This document summarizes the findings of a health survey conducted in Rajgangpur, India near an industrial area. The survey examined 280 individuals, including industrial workers, housewives, and others. It found that respiratory issues were extremely common among workers at a refractory plant, with only 11% of those working over 8 years showing no symptoms. Spirometry tests also indicated decreasing lung function corresponding to longer exposure. The preliminary findings suggest a serious problem of dust-caused occupational respiratory diseases affecting the refractory plant workers. Regular stringent monitoring of work environments and annual medical exams for all workers are recommended.
Air Based Hazards ...
This topic comes under Hazards and Safety Management.....
This is useful for M.Pharm (Pharaceutical Quality Assurance) Students who studying in First year sem II....
This Presentation Contain following...
#Definition of Air Pollution
#Classification of Air Pollutant
#Sources of Air Pollution
#Man made sources
#Industrial sources
#Classification of Pollutants
#Effects of air pollution on plants
#Air pollution controlling equipments
#Case study
#Conclusion
#References
Thanks For Help and Guidance of Mr. D. V. Mahuli Sir
Industrial Hazards and Their Safety Measure in Textile IndustryAzmir Latif Beg
Industrial hazard may be defined as any condition produced by industries that may cause injury or death to personnel or loss of product or property. Textile industries involve diverse operations including fiber synthesis, weaving, manufacturing, dyeing and finishing. Textile operations have been studied extensively and found numerous health and safety issues associated with the textile industry.
Air Based Hazards ...
This topic comes under Hazards and Safety Management.....
This is useful for M.Pharm (Pharaceutical Quality Assurance) Students who studying in First year sem II....
This Presentation Contain following...
#Definition of Air Pollution
#Classification of Air Pollutant
#Sources of Air Pollution
#Man made sources
#Industrial sources
#Classification of Pollutants
#Effects of air pollution on plants
#Air pollution controlling equipments
#Case study
#Conclusion
#References
Thanks For Help and Guidance of Mr. D. V. Mahuli Sir
Industrial Hazards and Their Safety Measure in Textile IndustryAzmir Latif Beg
Industrial hazard may be defined as any condition produced by industries that may cause injury or death to personnel or loss of product or property. Textile industries involve diverse operations including fiber synthesis, weaving, manufacturing, dyeing and finishing. Textile operations have been studied extensively and found numerous health and safety issues associated with the textile industry.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PAPR SYSTEM FOR POWDER COATINGvivatechijri
The project defines the problem faced by the workers in powder coating industries. Powder coating is
a process by which electrostatically charged powder is applied on to an earthed object. The health effects that a
worker may experience following exposure to a hazardous chemical can become apparent after a short period of
time, and includes headaches, nausea or vomiting, dizziness, burns to skin and eyes an irritation to the nose,
throat and lungs. Long term health effects include asthma, dermatitis, kidney or liver damage, cancer and central
nervous system. The solution for the factors affecting the worker’s health and life, should provide the proper
protective equipment. Our design approach provides proper ventilated respiratory system to the person wearing
personal protective equipment, with air purification by providing the filters which will purify the air pumped
inside the kit.
ProService Indoor Air Quality profile for hotelsMohamed Ramadan
Indoor Air Quality Management:
Air duct cleaning.
Air duct disinfection.
Air coils cleaning.
Air coils disinfection.
Air handling systems cleaning.
Air handling systems disinfection .
Significance of patient occupations and oral diseases. The environment is one of the many determinants of
human health. The key to man’s health lies largely in his
environment, and the study of the disease is the study
of man and his environment.
Hippocrates was the first person who related the environment and the disease. Later the concept of disease and environment association was revived by Pettenkofer.[1]Occupational environment’ means the sum of external
conditions and influences, that prevail at the place of work
and which have a bearing on the health of the working population.[1]
The interaction of the individual with the physical, chemical and
biological agents of the workplace place a great bearing on his physical and psychological health.
The environment is one among the many determinants of
the human health. The key to man’s health lies largely in his
environment, and the study of the disease is really the study
of man and his environment.
Hippocrates was the first person who related the environment and the disease. Later the concept of disease and environment association was revived by Pettenkofer.
