This document discusses how meteorological conditions influence the transport and dispersion of air pollutants. It covers topics such as wind patterns from macro to micro scales; lapse rates and their relationship to atmospheric stability; types of inversions like subsidence and radiation inversions; and the maximum mixing depth which determines the vertical extent of pollutant dispersion. Diagrams are included to illustrate concepts like wind profiles, wind roses, stability conditions, and mixing depths.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - 2.3 WEATHER PROCESS...George Dumitrache
A comprehensive presentation of subchapter 2.3 Weather Processes and Phenomena, from the second chapter of Physical Geography, AS Cambridge, Atmosphere and Weather.
The attached powerpoint presentation contains information about the Meteorology - 2nd unit in Open Elective - Air Pollution and Control Engineering, for affiliated institutions of Anna University.
OCE551 - Air Pollution and Control Engineering
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - 2.3 WEATHER PROCESS...George Dumitrache
A comprehensive presentation of subchapter 2.3 Weather Processes and Phenomena, from the second chapter of Physical Geography, AS Cambridge, Atmosphere and Weather.
The attached powerpoint presentation contains information about the Meteorology - 2nd unit in Open Elective - Air Pollution and Control Engineering, for affiliated institutions of Anna University.
OCE551 - Air Pollution and Control Engineering
this ppt is all on atmospheric pressure mainly focused on pearson class 7 social text book hope you understand each and every point to remind you this is not based on NCERT textbook
hope you like it! there is a lot about water vapour and mist
earth is being cover with the blanket of gases called atmosphere which is further divided into 4 layers troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermospere
each layer is made up of some chemical constituents which could be water molecule traces of gases etc, Japan has done research and send a satellite in space to observe it as describe in this presentation
Physical Geography Lecture 07 - Clouds and Transfer of Latent Heat 102616angelaorr
Global water budget. Hydrologic cycle. Residence time. Latent Heat Transfer diagram. Saturation. Factors affecting rate of evaporation. Vapor pressure. Relative Humidity. Dew point. The adiabatic process. DAR, LCL, latent heat of condensation, SAR. Stable vs Unstable air. Clouds. Fog. Dew.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS ULTRA REVISION TEST 2 ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHERGeorge Dumitrache
Cambridge Geography AS Ultra Revision Test 2, with questions and answers for chapter 2 Atmosphere and Weather. This is a test with 30 questions, 2 minutes each.
Physical Geography Lecture 05 - Atmospheric Energy and Global Temps 101216angelaorr
Net radiation. Hypothetical radiation balance. Albedo, Conduction, Convection, Counterradiation. The Greenhouse Effect. Redistribution of energy. Sensible heat vs. Latent heat. Temperature lags. Factors influencing differences in global temperature. Review.
deals with temperature, density, pressure, winds and humidity parameters of the atmosphere; Prssure gradient force, coriolis force, gravity force and friction force and winds and currents, ; pressure lows and highs, atmospheric circulation, winds.
TEMPERATURE
COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Layers of the ATMOSPHERE
WEATHER and CLIMATE
LATITUDINAL ZONES
ELEMENTS & CONTROLS OF WEATHER & CLIMATE
WARM MAJOR CURRENTS OF THE WORLD
Land Breeze & Sea Breeze
The climate of a region is ultimately determined by the radiation energy of the sun, and its distribution and temporal fluctuations. The long-term state of the atmosphere is a function of a variety of interacting elements. They are: Solar radiation, Air masses, Pressure systems (and cyclone belts),Ocean Currents, and topography.
this ppt is all on atmospheric pressure mainly focused on pearson class 7 social text book hope you understand each and every point to remind you this is not based on NCERT textbook
hope you like it! there is a lot about water vapour and mist
earth is being cover with the blanket of gases called atmosphere which is further divided into 4 layers troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermospere
each layer is made up of some chemical constituents which could be water molecule traces of gases etc, Japan has done research and send a satellite in space to observe it as describe in this presentation
Physical Geography Lecture 07 - Clouds and Transfer of Latent Heat 102616angelaorr
Global water budget. Hydrologic cycle. Residence time. Latent Heat Transfer diagram. Saturation. Factors affecting rate of evaporation. Vapor pressure. Relative Humidity. Dew point. The adiabatic process. DAR, LCL, latent heat of condensation, SAR. Stable vs Unstable air. Clouds. Fog. Dew.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS ULTRA REVISION TEST 2 ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHERGeorge Dumitrache
Cambridge Geography AS Ultra Revision Test 2, with questions and answers for chapter 2 Atmosphere and Weather. This is a test with 30 questions, 2 minutes each.
