AIDS- Opportunistic infections
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This document discusses AIDS and opportunistic infections. It defines AIDS as the final phase of HIV infection where the CD4+ T cell count drops below 200/uL, making patients highly susceptible to opportunistic infections. Some common opportunistic infections seen in AIDS patients include Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, candidiasis, mycobacterial infections, and infections caused by viruses like cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus. The progression from HIV to AIDS can take from 2-10 years depending on factors like viral load, immune status, and genetic factors.
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Hiv associated opportunistic infections
1. Opportunistic infections associated with HIV can affect the gastrointestinal, respiratory, neurological, and mucocutaneous systems. Common gastrointestinal infections include Cryptosporidium, Microsporidia, and Cytomegalovirus, presenting with diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss.
2. Frequent respiratory infections are Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and bacterial pneumonias. Pneumocystis presents with cough and difficulty breathing, while bacterial pneumonias cause more acute symptoms.
3. Common neurological opportunistic infections are Toxoplasmosis, Cryptococcosis, and HIV-associated dementia. Toxoplasmosis and Cryptococcos
Hiv infections
HIV infects and destroys CD4 lymphocytes, lowering immunity and allowing opportunistic infections. Various infections are associated with different CD4 count thresholds, including Pneumocystis pneumonia below 200, histoplasmosis below 150, and Mycobacterium avium complex below 50. Tuberculosis co-infection increases HIV risk and disease progression. Common opportunistic infections include Pneumocystis pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia, cryptococcal meningitis, toxoplasmosis, and disseminated Mycobacterium. Diagnosis and treatment depends on the specific infection.
04.17.09: CNS Viruses
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Infectious Disease / Microbiology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1IDM
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The document discusses opportunistic infections (OIs) that commonly affect HIV patients. It begins by defining OIs as infections caused by pathogens that take advantage of a weakened immune system. It then lists some examples of common bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic OIs and describes how the risk of OIs increases as CD4 cell count declines. The document focuses on describing several specific OIs in more detail, including their causative pathogens, routes of transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment approaches. It concludes by emphasizing that adherence to antiretroviral therapy is the best way to prevent OIs by restoring immunity.
Cytomegalovirus
Cytomegalovirus is a herpesvirus that commonly infects humans. It can cause enlarged cells (cytomegalic inclusion disease) and poses a risk for severe infections in infants during pregnancy or birth as well as immunosuppressed individuals. The virus replicates slowly in human fibroblasts and establishes lifelong latent infections. Primary infection is usually asymptomatic but can resemble mononucleosis. Congenital infection may cause death, growth problems, or long-term neurological and vision issues in infants. Polymerase chain reaction testing and antigen detection are now used to diagnose active cytomegalovirus infections.
Influenza
Influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses types A, B, and C. Type A is more pathogenic and causes pandemics by mutating into new subtypes. The virus attaches to respiratory cells using hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. Symptoms include fever, cough, and sore throat. Complications can include pneumonia. Antiviral drugs like oseltamivir and zanamivir can reduce symptoms if taken early. Vaccination is recommended for high-risk groups annually.
HIV and TB coinfection
This document discusses HIV and TB co-infection. It notes that HIV increases the risk of developing active TB due to immunosuppression. Diagnosing TB is more difficult in HIV patients as sputum smears can be negative and symptoms are atypical. WHO recommends treating TB first before beginning antiretroviral therapy for co-infected patients, and directly observed treatment to ensure adherence. Clinical trials are exploring optimal antiretroviral regimens for co-infected patients.
HIV Opportunistic Infections Iralu
Here are three more potential causes of paralysis in patients with AIDS:
- Cryptococcal meningitis: The most common fungal infection of the CNS in AIDS patients. Can cause increased intracranial pressure, cranial neuropathies, and spinal cord compression.
- Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): Caused by JC virus reactivation in AIDS patients. Presents with cognitive impairment, visual changes, and sometimes motor deficits. MRI often shows multifocal white matter lesions.
- Vacuolar myelopathy: Caused by HIV itself. Presents with spastic paraparesis. MRI may show T2 hyperintensities in the lateral and posterior columns of the spinal cord. Treat
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Hiv associated opportunistic infections
1. Opportunistic infections associated with HIV can affect the gastrointestinal, respiratory, neurological, and mucocutaneous systems. Common gastrointestinal infections include Cryptosporidium, Microsporidia, and Cytomegalovirus, presenting with diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss.
2. Frequent respiratory infections are Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and bacterial pneumonias. Pneumocystis presents with cough and difficulty breathing, while bacterial pneumonias cause more acute symptoms.
3. Common neurological opportunistic infections are Toxoplasmosis, Cryptococcosis, and HIV-associated dementia. Toxoplasmosis and Cryptococcos
Hiv infections
HIV infects and destroys CD4 lymphocytes, lowering immunity and allowing opportunistic infections. Various infections are associated with different CD4 count thresholds, including Pneumocystis pneumonia below 200, histoplasmosis below 150, and Mycobacterium avium complex below 50. Tuberculosis co-infection increases HIV risk and disease progression. Common opportunistic infections include Pneumocystis pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia, cryptococcal meningitis, toxoplasmosis, and disseminated Mycobacterium. Diagnosis and treatment depends on the specific infection.
04.17.09: CNS Viruses
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Infectious Disease / Microbiology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1IDM
Opportunistic Infections in HIV
The document discusses opportunistic infections (OIs) that commonly affect HIV patients. It begins by defining OIs as infections caused by pathogens that take advantage of a weakened immune system. It then lists some examples of common bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic OIs and describes how the risk of OIs increases as CD4 cell count declines. The document focuses on describing several specific OIs in more detail, including their causative pathogens, routes of transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment approaches. It concludes by emphasizing that adherence to antiretroviral therapy is the best way to prevent OIs by restoring immunity.