MOS 6301, Advanced Industrial Hygiene 1 Course Learni.docxaryan532920
MOS 6301, Advanced Industrial Hygiene 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
5. Explain key industrial hygiene concepts such as routes of entry and hierarchy of controls.
5.1 Describe how chemical properties affect the different routes of exposure.
5.2 Describe how chemicals can enter the body through the dermal route.
6. Examine different types of industrial hazards commonly addressed by the industrial hygienist.
6.1 Identify chemical and biological hazards in occupational settings.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 6:
Gases and Vapors, pp. 113–119
Chapter 7:
Aerosols, pp. 137–144
Chapter 10:
Dermal Hazards, pp. 213–225
Chapter 15:
Biological Hazards, pp. 349–361
Click here to view a PowerPoint presentation to learn more information regarding chemical and biological
hazards.
Click here to access the PDF version of the PowerPoint presentation.
Unit Lesson
An important part of the industrial hygienist’s job is to recognize hazards in the workplace. Occupational
hazards can be divided into three basic categories: chemical, biological, and physical. We will be studying
chemical and biological hazards during this unit. Recognizing chemical hazards requires the industrial
hygienist to have at least a basic understanding of chemistry and biology, including the sub-science
of microbiology.
Chemical hazards are typically divided into two categories based on their chemical state. The two categories
are vapors/gases and aerosols. In the occupational setting, it is more common that the terms particle or
particulate are used. It is fairly easy to understand the differences between gases/vapors and aerosols. What
may be more difficult is to understand the difference between a gas and a vapor.
The difference between a gas and a vapor depends on the state of the chemical at normal (sometimes called
standard) temperature and pressure (NTP or STP). A gas is in the gaseous state at NTP, while a vapor is in
the liquid state at NTP with some vapors being produced. The concentration of the vapors being produced
depends on the vapor pressure of the chemical. Gases have vapor pressures that are high enough that they
do not exist as a liquid at NTP. The higher the vapor pressure is for a chemical, the more likely a vapor will be
produced. One important thing to remember is that vapor pressure is temperature dependent. As the
temperature increases, the vapor pressure of a chemical will also increase, increasing the volatility of the
compound. This can be very important for an industrial hygienist in recognizing chemical hazards. Thus, if the
UNIT IV STUDY GUIDE
Recognition of Chemical and Biological Hazards
Commonly Present in Industrial Settings
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MOS/MOS6301/16G/UnitIV_PowerPoint_Presentation.ppsx
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergen ...
Work place diseases and injuries are common prevalence in industries of Pakistan. The present study aimed at evaluating occupational health and safety (OH&S) conditions and risks posed to textile workers. Environmental and noise level monitoring at selected textile industry was carried out for three months. Hazard identification and risk evaluation was performed using OH&S audit checklist and questionnaire survey. Monitoring results showed relatively higher noise level in stitching unit. PM10 at ‘Grey’ inspection and ‘Cutting’ sections while temperature at ‘singeing’, ‘De-sizing’ and ‘stitching’ units exceeded the prescribed limits. Audiometric testing identified hearing losses among workers diagnosed with hearing disabilities. The frequency for testing hearing loss in left and right ears was set at 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz and 4000 Hz. Significant risks of exposure to cotton dust, chemicals, increasing noise level and minor physical injuries at the work site were identified.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PAPR SYSTEM FOR POWDER COATINGvivatechijri
The project defines the problem faced by the workers in powder coating industries. Powder coating is
a process by which electrostatically charged powder is applied on to an earthed object. The health effects that a
worker may experience following exposure to a hazardous chemical can become apparent after a short period of
time, and includes headaches, nausea or vomiting, dizziness, burns to skin and eyes an irritation to the nose,
throat and lungs. Long term health effects include asthma, dermatitis, kidney or liver damage, cancer and central
nervous system. The solution for the factors affecting the worker’s health and life, should provide the proper
protective equipment. Our design approach provides proper ventilated respiratory system to the person wearing
personal protective equipment, with air purification by providing the filters which will purify the air pumped
inside the kit.
ProService Indoor Air Quality profile for hotelsMohamed Ramadan
Indoor Air Quality Management:
Air duct cleaning.
Air duct disinfection.
Air coils cleaning.
Air coils disinfection.
Air handling systems cleaning.
Air handling systems disinfection .
Significance of patient occupations and oral diseases. The environment is one of the many determinants of
human health. The key to man’s health lies largely in his
environment, and the study of the disease is the study
of man and his environment.
