The document discusses various aircraft characteristics that influence airport planning and design. It describes characteristics such as engine type, aircraft size, weight, speed, noise levels, vortices, jet blast, and fuel spillage. It explains how each characteristic affects minimum runway length, taxiway design, terminal size, noise mitigation needs, and other airport facilities.

1. Airport Planning
L28: Aircraft Characteristics
Dr. Rajat Rastogi, Associate Professor

2. Lecture Outline
• Aircraft characteristics
• Influence of aircraft characteristics
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3. Aircraft Characteristics
• Engine Type and
Propulsion
• Size of aircraft
• Aircraft weight and
wheel configuration
• Minimum Turning
Radius
• Speed
• Minimum Circling
Radius
• Capacity
• Noise
• Vortices at tail ends
• Jet Blast
• Fuel Spillage
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4. Engine Type and Propulsion
• Propulsion Type –
• Piston engine, Jet engine (Turbo jet, Turbo propulsion or
Ram jet) or Rocket engine
• Speeds: 500 km/hr, 800 km/hr, 1280 – 2400
km/hr, 4600 km/hr respectively
• Altitudes low, low to middle and high altitudes
• Ram jet is used in missiles and rocket engine is
used for outside atmospheric operations7/18/2016 11:45 AM
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5. Engine Type and Propulsion
• Specific Fuel Consumption – Fuel required to
create thrust of 1 lb
• Factors influencing:
• Weight of aircraft
• Altitude
• Speed
• Engine’s Bypass Ratio ????
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6. Size of Aircraft
• Basic parameters -
• Fuselage length (from nose to tail),
• Gear tread (distance between main gears),
• Height (at tail),
• Tail width,
• Wheel base (distance between nose gear
and main gear) and
• Wing span (near main gear)
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7. Size of Aircraft
Tail width
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8. Aircraft Weight
• Operating Empty weight (OEW) - a
• Pay-load (PL) - b
• Zero-Fuel weight (ZFW) – c = a+b
• Maximum Structural Pay-load = (ZFW – OEW)>b
• Maximum Ramp Weight (MRW): Apron to
Runway end
• Trip Fuel Weight (TFW)
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9. Aircraft Weight
• Maximum Gross Take-off weight (MGTOW) - d
• Maximum Structural Take-off weight (MSTOW):
at sea level, Temp. 15oC, Standard Design
Wheel weight
• Maximum Structural landing weight (MSLW): e
Weight for which landing gear is designed
• Landing weight  MSLW
• Tae-off weight  MSTOW
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10. Aircraft Weight
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d
a (66-44%) b
24 – 16%
TFW
6 – 40%
Fuel Reserve (4-6%)
c
MRWe

11. Aircraft Wheel Configuration
• Aircraft weight and wheel configuration
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12. Minimum Turning Radius
• Angle of Rotation – Angle made by nose gear with
the axis of main gear while turning
• The maximum angle of rotation is around 50 – 60o
• Point of Rotation - The point of intersection of
axis of main gear and line through axis of steered
nose gear
• The line joining the centre of rotation and the tip
of farthest wing of the aircraft is known as the
minimum turning radius
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13. Minimum Turning Radius
• Minimum Turning
Radius
• R = WB*Tan(90 - )
+ t/2
• WB = Wheel Base
•  = Steering angle
• t = Wheel track
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14. Minimum Circling Radius
• This is the radius in space required for the
aircraft to take a smooth turn. It depends
upon
• Type of aircraft
• Air traffic volume
• Weather condition
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15. Speed of Aircraft
• Air Speed
• Speed of aircraft relative to the medium
(i.e. air), depending upon air density
• Indicated speed – indicated by the
instrument on board
• This is around 2 percent lower than the true
speed at each 330 m (1000ft) above sea level
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16. Aircraft Speed
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17. Aircraft Speed
• Ground Speed
• Speed of aircraft relative to the ground
• Air speed = Ground speed (+/-) wind velocity
• Mach 1 ~ equivalent to speed of sound
• Speed of sound = 33.4 T0.5 miles per hr
• T = Temperature in degree Rankine
• 1 knot = 1 naum/h (1 nautm = 6080ft = 1.15
land mile)
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18. Aircraft Speed
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19. Aircraft Speed - Performance
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• Do-Not Exceed speed (Vne)
• Design Maneuvering Speed (Va)
• Lift-off Speed (Vlo)
• Rotate Speed (Vr)
• Decision Speed (Vl)
• Stall Speed (Vso)
• Reference Landing Approach Speed (Vref)
• Vref = 1.3 * Vso

