The document discusses key characteristics of aircraft that are important for airport planning and design, including:
1) Type of propulsion, size, minimum turning/circling radii, speed, capacity, weight, wheel configuration, jet blast, fuel spillage, and noise, which all impact runway length, taxiway design, and more.
2) Common aircraft components like engines (piston, turbojet, turboprop, rocket), propellers, fuselage, wings, and controls (elevator, rudder, aileron, flaps).
3) Factors that determine an airport's layout and capacity such as aircraft sizes, speeds, weights, noise levels, and volumes of air traffic.
Runways are paved surfaces on airports designed for airplane landings and takeoffs. They can be made of materials like asphalt or grass. Runway length requirements vary based on factors like aircraft size, weight, and altitude. At sea level, 10,000 feet is adequate for any aircraft, but longer runways are needed at higher altitudes with less dense air providing less lift. Runway patterns include single runways, parallel runways, intersecting runways, and non-intersecting runways, with capacity depending on factors like wind direction, intersection location, and air traffic control method.
A taxiway connects runways, aprons, hangars, and terminals at an airport to allow aircraft to move between facilities. There are geometric design standards for taxiways including length, width, safety area width, gradients, sight distances, and turning radii. The International Civil Aviation Organization provides recommendations for these standards including that taxiway widths be less than runway widths, longitudinal gradients not exceed 1.5% for smaller airports and 3% for larger airports, and sight distances along taxiways allow visibility of 300 meters for smaller airports and 250 meters for larger airports.
This document provides information on geometric design considerations for airport runways, taxiways, and terminals. It discusses factors that influence runway orientation such as wind conditions and aircraft performance. It also describes guidelines for determining basic runway length based on elevation, temperature, and aircraft characteristics. Additional topics covered include runway configuration, geometry standards for length, width, gradients and sight distances, taxiway design standards, and concepts for terminal area layout and space requirements.
This document discusses important considerations for airport planning and design, including aircraft characteristics and airport site selection. Key aircraft characteristics that impact planning are type of propulsion, size, minimum turning and circling radii, speed, weight, and noise levels. Important factors for selecting an airport site include regional plans, ground accessibility, topography free of obstructions, suitable wind conditions, and future development needs. Economic considerations and the availability of utilities from nearby towns are also important factors.
Taxiway design and geometrical design of taxiwayBALAJI ND
A taxiway is a path for aircraft at an airport to connect runways to aprons, hangars and terminals. The document discusses factors that influence taxiway layout, including length, width, sight distance, turning radius and separation clearance. Exit taxiways, fillets, holding aprons and bypass taxiways are also addressed. Taxiways allow aircraft to move at lower speeds between airport facilities compared to takeoff and landing on runways.
The document provides information about the components and design of airport taxiways. It discusses the functions of taxiways as connecting runways, aprons, hangars and terminals. Key factors considered in taxiway layout include avoiding interference with aircraft using runways and providing the shortest route from runways. The document also outlines geometric design standards for taxiways such as recommended widths, gradients and sight distances set by ICAO for different aircraft types. Turning radii are designed so aircraft can negotiate curves without reducing speed significantly.
This document discusses runway orientation and configuration. It notes that runway orientation is typically determined based on prevailing wind direction to maximize wind assistance during takeoffs and landings. Two common methods of wind rose analysis are described to evaluate wind data and determine optimal runway orientation. The document also outlines several basic runway configurations including single, parallel, intersecting and open-V runways. Lighting and signage used for runway guidance are briefly mentioned.
The document discusses runway and taxiway design standards. It covers topics like basic runway length determination, corrections for elevation, temperature, and gradients. It provides geometric design standards for runway length, width, safety areas, gradients, and sight distances. For taxiways, it discusses design considerations like length, width, safety areas, gradients, sight distances, and turning radii. It also covers visual aids like airport markings and lighting for runways, taxiways, and other areas to assist pilots.
Runways are paved surfaces on airports designed for airplane landings and takeoffs. They can be made of materials like asphalt or grass. Runway length requirements vary based on factors like aircraft size, weight, and altitude. At sea level, 10,000 feet is adequate for any aircraft, but longer runways are needed at higher altitudes with less dense air providing less lift. Runway patterns include single runways, parallel runways, intersecting runways, and non-intersecting runways, with capacity depending on factors like wind direction, intersection location, and air traffic control method.
A taxiway connects runways, aprons, hangars, and terminals at an airport to allow aircraft to move between facilities. There are geometric design standards for taxiways including length, width, safety area width, gradients, sight distances, and turning radii. The International Civil Aviation Organization provides recommendations for these standards including that taxiway widths be less than runway widths, longitudinal gradients not exceed 1.5% for smaller airports and 3% for larger airports, and sight distances along taxiways allow visibility of 300 meters for smaller airports and 250 meters for larger airports.
This document provides information on geometric design considerations for airport runways, taxiways, and terminals. It discusses factors that influence runway orientation such as wind conditions and aircraft performance. It also describes guidelines for determining basic runway length based on elevation, temperature, and aircraft characteristics. Additional topics covered include runway configuration, geometry standards for length, width, gradients and sight distances, taxiway design standards, and concepts for terminal area layout and space requirements.