Hippocrates was the first person who related the environment and the disease. Later the concept of disease and environment association was revived by Pettenkofer.[1]Occupational environment’ means the sum of external
conditions and influences, that prevail at the place of work
and which have a bearing on the health of the working population.[1]
The interaction of the individual with the physical, chemical and
biological agents of the workplace place a great bearing on his physical and psychological health.
The environment is one among the many determinants of
the human health. The key to man’s health lies largely in his
environment, and the study of the disease is really the study
of man and his environment.
Hippocrates was the first person who related the environment and the disease. Later the concept of disease and environment association was revived by Pettenkofer.
MOS 6301, Advanced Industrial Hygiene 1 Course Learni.docxaryan532920
MOS 6301, Advanced Industrial Hygiene 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
5. Explain key industrial hygiene concepts such as routes of entry and hierarchy of controls.
5.1 Describe how chemical properties affect the different routes of exposure.
5.2 Describe how chemicals can enter the body through the dermal route.
6. Examine different types of industrial hazards commonly addressed by the industrial hygienist.
6.1 Identify chemical and biological hazards in occupational settings.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 6:
Gases and Vapors, pp. 113–119
Chapter 7:
Aerosols, pp. 137–144
Chapter 10:
Dermal Hazards, pp. 213–225
Chapter 15:
Biological Hazards, pp. 349–361
Click here to view a PowerPoint presentation to learn more information regarding chemical and biological
hazards.
Click here to access the PDF version of the PowerPoint presentation.
Unit Lesson
An important part of the industrial hygienist’s job is to recognize hazards in the workplace. Occupational
hazards can be divided into three basic categories: chemical, biological, and physical. We will be studying
chemical and biological hazards during this unit. Recognizing chemical hazards requires the industrial
hygienist to have at least a basic understanding of chemistry and biology, including the sub-science
of microbiology.
Chemical hazards are typically divided into two categories based on their chemical state. The two categories
are vapors/gases and aerosols. In the occupational setting, it is more common that the terms particle or
particulate are used. It is fairly easy to understand the differences between gases/vapors and aerosols. What
may be more difficult is to understand the difference between a gas and a vapor.
The difference between a gas and a vapor depends on the state of the chemical at normal (sometimes called
standard) temperature and pressure (NTP or STP). A gas is in the gaseous state at NTP, while a vapor is in
the liquid state at NTP with some vapors being produced. The concentration of the vapors being produced
depends on the vapor pressure of the chemical. Gases have vapor pressures that are high enough that they
do not exist as a liquid at NTP. The higher the vapor pressure is for a chemical, the more likely a vapor will be
produced. One important thing to remember is that vapor pressure is temperature dependent. As the
temperature increases, the vapor pressure of a chemical will also increase, increasing the volatility of the
compound. This can be very important for an industrial hygienist in recognizing chemical hazards. Thus, if the
UNIT IV STUDY GUIDE
Recognition of Chemical and Biological Hazards
Commonly Present in Industrial Settings
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MOS/MOS6301/16G/UnitIV_PowerPoint_Presentation.ppsx
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergen ...
Work place diseases and injuries are common prevalence in industries of Pakistan. The present study aimed at evaluating occupational health and safety (OH&S) conditions and risks posed to textile workers. Environmental and noise level monitoring at selected textile industry was carried out for three months. Hazard identification and risk evaluation was performed using OH&S audit checklist and questionnaire survey. Monitoring results showed relatively higher noise level in stitching unit. PM10 at ‘Grey’ inspection and ‘Cutting’ sections while temperature at ‘singeing’, ‘De-sizing’ and ‘stitching’ units exceeded the prescribed limits. Audiometric testing identified hearing losses among workers diagnosed with hearing disabilities. The frequency for testing hearing loss in left and right ears was set at 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz and 4000 Hz. Significant risks of exposure to cotton dust, chemicals, increasing noise level and minor physical injuries at the work site were identified.
Fundamental Principle Of Dental
I.A.Q.( Indoor Air Quality). Environmental Surfaces Contaminated patient care items and surfaces pose different degrees of risk for infection
transmission based on their location and potential to transmit pathogens. With regards to environmental surfaces, the latest precautionary dental guidelines also provide a better
understanding of how to discriminate between the two categories of environmental surfaces: clinical contact surfaces and housekeeping surfaces.
Recent cases of casualty of workers in rubber latex factories due to hydrogen sulfide call for urgent
attention to better understanding, prevention of damages in working and living in risky environments,
and promotion of public and labor awareness. Specific responsible organization here is the subcontractor
of latex factories. H2
S characteristics, sources and symptoms from exposure are emphasized. Proper
practice should be followed strictly along with better cooperation among experts for the main objective
in saving lives and greater safety in living and working.