Physical Geography Lecture 05 - Atmospheric Energy and Global Temps 101216angelaorr
Net radiation. Hypothetical radiation balance. Albedo, Conduction, Convection, Counterradiation. The Greenhouse Effect. Redistribution of energy. Sensible heat vs. Latent heat. Temperature lags. Factors influencing differences in global temperature. Review.
deals with temperature, density, pressure, winds and humidity parameters of the atmosphere; Prssure gradient force, coriolis force, gravity force and friction force and winds and currents, ; pressure lows and highs, atmospheric circulation, winds.
TEMPERATURE
COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Layers of the ATMOSPHERE
WEATHER and CLIMATE
LATITUDINAL ZONES
ELEMENTS & CONTROLS OF WEATHER & CLIMATE
WARM MAJOR CURRENTS OF THE WORLD
Land Breeze & Sea Breeze
The climate of a region is ultimately determined by the radiation energy of the sun, and its distribution and temporal fluctuations. The long-term state of the atmosphere is a function of a variety of interacting elements. They are: Solar radiation, Air masses, Pressure systems (and cyclone belts),Ocean Currents, and topography.
Weather & environmental changes affect RF signal severely. Ducting is one of the environmental phenomena that heavily deteriorate the radio performance. This document will give some ideas on root cause, impact & solutions of ducting on Radio Performance.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...
Air Pollution and Meteorology
1. Chapter 3
Air Pollution and Meteorology
The science of meteorology has great bearing on air pollution. An air pollution problem
involves three parts: the source, the movement of the pollutant and the recipient. All
meteorological phenomena are a result of interaction of the elemental properties of the
atmosphere, heat, pressure, wind and moisture. In this lecture we will discuss the
meteorological conditions, which directly influence the transport and dispersion of
pollutants.
1 Wind
Wind is simply air in motion. On global or macroscale wind patterns are set up due to
unequal heating of earth surface by solar radiation at the equator and the polar regions,
rotation of the earth and the difference between conductive capacities of land and
ocean masses. Secondary or mesoscale circulation patterns develop because of the
regional or local topography. Mountain ranges, cloud cover, waterbodies, deserts,
forestation, etc., influence wind patterns on scales of a few hundred kilometers.
Accordingly a pattern of wind is setup, some seasonal and some permanent.
Microscale phenomenon occurs over areas of less than 10 km extent. Standard wind
patterns may deviate markedly due to varying frictional effects of the earth surface, such
as, rural open land, irregular topography and urban development, effect of radiant heat
from deserts and cities, effect of lakes, etc.
The movement of air at the mesoscaie and microscale levels is of concern in control of
air pollution. A study of air movement over relatively small geographical regions can
help in understanding the movement of pollutants.
The variation of the horizontal wind speed with height is important in evaluating diffusion
from stacks. Close to the ground the effects of friction retard the wind flow and cause it
to change the direction as well. Figure 1 illustrates these effects. In the upper layers,
200 m to 500 m above ground, the wind speed reaches the maximum value.
It is obviously important in predicting pollutant dispersion to know the direction of wind.
The wind direction and speed data may be collected every hour in a month and
classified according to speed and direction. It is then summarized in the form of a polar
diagram called wind rose. Figure 2 shows a hypothetical wind rose. The position of the
spokes show the direction from which the wind was blowing, the length of various
segments of the spokes show the percent of time the wind was of the designated
speed. Thus from the diagram, most often (12% of time) the wind was from SE; the
strongest wind (9-11 m/s) was from NW and NNW.
2. 2 Lapse rate
As a parcel of air rises in the earth's atmosphere it experiences lower and lower
pressure from the surrounding air molecules, and thus it expands. This expansion
lowers its temperature. Ideally, if it does not absorb heat from its surroundings and it
does not contain any moisture, it cools at a rate of 1°C/100 m rise. This is known as dry
adiabatic lapse rate. If the parcel moves down it warms up at the same rate.