This document discusses important considerations for airport planning and design, including aircraft characteristics and airport site selection. Key aircraft characteristics that impact planning are type of propulsion, size, minimum turning and circling radii, speed, weight, and noise levels. Important factors for selecting an airport site include regional plans, ground accessibility, topography free of obstructions, suitable wind conditions, and future development needs. Economic considerations and the availability of utilities from nearby towns are also important factors.
Taxiway design and geometrical design of taxiwayBALAJI ND
A taxiway is a path for aircraft at an airport to connect runways to aprons, hangars and terminals. The document discusses factors that influence taxiway layout, including length, width, sight distance, turning radius and separation clearance. Exit taxiways, fillets, holding aprons and bypass taxiways are also addressed. Taxiways allow aircraft to move at lower speeds between airport facilities compared to takeoff and landing on runways.
The document provides information about the components and design of airport taxiways. It discusses the functions of taxiways as connecting runways, aprons, hangars and terminals. Key factors considered in taxiway layout include avoiding interference with aircraft using runways and providing the shortest route from runways. The document also outlines geometric design standards for taxiways such as recommended widths, gradients and sight distances set by ICAO for different aircraft types. Turning radii are designed so aircraft can negotiate curves without reducing speed significantly.
This document discusses runway orientation and configuration. It notes that runway orientation is typically determined based on prevailing wind direction to maximize wind assistance during takeoffs and landings. Two common methods of wind rose analysis are described to evaluate wind data and determine optimal runway orientation. The document also outlines several basic runway configurations including single, parallel, intersecting and open-V runways. Lighting and signage used for runway guidance are briefly mentioned.
The document discusses runway and taxiway design standards. It covers topics like basic runway length determination, corrections for elevation, temperature, and gradients. It provides geometric design standards for runway length, width, safety areas, gradients, and sight distances. For taxiways, it discusses design considerations like length, width, safety areas, gradients, sight distances, and turning radii. It also covers visual aids like airport markings and lighting for runways, taxiways, and other areas to assist pilots.
This document provides information on airport engineering and airport layout. It discusses how airport engineers design and construct terminals, runways, and navigation aids. Key components of an airport layout include runways for takeoffs and landings, terminal buildings, aircraft parking aprons, taxiways to move aircraft to/from runways, aircraft stands for parking, hangars for aircraft maintenance, and a control tower for air traffic control. Factors like aircraft characteristics, wind patterns, and future demand must be considered in airport planning and design.
Taxiways provide pathways for aircraft movement between parts of an airfield. They include apron taxiways around aircraft parking areas and exit taxiways connecting runways. Design considerations for taxiways include layout, width, longitudinal and transverse gradients, sight distances, safety areas, and separation clearances. Taxiway geometry is specified by standards bodies like ICAO based on airport class. Proper design ensures safe and efficient aircraft ground movements.
Visual aids like markings and lighting help pilots navigate airports safely during day and night. Markings include colored stripes and patterns on runways, taxiways, and aprons to indicate centerlines, edges, directions, and restricted areas. Runway markings identify numbers, thresholds, and touch down zones. Taxiway markings guide planes to and from runways. Airport lighting uses colored lights to replicate markings for nighttime visibility. Together, these visual aids allow pilots to orient themselves and follow correct paths for takeoff and landing in all weather conditions.
Runways are paved surfaces built for takeoffs and landings of aircraft. Runway orientation is primarily determined by prevailing winds, with additional considerations for airspace, environmental factors, and obstructions. There are four main runway configurations: single, parallel, open-V, and intersecting. Runways are named based on their magnetic heading and are marked with lights and painted lines to guide aircraft. Safety incidents can occur if aircraft exit a runway, overrun its length, use the wrong runway, or land short of the pavement.
The document discusses various factors related to airport planning and design, including aircraft characteristics that influence airport design. It covers topics like types of aircraft propulsion systems; how aircraft size, weight, wheel configuration, turning radius, speed, and other characteristics impact runway length, taxiway width, apron size, and other facilities. Site selection factors for airports like land availability, meteorological conditions, accessibility, and surrounding development are also summarized.
Runways are paved surfaces on airports designed for aircraft landing and takeoff. Runways have markings and lighting to guide pilots. Key markings include runway numbers, centerline, edge lines, and threshold markings. Runway lighting includes edge lights, centerline lights, and approach lighting systems. Factors like surface type, length, width, and wind direction determine which runway is active. Strict procedures are in place in and around runways to prevent incursions and ensure safety.
The document discusses airport obstructions and imaginary surfaces. It defines obstructions as objects that interfere with aircraft movement and lists different types of imaginary surfaces like approach, takeoff, horizontal, and conical surfaces established around airports and runways. These surfaces define the heights and areas where no obstructions are allowed based on factors like runway length and type of landings. The document also discusses zoning laws that govern land use and height of developments near airports to ensure safety of aircraft operations.
1. The document discusses airport layout and design considerations such as runway orientation based on prevailing wind direction, wind rose diagrams, runway length calculations, taxiway design standards, and exit taxiway design.
2. Key factors in runway orientation are headwind, tailwind, and crosswind components. Wind rose diagrams show wind speed and direction distribution.
3. Runway length is calculated based on aircraft needs and environmental factors like elevation, temperature, and gradient. Corrections are made to the basic runway length.