Workplace safety scenario in bangladeshM S Siddiqui
The buyers and western civil societies are concerned of garments sector but there is hardly any attention to other sector like agricultural, industrial and service sectors and we should give due attention to safeguard all the sectors of employments both formal and informal.
Similar to Dust-Caused Respiratory Occupational Diseases (20)
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
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Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
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Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
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Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
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In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
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The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
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In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
1. Dust-Caused
Respiratory Occupa-
tional Diseases In
India
* Dr. G.D. Agrawal.
In the month of May, PRIA in collaboration with
Gramodaya Vishwa Vidyalaya and Sundergarh
Industrial Mayioor Union, conducted a study
on the occupational and environmental health
status of the population living in the vicinity of
OrissaCement Limited. The study was conplet-
ed with the help of 11 doctors and 4 environmen-
tal engineers. The report will appear in the
subsequent issue of the bulletin.
Dusl-Tlte Most Critical Air
Pollutant in India:
Whileexcessiveemissionofgaseousair-pollut-
ants like S 0 2 , NOx , C 0 2 , HC, CFC etc. in
highly industrialised countries of the west have
resulted in environmental problems like acid
rain and ozone-layer-depletion and created ap-
prehensions of global warming and adverse
climate changes, much less attention has been
paid during receni ears to the silent and slow,
but continuous arid potent killer that is in air-
bomedusts. Even inourown country episodes
like the MIC leak at Bhopal, the oleum tank
failure at Delhi andgas-leak of Ammonia.Chlo-
rine, CO. etc. attract so much public attention
thai air-pollution in public mind, appears syn-
onymous with gasseous air-pollution and gas
leaks. Air-bomedusts, or Suspended Paniculate
Mattel (SPM)arealmostalwaysignored.Thus
when the expert committees considers the dis-
coloration and pitting of Taj Mahal marble
exterior surface, they stress on S 0 2 and other
gaseous pollutants and ignore the role of the high
suspended particulate matter (SPM) present,
which could be seriously involved both in
discoloration and pittinr of marble surface.
They are definitely involved in, as major con-
tributors to, respiratory diseases in India.
With significant amounts of monitoring
data now becoming available in India, it is an
obvious fact that SPM is the air pollutant of
greatest concern (probably the only air
pollutantofrcalconcern)inambientair-quality
in India. This would become clear from
Table-1 giving range of ambient air-pollutant
concentrations observed at different locations
in India during 1991. While S 0 2 and NQx
concentrations at all locations were most of
times well below the Indian (and even WHO)
prescribed levels, the concentrations of SPM
(orair-bomedust) almost always exceeded even
the liberal Indian standards, what to say of the
W H O limits. This was particularly true for the
northern Indian plains, at least partly due to the
warm, dry and windy climate, denuded
vegetation and friable, dusty soils. The poor
condition of roads and poor dust control prac-
tice in mining and industry are bound to play a
major role also as shown by the much higher
SPM values in case of Barauni, Kanpur,
Nimbahera.Bokajan, Delhi,et'
Suspended Particulate Matter, SPM, as
monitored by the EPA design High Volume
Sampler includes all air-bome particles of 0.5 to
100 microns particles size. Allofthesearenot
relevant from the point of view of respiratory
diseases, since particles above 10 microns size
are not able to enter human breath. Because of
their larger weight, they do not get sucked up
with the normal breathing velocities. That is
why now separate limits are prescribed for the
respirable dust particles finer than 10 microns
size, called PM10 in western parlors. In fact
even particles between 5 and 10 microns in size
get retained in upper respiratory tract of hu-
mans and only those finer than 5 microns reach
the lungs. Thus Mine-Safety officials normally
consider only the fraction finer than 5 micron as
respirable and of concern. Of thisalso, itisonly
particles in the range 1-5 microns size that are
likely to get lodged, retained and accumulated in
the lungs, the finest ones getting exhaled with
expiration. The actual health .mage or
diseases caused by these particles lodging in the
lungs or in the respiratory tract shall very much
depend on their nature and composition.
Presence of asbestos, silica, heavy metals, fi-
brous materials, allergens etc. shall very much
increasetheirdiseasecausingpotential. Tables
2A and 2B give an idea of the differences in
composition of SPM in two industrial localities.
