Importance of battery temperature
• Review of EDV battery thermal management
options
• Techniques to improve battery life
– Standby thermal management
– Preconditioning
• Tradeoff with thermal comfort
• Summary
35. 35
Tradeoff of Battery Cooling with Thermal
Comfort
• NREL Integrated Vehicle
Thermal Management task
• KULI thermal model
– A/C and cabin
– Battery cooling loop
– Motor and power electronics
cooling loop
• Nissan Leaf size EV
• Environment
– 35 o
C
– 40% RH
• 0% recirc
• US06 drive cycle
• Cooldown simulation from a
hot soak
Source: David Howell, DOE Vehicle Technologies Annual Merit Review
36. 36
After 10 Minutes, the Battery Cools to Control
Setpoint While the Cabin is Still Warm
Cabin Air
Battery Cells
37. 37
Initially Less Than 50% of the A/C System
Capacity is Going to the Cabin
Evaporator
Chiller
38. 38
Outline
• Introduction
• Importance of battery temperature
• Review of EDV battery thermal management
options
• Techniques to improve battery life
– Standby thermal management
– Preconditioning
• Tradeoff with thermal comfort
• Summary
39. 39
Summary
• Temperature impacts the life, performance, and cost of
batteries in HEVs, PHEVs, and EVs
• Battery life and performance are extremely sensitive to
temperature exposure
• Thermal management is a must for batteries
• Thermal control of PHEVs and EVs (when parked or
driving) could be a cost-effective method to reduce
over-sizing of battery for the beginning of life
• Future trends
– Some variation of today’s Li-ion chemistries
– Same sized packs – larger range
– Improved cell designs to solve life issues
40. 40
Special thanks to:
David Anderson
David Howell
Susan Rogers
Lee Slezak
U.S. Department of Energy
Vehicle Technologies Program
For more information:
John P. Rugh
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
john.rugh@nrel.gov
303-275-4413
Acknowledgments, Contacts, and Team Members
NREL:
Robb Barnitt
Laurie Ramroth