An airport layout consists of key components like runways, taxiways, aprons, terminals, hangars and parking areas. Runways are the main landing and takeoff areas for aircraft. Taxiways connect runways to terminals and other facilities. Aprons are areas where aircraft park for loading/unloading passengers. Terminals house facilities for passengers and cargo. Hangars provide covered storage and maintenance areas for aircraft. Parking areas accommodate vehicles. The layout aims to design these components for safe, efficient and independent aircraft operations during all weather conditions and future expansion needs.
09-Runway Configuration ( Highway and Airport Engineering Dr. Sherif El-Badawy )Hossam Shafiq I
The document discusses various runway configurations including single, parallel, staggered parallel, intersecting, and open-V runways. It also describes different types of taxiways like entrance, exit, parallel, bypass, and connecting taxiways that make up the ground movement network at an airport. Flight rules depend on weather conditions, with visual flight rules applied during good visibility and instrument flight rules in low visibility conditions.
10-Runway Design ( Highway and Airport Engineering Dr. Sherif El-Badawy )Hossam Shafiq I
The document discusses various aspects of runway design including:
1. The components that make up a runway system such as the structural pavement, shoulders, blast pad, runway safety area, object free zone, and obstacle free zone.
2. Factors considered for runway length such as elevation, temperature, and gradient that require corrections to the basic runway length.
3. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate the corrected runway length based on elevation, temperature, and gradient at the airport site.
Airport capacity and airport marking
This ppt was made by a pre final year civil engineering student for the presentation of seminar in his personal class.
you can refer it only for education purpose.
Airport engineering involves planning, designing, and constructing airport facilities such as terminals, runways, and navigation aids. Airport engineers must account for aircraft impacts and demands in their designs. They use wind analysis to determine runway orientation and size safety areas to accommodate wingspans. Airports require runways for takeoffs and landings as well as buildings like terminals and hangars. Components include runways, terminals, aprons, taxiways, aircraft stands, and control towers. Runway configurations can be simple, parallel, open-V, or intersecting depending on traffic and wind conditions.
This document provides an overview of airport engineering and related topics covered in Lecture 2, including:
1) Key international organizations that regulate air transport such as ICAO and their roles in standardizing protocols and facilitating international civil aviation.
2) Factors involved in airport site selection such as proximity, accessibility, wind conditions, and environmental considerations.
3) Methods of classifying airports based on runway length and geometric design standards.
4) The importance of properly orienting runways based on prevailing wind patterns to maximize usability, safety, and efficiency as represented by wind rose diagrams.
This document discusses the key elements of an airport, including runways, stopways, clearways, approach zones, land use, taxiways, aprons, terminal areas, and hangars. It provides details on each element, such as defining runways as cement landing strips for takeoffs and landings, stopways as paved areas at the end of runways for aborted takeoffs, and clearways as areas beyond runways for dealing with engine failures. It also discusses approach zone obstructions, appropriate land uses around airports and heliports, the purpose of taxiways and aprons, what makes up a terminal area, and the uses and sizes of hangars.
Visual aids like markings and lighting help pilots navigate airports safely during day and night. Airport markings include runway centerlines, thresholds, edges, numbers and touch down zones to guide landing and taxiing. Markings use standard formats, colors and lighting to enhance visibility. They avoid accidents and allow orderly aircraft flow by conveying critical navigation information to pilots.
This document discusses factors to consider in airport site selection. Key factors include:
- Air traffic potential and adequate access to the site
- Sufficient land for facilities, expansion, and utilities
- Favorable atmospheric, meteorological, and soil conditions
- Availability of land and utilities for future expansion
- Consideration of surrounding development, obstructions, and other airports
This document provides information about airport engineering and components of aircraft. It discusses key aspects of airport layout including runways, terminal buildings, taxiways, and control towers. It also covers aircraft characteristics such as type of propulsion, size, minimum turning radius, speed, and landing/takeoff distances. Different types of aircraft are described along with their engine types. The core components of an airplane like wings, fuselage, propeller, and controls are explained. Finally, it discusses the development of air transportation globally and in India.
The document discusses various aspects of airport planning and design, including:
1. It defines an aerodrome as any location where aircraft operations take place, and notes that airports satisfy additional criteria.
2. Airports are classified by organizations like ICAO based on runway length, width, and load capacity.
3. Aircraft characteristics like engine type, wings, and controls are described. Different types of engines include piston, turbojet, turboprop and rocket engines.
4. Components of an airplane like the fuselage, wings and the three primary flight controls (elevator, rudder, aileron) are explained.
This document summarizes a study about hovercraft design. It discusses the key components of a hovercraft including the lift fan, thrust propellers, momentum curtain, skirt, air box, and rudders. It provides details on hovercraft operation, including how lift and thrust are generated. Calculations are shown for determining the necessary lift forces, power requirements, and thrust forces. The results demonstrated the hovercraft's ability to hover with over 300 pounds of payload. In conclusion, hovercraft require careful design to overcome challenges while allowing for low friction movement over various surfaces.
This document provides information on airport engineering and airport layout. It discusses how airport engineers design and construct terminals, runways, and navigation aids. Key components of an airport layout include runways for takeoffs and landings, terminal buildings, aircraft parking aprons, taxiways to move aircraft to/from runways, aircraft stands for parking, hangars for aircraft maintenance, and a control tower for air traffic control. Factors like aircraft characteristics, wind patterns, and future demand must be considered in airport planning and design.