Obviously it is not merely the SPM concentra-
tions as measured by the standard High Volume
Sampler that would indicate the human health-
risk but the measurement of SPM along with the
respirable fractions as also the nature and com-
position of the SPM.
2. > T A B L E 1 .
AIR QUALITY STA TUS A T SELECTED LOCA TIONS IN INDIA (1991)
Notes :
(i). All concentrations are in microgram 3
/m air.
(ii). Values based on CPCB/NEERI/En virotech Data
S.No. Location SCL N O S P M Respirator)' Particulates
( PM10)
W.H.O Limits 60 60 100
Indian Limits 80 80 200
(forresidential area)
75
(proposed)
1. Ahmedabad 10-60 25-100 200-500 50-180
2. Barauni 10-65 20-90 100-750 12-120
3. Baira;; 3-12 6-18 50-150 ND
(Mizoram)
4. Bokajann 4-12 6-20 200-650 ND
(Assam)
5. Bombay 10-60 25-100 200400 ND
6. Calcutta 20-80 20-90 100-450 ND
7. Cochin 20-80 20-90 100-250 30-135
8. Delhi 20-100 3U.-120 350-600 70-220
9. Haldia 15-80 20-90 150-600 ND
10. Kanpur 15-50 25-100 200-650 60-165
11. Kumarghat 5-20 8-35 100-200 ND
(Tripura)
12. Madras 5-30 15-70 100-200 40-125
13. Nagpur 10-50 15-70 150-350 20-95
14. Nimbahera . 5-15 8-25 200-650 30-145
15. Patna 5-40 8-70 200-700 N D
16. Vadodara 15-70 30-100 250-450 ND
'Workers'-The Community at
Maximum Risk
It isobvious that workers in mining, industry or
even agriculture get exposed to much higher
concentrations of dust as they work in areas
where thesedusts are generated. Drilling, blast-
ing, excavating and material handling operations
in mining, stone-crushing, grinding, milling,
sieving, mixing and many such operations in
industries and winnowing in agriculture release
large amounts of dust. The workers are the ones
to face the full blast and fury of the pollutants
so released.
Occupational diseases attracted wide at-
tention of medical and industrial safety person-
nel in western countries, where industrial and
labour laws and the well-accepted "tnrls"-
principle resulted in heavy compensation,, irds
in favor of affected workers. Under pressure of
such legal and compensation proceedings, in-
tensive researches were carried out, TLV for
various pollutants evolved, extensive shop-
floor-environmentmonitoringand regular health
check-ups of workers introduced and efficient
and effective pollution-control and worker
protection measures devised. In our own
country the workers are by-and-large ignorant
of the health implicationsof the dust, and even
when they are actually suffering, of the nature
orcauseoftheirdisease. They are not aware of
their legal rights and are poorly organised to
generate effective pressures. Professionals,
including doctors and lawyers prefer to lake the
easiercourseof keeping alooforsiding with the
pai' 1
hat can pay better fees and pay fast. The
most at fault is our legal system that docs not
accept the "torts" principle and is extremely
reluctant lograntcompensations. It is (heaggre-
gate result of these Conditions that one finds
only rare cases of dust-caused occupational
diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, byssino-
sis, pneumoconiosis, coal-miners lung disease
etc. reported or recorded in India. With so little
and poor monitoring ofshop-floorenvironmeni
or individual worker-exposure, and so-poor
over-al I management of dust in work-areas, as is
openly seen in all mines, crushers, mills and
other work areas, we still proudly claim that
these dreaded occupational diseases arc well
under control in our country1
Mi miioring of shop-floor environment or
of worker-exposure is extremely rare in India
Steel Plants, large Cement Plants etc. do not
practice it. This author has also had only limited
opportunities of monitoring shop-floor envi-
ronment. But such monitoring in wide variety
of units has alwaysand invariably yielded dust/
pollutant concentrations, at many times the
permissibleconcentrationv Obviously the staff
and monitoring infrastructure of the Factory
Inspectorates in different stales and those of the
Ministry of Labour are too miniscule to idem:
'
or indicate the severity of the situation. Period-
ical, notified in advance, and short-term checks,
as are currently carried out by regulatory
agencies, can be easily manipulated and man-
aged. To be effective, the monitoring has lobe
regular, near-continuous and much more strin-
gent. Only such intensive and extensive mon-
itoring of work-places and of workers-expo-
sures shall reveal the real risk to the health of the
v. orker.