For a particular place at a particular time, the existing temperature can be determined
by sending up a balloon equipped with a thermometer. The balloon moves through the
air, and not with it. The temperature profile of the air, which the balloon measures, is
called the ambient lapse rate, environmental lapse rate, or the prevailing lapse rate.
A super-adiabatic lapse rate also called a strong lapse rate occurs when the
atmosphere temperature drops more than 1°C/100m. A sub-adiabatic rate also called
weak lapse rate, is characterized by drop of less than 1°C/100 m.
A special case of weak lapse rate is the inversion, a condition which has warmer layer
above colder air.
During super-adiabatic lapse rate the atmospheric conditions are unstable. This is
illustrated in Figure 3 (a). If a parcel of air at 500m elevation, at 20°C is pushed upward
to 1000m, its temperature will come down to 15°C (according to adiabatic lapse rate).
The prevailing temparature is however 10°C at 1000m. The parcel of air will be
surrounded by colder air and therefore will keep moving up. Similarly if the parcel is
displaced downwords, it will become colder than its surroundings and therefore will
move down. Superadiabatic conditions are thus unstable, characterized by a great deal
of vertical air movement and turbulence.
The sub-adiabatic condition shown in Figure 3.1 (b) is by contrast a very stable system.
Consider again a parcel of air at 500 m elevation at 20°C. If the parcel is displaced to
1000 m it will cool by 5°C to 15°C. But the surrounding air would be warmer. It will
therefore fall back to its point of origin. Similarly if a parcel of air at 500 m is pushed
down, it will become warmer than its surrounding and therefore will rise back to its
original position. Thus such systems are characterized by very limited vertical mixing.
3 Inversion
An inversion is an extreme sub-adiabatic condition, and thus the vertical air movement
within the inversion is almost nill. The two most common kind of inversion are
subsidence inversion and radiation inversion. These are illustrated in Figure 4.
The base of the subsidence inversion lies some distance above earth's surface. This
type of inversion is formed due to adiabatic compression and warming of sinking air
mass to a lower altitude in the region of a high pressure center.
In the case of radiation inversion, the surface layers of the atmosphere during the day
receive heat by conduction, convection and radiation from the earth's surface and are
warmed. This results in a temperature profile in the lower atmosphere, which is
3. represented by a negative temperature gradient. On a clear night, the ground surface
radiates heat and quickly cools. The air layer adjacent to the earth surface are cooled to
a temperature below that of the layers of air at higher elevations. This type of the
inversion is strongest just before daylight when it may extend to 500 m. It breaks up as
the morning sun heats the ground.
4 Maximum mixing depth
The dispersion of pollutants in the lower atmosphere is greatly aided by the convective
and turbulent mixing that takes place. The vertical extent to which this mixing takes
place depends on the environmental lapse rate which varies diurnally, from season to
season and is also affected by topographical features. The depth of the convective
mixing layer in which vertical movement of pollutants is possible, is called the maximum
mixing depth (MMD).
Figure 5 illustrates these MMDs for different lapse rate profiles. These profiles are
usually measured at night or early in the morning. An air parcel at a temperature
(maximum surface temperature for the month) warmer than the existing ground level
temperature rises and cools according to adiabatic lapse rate. The level where its
temperature becomes equal to the surrounding air gives the MMD value. Urban air
pollution episodes are known to occur when MMD is 1500 m or less.
4. Suburbs Level country
FIGURE 1 EFFECT OF TERRAIN ROUGHNESS ON WIND PROFILE.
p - 0.28
10 0 6 10
Wind speed, meters per second
FJGURE 2 TYPICAL WIND ROSE.
5. 10 15 20 25 30 »V
Temperature °C
A. Supercdtabafic conditions { unstable)
T — I — T '••--•-R—R
10 15 20 25 30
Temperature ° C
B. Subadiabatic conditions (stable)
FIGURE 3 STABILTY AND VERTICAL AIR MOVEMENT.
ft "
fa) (t>)
FIGURE 4 ILLUSTRATIONS OF SUBSIDENCE AND RADIATION INVERSIONS.
6. H M O
MMD
(c)
FIGURE S MAXIMUM MIXING DEPTH ( M M D ) UNDER VARIOUS ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS,
(ADIABATIC PROFILE— , ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE- ).