Taxiways provide pathways for aircraft movement between parts of an airfield. They include apron taxiways around aircraft parking areas and exit taxiways connecting runways. Design considerations for taxiways include layout, width, longitudinal and transverse gradients, sight distances, safety areas, and separation clearances. Taxiway geometry is specified by standards bodies like ICAO based on airport class. Proper design ensures safe and efficient aircraft ground movements.
Visual aids like markings and lighting help pilots navigate airports safely during day and night. Markings include colored stripes and patterns on runways, taxiways, and aprons to indicate centerlines, edges, directions, and restricted areas. Runway markings identify numbers, thresholds, and touch down zones. Taxiway markings guide planes to and from runways. Airport lighting uses colored lights to replicate markings for nighttime visibility. Together, these visual aids allow pilots to orient themselves and follow correct paths for takeoff and landing in all weather conditions.
Runways are paved surfaces built for takeoffs and landings of aircraft. Runway orientation is primarily determined by prevailing winds, with additional considerations for airspace, environmental factors, and obstructions. There are four main runway configurations: single, parallel, open-V, and intersecting. Runways are named based on their magnetic heading and are marked with lights and painted lines to guide aircraft. Safety incidents can occur if aircraft exit a runway, overrun its length, use the wrong runway, or land short of the pavement.
The document discusses various factors related to airport planning and design, including aircraft characteristics that influence airport design. It covers topics like types of aircraft propulsion systems; how aircraft size, weight, wheel configuration, turning radius, speed, and other characteristics impact runway length, taxiway width, apron size, and other facilities. Site selection factors for airports like land availability, meteorological conditions, accessibility, and surrounding development are also summarized.
Runways are paved surfaces on airports designed for aircraft landing and takeoff. Runways have markings and lighting to guide pilots. Key markings include runway numbers, centerline, edge lines, and threshold markings. Runway lighting includes edge lights, centerline lights, and approach lighting systems. Factors like surface type, length, width, and wind direction determine which runway is active. Strict procedures are in place in and around runways to prevent incursions and ensure safety.
The document discusses airport obstructions and imaginary surfaces. It defines obstructions as objects that interfere with aircraft movement and lists different types of imaginary surfaces like approach, takeoff, horizontal, and conical surfaces established around airports and runways. These surfaces define the heights and areas where no obstructions are allowed based on factors like runway length and type of landings. The document also discusses zoning laws that govern land use and height of developments near airports to ensure safety of aircraft operations.
1. The document discusses airport layout and design considerations such as runway orientation based on prevailing wind direction, wind rose diagrams, runway length calculations, taxiway design standards, and exit taxiway design.
2. Key factors in runway orientation are headwind, tailwind, and crosswind components. Wind rose diagrams show wind speed and direction distribution.
3. Runway length is calculated based on aircraft needs and environmental factors like elevation, temperature, and gradient. Corrections are made to the basic runway length.
An airport layout consists of key components like runways, taxiways, aprons, terminals, hangars and parking areas. Runways are the main landing and takeoff areas for aircraft. Taxiways connect runways to terminals and other facilities. Aprons are areas where aircraft park for loading/unloading passengers. Terminals house facilities for passengers and cargo. Hangars provide covered storage and maintenance areas for aircraft. Parking areas accommodate vehicles. The layout aims to design these components for safe, efficient and independent aircraft operations during all weather conditions and future expansion needs.
09-Runway Configuration ( Highway and Airport Engineering Dr. Sherif El-Badawy )Hossam Shafiq I
The document discusses various runway configurations including single, parallel, staggered parallel, intersecting, and open-V runways. It also describes different types of taxiways like entrance, exit, parallel, bypass, and connecting taxiways that make up the ground movement network at an airport. Flight rules depend on weather conditions, with visual flight rules applied during good visibility and instrument flight rules in low visibility conditions.
10-Runway Design ( Highway and Airport Engineering Dr. Sherif El-Badawy )Hossam Shafiq I
The document discusses various aspects of runway design including:
1. The components that make up a runway system such as the structural pavement, shoulders, blast pad, runway safety area, object free zone, and obstacle free zone.
2. Factors considered for runway length such as elevation, temperature, and gradient that require corrections to the basic runway length.
3. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate the corrected runway length based on elevation, temperature, and gradient at the airport site.
Airport capacity and airport marking
This ppt was made by a pre final year civil engineering student for the presentation of seminar in his personal class.
you can refer it only for education purpose.
Airport engineering involves planning, designing, and constructing airport facilities such as terminals, runways, and navigation aids. Airport engineers must account for aircraft impacts and demands in their designs. They use wind analysis to determine runway orientation and size safety areas to accommodate wingspans. Airports require runways for takeoffs and landings as well as buildings like terminals and hangars. Components include runways, terminals, aprons, taxiways, aircraft stands, and control towers. Runway configurations can be simple, parallel, open-V, or intersecting depending on traffic and wind conditions.
This document provides an overview of airport engineering and related topics covered in Lecture 2, including:
1) Key international organizations that regulate air transport such as ICAO and their roles in standardizing protocols and facilitating international civil aviation.
2) Factors involved in airport site selection such as proximity, accessibility, wind conditions, and environmental considerations.
3) Methods of classifying airports based on runway length and geometric design standards.
4) The importance of properly orienting runways based on prevailing wind patterns to maximize usability, safety, and efficiency as represented by wind rose diagrams.