Diagnosis and Management of
Respiratory Ailments of Workers
in India.
As mentioned above, respiratory occupational
diseases are rare to be reported or recorded in
India. However this does not mean lhat respi-
ratory diseases are lesscommon amongst work-
ers in India. Thus of the total cases reported at
ESI Hospitals over India during 1989, as many
as 36% were of respiratory ailments which was
more than 28% o; physical in juries, 26% of the
entericdisordersand 10% forothermiscellane-
ous diseases. This is quite different from the
situation in general Indian communities where
enteric diseases and vecior-bome disease nor-
mally outnumber respiratory diseases or inju
ries. Unfortunately the respiratory ailments arc
diagnosed by the common names of cough,
bronchitis, Asthma, TB etc which entirely
mask the occupational source/cause of the ail-
ment. One would like to believes that this in-
3. adcqnate(andcven faulty)diagnosis ismoredue
to an easy-going approach and inadequate train-
ing in occupational diseases than any deliberate
action on part of the doctors concerned.
In line with the above general approach
workers reporting with respiratory symptoms
at ESI or other clinics are given general and
symptomatic treatment including sulfa-dmgs
;nd antibiotics which would not be prescribed
if they werediagnosed to be suffering fromdust-
caused diseases. Often the patient does get
some relief, particularly from expectorant drugs
and starts reporting intermittently and repeat-
edly for respiratory symptoms like breathless-
ness, chest-pain, cough, expectoration etc. When
tilings look to be prolonging and beconii..g
aggravated, chest X-rays arc taken, and the
capacity caused by accumulation of dust in
lungs or the fibrosis generated byit,isdiagnosed
as indicative of TB. The worker is then put on
ATT or otheranti-tuberculosisdrugs and often
admitted to a TB-ward. With his great! re-
duced resistance and lodged in a TB-ward. ihe
worker become a TB patient even if he initially
was not. Obviously ATT can not cure the dust
- caused pulmonary diseases of the worker. He
continues to grow weaker until he dies of TB
and/or other infections, none of which had an
occupational source. So we have noasbestosis,
silicosis, pneumoconiosis, byssinosis or other
dust-caused respiratory occupational diseases,
but we have a lot of TB incidence around our
mines and industries. A,id TB is not an occu-
pational disease, it is caused by poor general
sanitation and is not notifiable or compensable.
To understand the realities of the situation
and verify the above apprehensions, an inten-
sive survey was carried out at Rajgangpur, l)t
Sundergarh near Rourkela in Orissa, whicn is
briefly narrated below:
Preliminary Findings of the
Rajgangpur Health Survey.
The health survey at Rajgangpur, involved in-
tensive medical examination of 280 persons
including industrial workers, housewives and
general citizens by ateamof 11 qualified doctors
(2 faculty members and 9 students of M.D. at
lie Post Graduate Institution of Continuing
Education in Ayurveda,Chitrakoot) along with
4environmentalscientistsallfromGramodaya
VishwaVidyaIayaChitrakoot,Satna,M.P. The
survey was coordinated by PR' A which has
been in the fore-front to scientifically examine
the occupational health scene in India and to
campaign for workers h'.' illh and well-being.
Local mobilization and arrangements were made
by Sundergarh Industrial Mazdoor Union
(SIMU) a constituent of CITU at Rajgangpur.
Orissa. The survey was carried out during May
9-12,1994 and detailed compilation and an
sis shall take time. Preliminary findings are
reported in brief below.
Preliminary status of prevalence of respi-
ratory ailments is shown in Table-3. A look at
the table immediately revealstherelationshipof
respiratory health at Rajgangpur with occupa-
'ion and 'he extremely alarming situation of
OCLRetuctory workers. While all categories
of examinees not having OCL Refractory work-
history had 50-60% of the subjects free of
respiratory symptoms, even in case of category
C where the subjects had been with OCLR for
less than 8 years, the fraction of such no-
respiratory -ailment examinees fell to around
Wk and this fraction was only 11% for those
who had Ixtii with OCI ,R for more than 8 yeai -
It appears that the respiratory tract of a person
started getting adversely affected within a few
years of his joining OCLR and soon he was on
the road to no return. Soon after 8-10 years
working with OCLR the respiratory tract had
been degraded enough for the subject to be
suspected of, or d iagnosed as, a case of TB and
be put on ATT. This author believes that all or
almost all the examinees at Rajgangpur showing
respiratory symptoms were really at various
stages of dust caused respiratory diseases-oc-
cupational healthcasesincaseof OCLR work-
ers and environmental health sufferers in case of
others. Whether this author is correct in his
belief should be clearer when detailed interpre-
tation of this survey is completed and further
confirmatory research has been done.
