Al2ed chapter18
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The document provides an overview of floating-point operations and the floating-point unit (FPU) in 3 paragraphs or less. It describes the main components of the FPU which includes data registers, control and status registers, and a tag register. It then summarizes the main floating-point instructions for data movement, addition/subtraction, multiplication/division, comparison, and miscellaneous functions. Example instructions are provided for each category.
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The document discusses various addressing modes supported by Pentium processors including register, immediate, and memory addressing modes. It describes simple addressing modes like register and immediate, as well as different memory addressing modes like direct, indirect, based, indexed, and based-indexed addressing. Examples of using arrays and different addressing modes for operations like insertion sort and finding sums are also provided. Performance tests show benefits of supporting flexible addressing modes over just indirect addressing and benefits of using scale factors.
Al2ed chapter5
The document discusses stacks and procedures in assembly language programming. It covers stack implementation using registers and instructions, parameter passing methods using registers or stack, and establishing stack frames using ENTER and LEAVE instructions. Procedures can be called using CALL and control returned using RET. The stack is used for temporary data storage, parameter passing, and storing return addresses for procedures.
Al2ed chapter4
The document provides an overview of assembly language concepts including:
1) Assembly language statements are divided into three classes: instructions, directives, and macros. Instructions perform operations, directives provide information to the assembler, and macros act as shorthand for groups of statements.
2) Data is allocated using directives like DB, DW, DD, etc. that reserve storage space and can initialize values. Indirect addressing allows accessing data structures like arrays using registers and loops.
3) Operands for instructions can be in registers, specified directly in the instruction (immediate mode), or located in memory using various addressing modes like direct and indirect.
Al2ed chapter3
The document summarizes the history and architecture of Intel Pentium processors. It discusses the evolution from early 4-bit and 8-bit processors to later 32-bit processors including Pentium, Pentium Pro, and Pentium II. It describes the Pentium architecture including registers, protected mode with segmentation and paging for address translation, and real mode with segmented memory. Protected mode supports 32-bit addressing while real mode uses 16-bit segments. Mixed mode operation allows combining 16-bit and 32-bit code.
Al2ed chapter2
The document summarizes basic components of a computer system including the processor, memory, and I/O. It describes how the processor executes instructions in a fetch-decode-execute cycle and discusses different architectures for the number of addresses in instructions from 3-address to 0-address machines. It also covers memory organization, input/output, and other fundamental concepts.
Al2ed chapter1
The document discusses assembly language and its relationship to machine language and high-level languages. Assembly language provides a level of abstraction above machine language by using mnemonics for instructions. While high-level languages are easier to program in, assembly language allows for greater time and space efficiency and accessibility to hardware. Typical applications that use assembly language are those requiring efficiency, real-time constraints, or direct hardware access. Learning assembly language provides insight into computer organization and can improve performance for critical code sections.
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