This document discusses the key elements of an airport, including runways, stopways, clearways, approach zones, land use, taxiways, aprons, terminal areas, and hangars. It provides details on each element, such as defining runways as cement landing strips for takeoffs and landings, stopways as paved areas at the end of runways for aborted takeoffs, and clearways as areas beyond runways for dealing with engine failures. It also discusses approach zone obstructions, appropriate land uses around airports and heliports, the purpose of taxiways and aprons, what makes up a terminal area, and the uses and sizes of hangars.
Visual aids like markings and lighting help pilots navigate airports safely during day and night. Airport markings include runway centerlines, thresholds, edges, numbers and touch down zones to guide landing and taxiing. Markings use standard formats, colors and lighting to enhance visibility. They avoid accidents and allow orderly aircraft flow by conveying critical navigation information to pilots.
This document discusses factors to consider in airport site selection. Key factors include:
- Air traffic potential and adequate access to the site
- Sufficient land for facilities, expansion, and utilities
- Favorable atmospheric, meteorological, and soil conditions
- Availability of land and utilities for future expansion
- Consideration of surrounding development, obstructions, and other airports
This document provides information about airport engineering and components of aircraft. It discusses key aspects of airport layout including runways, terminal buildings, taxiways, and control towers. It also covers aircraft characteristics such as type of propulsion, size, minimum turning radius, speed, and landing/takeoff distances. Different types of aircraft are described along with their engine types. The core components of an airplane like wings, fuselage, propeller, and controls are explained. Finally, it discusses the development of air transportation globally and in India.
The document discusses various aspects of airport planning and design, including:
1. It defines an aerodrome as any location where aircraft operations take place, and notes that airports satisfy additional criteria.
2. Airports are classified by organizations like ICAO based on runway length, width, and load capacity.
3. Aircraft characteristics like engine type, wings, and controls are described. Different types of engines include piston, turbojet, turboprop and rocket engines.
4. Components of an airplane like the fuselage, wings and the three primary flight controls (elevator, rudder, aileron) are explained.
This document summarizes a study about hovercraft design. It discusses the key components of a hovercraft including the lift fan, thrust propellers, momentum curtain, skirt, air box, and rudders. It provides details on hovercraft operation, including how lift and thrust are generated. Calculations are shown for determining the necessary lift forces, power requirements, and thrust forces. The results demonstrated the hovercraft's ability to hover with over 300 pounds of payload. In conclusion, hovercraft require careful design to overcome challenges while allowing for low friction movement over various surfaces.
Aerospace technologies the technicalities involvedAaronIdicula1
The document summarizes key concepts in aerospace technologies. It discusses major contributors to the field like the Wright Brothers, Goddard, and others. It then explains basic components of aircraft like wings, engines, and control surfaces. It describes different types of propulsion systems including turboprops, turbojets, and ramjets. It also discusses multi-stage and liquid-fueled rockets. In summary, the document provides an overview of aerospace technologies, contributions to the field, and basic technical components of aircraft and rockets.
Aerial VTOL motorcycle - the common sense approachLiviu Giurca
A lot of teams or producers begin the VTOL development with the goal to build directly multi-passenger aircraft (with at least four passengers). For such far objective they must to spend around one billion dollars as already demonstrated some current programs. This is very risky because the dominant technologies of the future are not yet established and the investment can be lost. So is more rational to develop a small VTOL vehicle of the type of aerial “motorcycle”, for one or two passengers and for which the costs are maybe ten times lower. In this case we came with our own solutions.
Gas Turbine Engines-Shenyang Aerospace UniversityImdadul Haque
The document discusses the development and components of various types of jet engines, including turbojet engines. It describes the key parts of jet engines like the fan, inlet, compressor, combustor, turbine, and nozzle. The compressor increases the air pressure and temperature. The combustor mixes the compressed air with fuel and ignites it. The hot gases then power the turbine before exiting through the nozzle, producing thrust. Early turbojet engines had limitations like low efficiency and slow response times. Allowable turbine temperatures have increased over time with improved materials and blade cooling designs.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Development of a Integrated Air Cushioned Vehicle (Hovercraft)IJMER
1) The document describes the development of an integrated air cushion vehicle (hovercraft) prototype. It details the design of major components like the hull, skirt, air box, engine assembly, and integrated lift and thrust system using one propeller.
2) Calculations are shown for determining the required air volume, pressures, and component sizes based on the hovercraft's weight and dimensions. A suitable impeller is selected to provide the needed airflow and pressure.
3) Fabrication of the prototype from materials like plywood, polystyrene, and aluminum is described. Testing showed the hovercraft could lift and propel itself carrying 75kg at 70mm above the surface at near 20km/hr.
Aerodynamics design of formula sae race car 41372EditorIJAERD
This document describes the aerodynamic design of a Formula SAE race car. It discusses the design of the front and rear wings using computational fluid dynamics to maximize downward force and minimize drag. A three-element wing design is used for the front, and a four-element design for the rear. The nose, diffuser, and underside of the car are also designed to guide airflow and utilize the venturi effect to further increase downward force. Computational analysis and optimization were performed to evaluate different designs. The final aerodynamic package is within Formula SAE rules and aims to improve the car's performance.