20. Aircraft Capacity
• Defined as the number of passengers and
amount of cargo it can handle
• Dependent up on
• Size and design of an aircraft
• Propulsive power of aircraft
• Speed of aircraft
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21. Aircraft Noise
• This is a big problem in the areas where
airports are quite near to the developed areas.
• Major sources of noise are
• Engine
• Machinery (prominent during landing)
• Primary jet (prominent during take-off)
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22. Aircraft Noise
• Disturbances are much more sever during
take-off than during landing
• Since the inception of the jet engines, the
noise has reduced due to technological
advancement
• Aircraft noise is less damaging than road
traffic noise ????
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23. Vortices at Tail Ends
• Vortices are made up of two counter rotating
cylindrical masses extending along the flight
path
• These are formed near the tail ends of the
wings or tail end of the aircraft
• The velocity of wind in these vortices may be
very high
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24. Vortices at Tail Ends
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25. Aircraft Jet Blast
• This is the blast that comes out of the jet
engine at the rear of the aircraft to provide it
force for movement
• Its severity depends up on
• Height of the tail pipe from the round
• Angle of the tail pipe
• Blast fences need to be erected to control
damage
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26. Fuel Spillage
• Spilling of fuel occurs when the engine is shut
down or is losing speed
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27. Influencing Aircraft
Characteristics
• Engine Type and
Propulsion
• Size of aircraft
• Aircraft weight and
wheel configuration
• Minimum Turning
Radius
• Speed
• Minimum Circling
Radius
• Capacity
• Noise
• Vortices at tail ends
• Jet Blast
• Fuel Spillage
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28. Engine Type and Propulsion
• Size of aircraft
• Speed of aircraft
• Length of runway
• Weight
• Carrying capacity
• Noise nuisance
• Circling radius
• Range
• Maintenance
facilities
• Blast pads, etc.
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29. Size of an Aircraft
• Load carrying capacity
• Facilities like size of apron, terminal area, etc
• Wing span – taxiway width, separation
between traffic lanes, size of gate, apron size,
width of hanger gate
• Length – widening of taxiway on curves, size of
apron, hangers, aircraft capacity, width of exit
taxiway
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30. Size of an Aircraft
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Chūbu Centrair International Airport
Asheville Regional Airport

31. Size of an Aircraft
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32. Size of an Aircraft
• Height – height of hanger gate, etc.
• Tail width – size of parking and apron
• Wheel base – minimum radius of
taxiway
• Gear tread – minimum turning radius
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33. Aircraft weight and wheel
configuration
• Thickness of runway, taxiway, apron
• Distribution of load through wheels
• 5% on nose gear and rest on landing gears
• Generation of revenue
• Turning
• Stability
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34. Minimum Turning Radius
• Radius of taxiways
• Position in the landing aprons and hangers
• Path of nose and main gears
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35. Minimum Circling Radius
• Separation of two nearby airports
• Adjustment of timings of landing and take-off
aircrafts
• Airport capacity
• Zoning laws relating to height of an
obstruction (in turning zone area)
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36. Aircraft Speed
• Reduced journey times
• Increase in frequency of operations
• Broadening of air network
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37. Capacity and Range
• Facilities like processing terminals
• Passenger and baggage handling
• Cargo processing
• Need of equipments
• Size of apron
• Range proportional to Payload
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38. Noise
• Sleep disturbances, startle
• Annoyance
• Health risks, deafness, heart attack, etc
• Loss of Concentration, attentiveness
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39. Vortices at Tail Ends
• Hazardous to the following aircraft due to tail
vortices and wing vortices
• Tangential velocities ~ weight of aircraft and
inversely proportional to speed
• More intense when near the airport
• Stresses at the joints with fuselage
• Pressure on or under the wings producing lifts
or drags
• Wake-turbulence classification of aircraft7/18/2016 11:45 AM
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40. Jet Blast
• Inconvenience, discomfort or ever injury to
passengers
• Wake velocities and hot exhaust gas may harm
nearby aircraft (if directed towards it)
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41. Fuel Spillage
• Seriously affects the bituminous pavement
• Slip of wheels
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