Observations of spirometer tests which
were alsoconducted on allexamineat Rajgangpur
also support the above findin As given in the
last columns of Table 3, the average PEF and
average FEV/FVC values were both highest in
case of OSM workers and fell significantly in
case of OCLR workers with his years of expo-
sure to OCLR environment clearly indicating
theeffectofoccupationalexposures.That these
values were low in the case of housewives and
students/children categories was due to poor
general health of examines and some of them not
being able to properly use the spirometer. Also
after all they live in the same polluted environ-
ment.
Conclusions and Recommendations
(i) The status of respiratory occupational
diseases at OCLR is really f
rightening.
The situation at many mines, stone-
crushers and other dust laden work
environments may lie similar or worse.
(ii) Regular, near-continuous and stringent
monitoring should be urgently enforced
for work-environm nts where dusts are
generated.
(iii) Thorough annual medical-check-ups of
all workers(whethcr regular/daily wag-
es/ad-hoc-contract )at mines/industries
be enforced.
(vi) To create specialised professionals, de-
gree Courses in M.D (Occupational
Health) be started.
(v) IntensiveresearchandtrainingelTc.nslv
taken up for study of occupation.;!
health problems in India.
On basis of tlieir work-history the 282 subjects examined at Rajgangpur
can be classified as below:
Working at OCL Refractory for over 15 years : %
Working at OCL Refractory for 8-15 years : 36
Working at O C L Refractory for below 8 years : 28
Working at Orissa Spinning Mills (OSM) : 29
Working at other industrial/Mining Units : 30
Working at offices, shops, businesses etc. 12
Housewives : 27
Students/Children 24
4. T A B L E 2 A —
HEAVY METAL IN AMBIENT AIR SPM'
NEAR A CEMENT FACTORY
Copper, Cu 500-4160 mg/kgofSPM
Cobalt, Co 5 0 - 95 — d a —
Nickle,Ni 75- 180 - c b -
Lead, Pb 230- 430 —<b—
Zinc, 7.n Above 8000 - c b —
Chromium, Cr 150- 880 - < b -
Manganese, Mn 220 - 590 — d a —
Lithium, Li Below 20 —d>—
Arsenic, As Below 5 -do—
Cadmium,Cd Below 1 — c b —
T A B L E 3 A
SPIROMETER RESULTS
Cat. Examined
Subject by
Work History
Total
No. of
Subject
Average
PEF
Average
FEU,/FVC
A OCLR over 15 yrs. 96 327 78%
B OCLR-8 to 15 yrs. 36 422 89%
C OCLR-8yrs. 28 452 92%
D OSM 29 536 93%
F. Other Industries 30 486 92%
F ' Office/Shops 12 460 93%
G HouseWives 27 365 91%
H Students/Children
Total No. of Subjects
Examined
24
282
303 88%
T A B L E 2B
NATURE AND COMPOSITION OF
AMBIENT-AIR SPM
NEAR AN INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX
Range of Ambient air SPM : 36-650ug/m3
Respirable (PM10) Fraction : 10-30%
Volatile Fraction/Loss 15-45%
•Benzene Soluble Fraction : 8 - 3 4 %
Lead in Ambient - air 0.1-2.3ug/m3
Vanadium in Ambient-air : 0.3-5.9ug/m3
T A B L E 3B
PERCENTS OF EXAMINEES HAVING RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS
Category Suspected or
Subject by
Work History
Other Severe
No. of
Subject
Moderate
Respiratory
No Respiratory
FEU,/FVC
A 31.5 14.5 42.5 11.5
B 22.5 11.0 55.5 11.0
C 7.0 3-5 58.0 31.5
D 3.5 3 i 31.0 62.0
E 6.5 3.5 33.5 56.5
F 8.0 — 50.0 42.0
G 3.75 3.75 37.5 55.0
H 4.0 12.5 25.0 58.5
*The author is eminent environmental scientist, and presently honorary teacher in Gramodaya Vishwa Vidvalaya,
Chitrakoot, Satna, Madhya Pradesh