This article discusses gas turbine engines used in commercial flights. It begins by explaining the basic principles of how gas turbine engines work by sucking in air, compressing it, adding fuel which is ignited, and blowing out the expanding hot gases. The key technologies discussed include the selection of materials for fan blades and turbine blades, which must operate reliably in extremely hot environments. It focuses on Rolls-Royce engines, including the three-shaft Trent engine design which allows more efficient matching of requirements throughout the engine compared to earlier two-shaft designs. The article emphasizes that modern jet engines rely on advanced engineering and materials to safely and efficiently propel the large aircraft that enable air travel on a massive global scale.
Airport planning and design encompasses constructing terminals, runways, and navigation aids to accommodate passenger and freight air travel. Airport engineers must account for aircraft impacts and demands in their facility designs. They use wind analysis to determine runway orientation and safety areas, and ensure adequate wingtip clearances and safety zones. Proper airport design facilitates smooth aircraft takeoffs and landings while safely accommodating passenger and cargo movement.
This technical paper presentation provides an overview of helicopter aerodynamics. Key topics covered include airfoils, rotary wing platforms, relative wind, angle of attack, total aerodynamic force, and factors that influence lift such as speed, area, angle of attack, and air density. The presentation defines important aerodynamic terms and illustrates concepts like induced flow and how it modifies the relative wind experienced by rotor blades in hover and forward flight.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document provides information about Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), including:
- PIA is the flag carrier of Pakistan with hubs in Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad and operates domestic and international flights.
- PIA was formed in 1955 through the merger of existing airlines and opened the first international service from Karachi to London.
- PIA has achieved several milestones such as being one of the first Asian airlines to induct jet aircraft and the first non-communist airline to fly to China.
The document discusses air breathing jet engines and breaking the sound barrier. It provides details on the components and working of jet engines, including the inlet, compressor, combustion chamber, turbine, and nozzle. It also discusses jet engine performance factors like thrust. The key objectives are to increase jet engine performance/efficiency and study the materials used to withstand high temperatures and pressures. Hypersonic speed above Mach 5 is seen as important for the 6th generation of fighter aircraft using scramjet engines.
Developing a Programme for Engine Design Calculations of a Commercial AirlinerIJMER
This project leads to a path of understanding the necessary fundamental calculations that
need to be done during an engine design of a commercial airliner. These calculations are hand based
calculations that are done based on the parameters of the airframe data provided by the airline
manufacturers. These calculations are a little tedious and require a paper and a pen to carry out the
procedures. This project will enable the following outcomes for the students: providing a fundamental
understanding of the aircraft engine design, more from the grounds up approach and an automated way
(program) of doing the above, enabling faster iterations and making it easy to achieve the required
parameters for designing an engine
The document summarizes different air intake configurations used in aircraft. It discusses the need for air intakes to properly control and condition airflow entering the engines. Various subsonic and supersonic intake designs are described, along with their operation and characteristics. Specific examples like the F-16 and F-14 intakes are analyzed in detail. The key requirements of intake design include providing uniform, high-quality airflow to the engines while minimizing losses and drag.
This document provides an overview of aviation principles. It discusses the history of flight from early concepts like kites to the Wright Brothers' first powered flight. It describes different types of aircraft as well as key flight control surfaces like wings, fins, and elevators. It also examines jet planes in detail, explaining components like the fan, compressor, combustor, turbine, and nozzle. Finally, it covers principles like Bernoulli's principle, different jet engine types, thrust, Mach number, and efficiency.
This document provides details on the design of a 1-seater military aircraft. It discusses the aircraft's specifications including its weight, performance characteristics, and dimensions of the wing. It also summarizes the structural analysis and material selection for the fuselage and wings. Several chapters describe the preliminary and detailed design of the aircraft's wing, fuselage, and tail section. Load distributions and structural components of each section are analyzed.
1) Humans began dreaming of flight by observing birds thousands of years ago and made early attempts with kites, balloons, and airships. Modern aviation began in 1903 with the Wright brothers' successful powered airplane. 2) Modern commercial aircraft come in various shapes and sizes but primarily transport people and cargo worldwide. 3) This paper discusses the design of modern commercial aircraft and their key structural parts that enable more efficient and safe flight than earlier planes, including the fuselage, wings, empennage, power plant, and undercarriage.
This document describes a CFD modeling project of flow over a flat plate. It includes an introduction, literature review, experimental setup, observations, results, and conclusions section. The project involves using FLUENT software to analyze parameters like velocity, pressure, and temperature of cold air flowing over a flat plate. Graphs of velocity and pressure variations obtained from the CFD simulations are presented.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
2. CHARACTERSTICS
Aircraft and airport are dependent on each other in providing a service for the
passenger in conventional air transport system.
In the past, the system evolved largely with separate planning of the airport, the
route structuring and the aircraft technology. With the advancement in
technology, the major factor in the growth of the mode, have been quickly
utilized by the airlines in expanding their route structures.
Advancement in engine and airframe technology have also been found
significant in the reduction of real cost of air travel and at the same time have led
to improvements in system performances
The improvement in speed, range, ticket price, comfort, and reliability led to the
high growth rates.
In addition, the operating costs of the aircraft have continued about 85% of the
operating costs of the entire air transport system, the airports contribute 10%,
and the remaining 5%, goes for navigation charges and overheads of
governmental control
This has resulted in a natural tendency for the airports to accommodate any
changes in aircraft design and performance that could maintain the trend to
lower the aircraft direct operating cost (DOC).
4. Its essential parts are as given below:
I Engine
2 Propeller
3 Fuselage
4 Wings
5 Three controls
6 Flaps
7 Tricycle under-carriage
5. Engine
The main purpose of an aircraft engine is to provide a
force for propelling the aircraft through the air.
Aircraft can be classified according to their propulsion
as follows
(I) Piston engine
(ii) Turbo jet
(iii) Turbo fan or Turbo prop
(iv) Rocket
(I) Piston engine : It is powered by gasoline fed
reciprocating engine and is driven by propeller or
airscrew.
6. (ii) Turbo jet
Here a compressor is rotated with a
motor. As the compressor gains its rated
speed. it sucks in air through the air
intake and compresses it in the
compression chamber. The air is ignited
here by a fuel like kerosine oil. The
expanding gases pass through the fan
like blades of the turbine. The turbine
extracts that much power from the gases
which is sufficient to keep the
compressor rotating. The compessor
rotates at the same speed as the turbine
because the two are fastened solidly to
one shaft. The hot gases, with the
remaining energy escape through the tail
pipe which becomes smaller in diameter
at the exit end. The hot exhaust gases,
having high velocity, give a forward thrust
to the engine. It has been reported that if
exhaust oases come out with a speed of
1600 kph (1000 mph), the forward thrust
may push the plane with the speed of
about 00 kph (500 mph).
7. (ii) Turbo prop
It is similar to the turbo jet engine except that a propeller is provided in it. Main difference is in the design of turbines. The turbine in
turbo prop extracts enough power to drive both the compressor and the propeller. Only a small amount of power is left as a jet
thrust.
(iv) Ram jet:
It is an engine with no moving parts. It must be operated at comparatively high speed if it has to function at all. It cannot operate
statically unless a continuous source of air is flown past the engine. Its principle of working is very simple. Air enters the air intake.
By shaping the tube with a diverging-converging configuration, as shown in the Figure, the air velocity is decreased in combustion
chamber with a consequent increase in the pressure. Fuel flow and combustion are continuous. A spark plug is used for starting
only. The heated air expends and rushes out of the exhaust nozzle at high velocity creating the thrust. The advantages of ram jet
are the simplicity of design and high speeds. But it requires the assistance of other types of power plants to reach the operating
speed and has a very high specific fuel consumption.
(v) Rocket engine
The rocket produces its thrust in the same manner as the ram jet except for one outstanding difference. All the engines described
previously have definite ceilings, depending upon when they run out of oxygen necessary to support the combustion. But for
rocket engines, there is no limit on altitude since oxygen in the atmosphere is not relied ipon for the combustion. The engine
carries its own supply of oxygen placing it in the category of non- atmospheric engines. which had flown faster than the speed of
sound was powered by liquid-fuel rocket engine.
8. Propeller
This is provided in the conventional piston engine aircrafts as well as in turbo prop engines.
When engine and propeller are in front, the machine is described as a tractor types
Sometimes, but not very often, the engine and airscrew are behind the wing and this is known as a pusher
installation.
Fuselage
It forms the main body of the aircraft and provides for the power plant, fuel, cockpit, passenger, cargo etc.
Wings
The purpose of an aircraft wing is to support the machine in the air when the engine has given it the
necessary forward speed.
Vertical Lift on the Cambered AerofoilVarious Parts of a Wing
9. Three Controls
There are three axes about which an aircraft in
space may move. These axes and the possible
aircraft movements are shown in the Figure.
The movement of aircraft about the X axis is
called lateral or rolling movement.
The movements about Y and Z axes are called
pitching and yawing movements
respectively.
To control these movements, the airplane is
provided with three principal controls, viz., (i)
elevator (ii) rudder and (iii) aileron.
The first two controls which are provided at the
tail end of the fuselage are also known as
empennage. Each control can be operated by
the pilot from his cabin.
(1) Elevator It consists of two flaps capable of
moving up and down through an angle of 50 to
60. They are hinged to a fixed horizontal surface
(called a tailplane or stabilizer) placed at the
extreme rear of the fusiliage. It controls the
pitching or up and down movements of the
aircraft. When the
Three Axes of
Movements
10. (i) Elevator
It consists of two flaps capable of moving up and down through
an angle of 50 to 60. They are hinged to a fixed horizontal
surface (called a tailplane or stabilizer) placed at the extreme
rear of the fusilage. It controls the pitching or up and down
movements of the aircraft.
(ii) Rudder
It Consists of a streamlined flap hinged to a vertical fine
provided at the tail end of the fuselage. It can be moved right or
left of the vertical axis through an angle of about 300 It is utilised
for the turning or yawing movement of the aircraft.
(iii) Aileron
It is a hinged flap which is fixed in the trailing edge of the wing
near the wing tip, as shown n Figure 3.19. It is so rigged that
when aileron in one wing is pulled up that in other is pulled
down. The effect of pulling the aieron c1own is to increase the
camber and angle of incidence of the wing. This results in an
increased lift under the wing. Pulling an aileron up reduces the
lift on the plane.
Flaps
These are somewhat similar to ailerons and are used for
increasing the lift on acrofoils, Like the other three controls,
11. Tricycle Under-Carriage
It is a structure to support the
aircraft while it is in contact with
the ground, It has two principal
functions to perform as listed
below
(i) To absorb landing shocks
while an aircraft lands,
(ii) To enable the aircraft to
maneuver on ground
12. AIRCRAFT
CHARACTERISTICS
Aircraft characteristics are of prime importance to the airport
planner and designer. The following characteristics need to be
studied
1 Type of propulsion
2 Size of aircraft
3 Minimum turning radius
4 Minimum circling radius
5 Speed of aircraft
6 Capacity of aircraft
7 Aircraft weight and wheel configuration
8 Jet blast
9 Fuel spillage
10 Noise
13. Types of Propulsion
The size of aircraft, its circling radius, speed characteristic,
weight carrying capacity, noise nuisance etc. depend upon the
type of propulsion of the aircraft.
The performance characteristics of aircrafts, which determine
the basic runway length, also depend upon the type of
propulsion. That heat nuisance due to exhaust gases is a
characteristic of turbo jet and turbo prop engines.
Size of Aircraft
The sizes o aircraft involves following important dimensions:
(i) Wing span (ii) Fuselage length (iii) Height (iv) Distance
between main gears, i.e. gear tread (v) Wheel base and (vi) Tail
width. These are shown in Figure 3.22.
The wing span decides the width of taxiway, separation
clearance between two parallel traffic ways, size of aprons and
hangars, width of hangar gate etc.
The length of aircraft decides the widening of taxiways on
curves width of exit taxiway, sizes of aprons and hangars etc.
The height of aircraft, also called as empennage height, decides
the height of hangar gate and miscellaneous installations inside
the hangar.
The gear tread and the wheel base affect the minimum turning
radius of the aircraft.
14. Minimum Turning Radius
In order to decide the radius of
taxiways, the position of aircrafts in
loading aprons and hangars and to
establish the path of the movement
of aircraft, it is very essential to
study the geometry of the turning
movement of aircrafts. The turning
radius of an aircraft is illustrated in
the Figure.
To determine the minimum tuning
radius, a line is drawn through the
axis of the nose gear when it is at its
maximum angle of rotation The
point, where this line intersects
another line drawn through the axis
of the two main, gears, is called the
centre of rotation. Turning Radius of Aircraft
15. Minimum Circling Radius
There is certain minimum radius with which the aircraft can take turn in space. This radius
depends upon the type of aircraft air traffic volume and weather conditions. The radii
recommended for different types of aircrafts are as follows
(i) Small general aviation aircrafts under UFR conditions, 1.6 km (1 mile)
(ii) Bigger aircrafts, say two piston engine under VFR conditions = 32 km (2 mile)
(iii) Piston engine aircrafts under IFR conditions. = 13 kin (8 miles)
(iv) Jet engine aircrafts under IFR conditions= 80 km (50 mites)
The two nearby airports should be separated from each other by an adequate distance so
that the aircrafts simultaneously landing on them do not interfere with each other. If the
desirable spacing between the airports cannot he provided, the landing and takeoff aircrafts
in each airport will have to be timed so as to avoid collision.
Speed of Aircrafts
The speed of aircraft can be defined in two ways viz. cni,’iig ‘d or ground speed and air
peed Cruising speed is he rc’cd f aircrafis with respect to the ground when the ui rah i fling
in air at its maximum speed. Air spned is the steed of aircraft relative to the wind. Thus, if
the aircraft is fis üg at a speed of 500 kph and there is a head wind of 50 kpl’, air speed will
be 450 kph.
16. Aircraft Capacity
The number of passengers, baggage, cargo and fuel that can he
accommodated in the aircrafts depends upon the capacity of aircraft.
the capacity of aircraft using an airport have an important effect on the
capacity of runway systems as well as that of the passenger processing
terminal facilities.
Weight of Aircraft & Wheel Configuration
Weight of the aircraft directly influence the length of the runway as well
as the structural requirements i.e. the thickness of the runway, taxiway,
apron & hangars. It depends not only on the weight of the passenger
baggage, cargo and fuel it is carrying and its structural weight, but also
on the fuel which is continuously decreasing during the course of the
flight. The details of the weight component is given in article 3. Table
3.1 b and 3.1 c shows the maximum take-off, maximum landing and
empty operating weights. The various possible wheel configuration are
shown in Figure.
17. Jet Blast
At relatively high velocities, the aircrafts eject hot exhaust gases, The velocity of
jet blast may be as high as 300 kmph. This high velocity cause inconvenience to
the passengers traveling in the aircraft. Several types of blast f nces or jet blast
deflector are available to serve as an effective measure for diverting the smoke
ejected by the engine to avoid the inconvenience to the passengers. Since, the
bituminous (flexible) pavements are affected by the jet bust, therefore, it s
desirable to provide cement concrete pavement at least at the touch down
portion to resist the effect of the blast in preference to the bituminous
pavements. The effect of the jet blast should also be considered for determining
the position, size and location of gates.
Fuel Spillage
At loading aprons and hangars, it is difficult to avoid spillage completely, but
effort should be made to bring it within minimum limit. The bituminous (flexible
pavements are seriously affected by the fuel spillage and therefore, it is
essential that the areas of bituminous pavements under the fueling inlets, the
engines and the main landing gears are kept under constant supervision by the
airport authorities.
18. Noise
Noise generated by aircraft create problems in
making decisions on layout and capacity.
The correct assessment of future noise patterns to
minimize the effect of surrounding communities, is
essential to the optimal layout of the runways.
The FAA noise regulations came into force in 1969
for jet-powered aircraft with bypass ratios greater
than 2.
In 1973, they were modified to apply to all aircraft
manufactured after that date.