Cytomegalovirus
Cytomegalovirus is a herpesvirus that commonly infects humans. It can cause enlarged cells (cytomegalic inclusion disease) and poses a risk for severe infections in infants during pregnancy or birth as well as immunosuppressed individuals. The virus replicates slowly in human fibroblasts and establishes lifelong latent infections. Primary infection is usually asymptomatic but can resemble mononucleosis. Congenital infection may cause death, growth problems, or long-term neurological and vision issues in infants. Polymerase chain reaction testing and antigen detection are now used to diagnose active cytomegalovirus infections.
Influenza
Influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses types A, B, and C. Type A is more pathogenic and causes pandemics by mutating into new subtypes. The virus attaches to respiratory cells using hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. Symptoms include fever, cough, and sore throat. Complications can include pneumonia. Antiviral drugs like oseltamivir and zanamivir can reduce symptoms if taken early. Vaccination is recommended for high-risk groups annually.
HIV and TB coinfection
This document discusses HIV and TB co-infection. It notes that HIV increases the risk of developing active TB due to immunosuppression. Diagnosing TB is more difficult in HIV patients as sputum smears can be negative and symptoms are atypical. WHO recommends treating TB first before beginning antiretroviral therapy for co-infected patients, and directly observed treatment to ensure adherence. Clinical trials are exploring optimal antiretroviral regimens for co-infected patients.
HIV Opportunistic Infections Iralu
Here are three more potential causes of paralysis in patients with AIDS:
- Cryptococcal meningitis: The most common fungal infection of the CNS in AIDS patients. Can cause increased intracranial pressure, cranial neuropathies, and spinal cord compression.
- Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): Caused by JC virus reactivation in AIDS patients. Presents with cognitive impairment, visual changes, and sometimes motor deficits. MRI often shows multifocal white matter lesions.
- Vacuolar myelopathy: Caused by HIV itself. Presents with spastic paraparesis. MRI may show T2 hyperintensities in the lateral and posterior columns of the spinal cord. Treat
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HIV infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, leading to immunosuppression and opportunistic infections. In 1981, the first AIDS cases were reported in homosexual men with PCP. HIV was identified as the cause in 1984. It is transmitted sexually or through blood/bodily fluids. Profound CD4+ T cell loss and impaired immune response are hallmarks of AIDS. Opportunistic infections like PCP occur when CD4+ levels drop below 200. Antiretroviral therapy and treatment/prophylaxis of opportunistic infections can improve health and longevity for those with HIV/AIDS.
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HIV reduces the immune system's ability to fight infections. When the T cell count drops below 200 cells/microL, opportunistic infections become a risk. Certain antibiotics and antifungal medications can prevent opportunistic infections, as can HIV medications which boost T cell count. Opportunistic infections can affect any part of the body and range from relatively localized to systemic. Whether one becomes susceptible depends on their CD4 count, with those over 500 cells/mm3 generally not at risk but still vulnerable to minor infections. Common opportunistic infections include thrush and Kaposi's sarcoma.
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The document provides information on the history and epidemiology of HIV/AIDS. It discusses:
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2) Current global statistics on HIV/AIDS from a 2014 WHO report, noting 36.9 million people living with HIV worldwide, with high prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa.
3) The stages of HIV infection from acute infection to AIDS, and clinical definitions of AIDS.
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1) HIV progresses through several stages - acute infection with flu-like symptoms, a long asymptomatic clinical latency period, and late stage AIDS if left untreated.
2) During acute infection, virus levels peak and the virus disseminates through lymphoid tissues. Most people recover in 2-4 weeks.
3) Without treatment, HIV progressively destroys CD4 cells over many years until late stage AIDS when CD4 counts fall below 200 and opportunistic infections develop.
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- HIV was first identified in the 1980s and has since infected over 38 million people worldwide. India has the third largest epidemic with over 2 million cases.
- Advanced HIV is defined as CD4 count <350 or WHO stage 3/4 disease. AIDS is defined as CD4 <200 or WHO stage 4 disease.
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This document discusses the close interlink between tuberculosis (TB) and HIV, noting that TB is a leading cause of HIV-related morbidity and mortality. It explains that HIV increases the risk of developing active TB for those with latent TB infections, and that people living with HIV have a 10-50% increased lifetime risk of developing TB compared to HIV-negative individuals. The document also describes how TB and HIV interact and influence each other, exacerbating the diseases. It provides details on diagnosing and treating co-infections of TB and HIV.
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HIV infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, leading to immunosuppression and opportunistic infections. In 1981, the first AIDS cases were reported in homosexual men with PCP. HIV was identified as the cause in 1984. It is transmitted sexually or through blood/bodily fluids. Profound CD4+ T cell loss and impaired immune response are hallmarks of AIDS. Opportunistic infections like PCP occur when CD4+ levels drop below 200. Antiretroviral therapy and treatment/prophylaxis of opportunistic infections can improve health and longevity for those with HIV/AIDS.
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A brief description of viral infection: Rubella affecting children and pregnant ladies. Also called German Measles. Helpful for medical students, doctors, and nurses, dermatologists, pediatricians. Fetal rubella syndrome
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HIV reduces the immune system's ability to fight infections. When the T cell count drops below 200 cells/microL, opportunistic infections become a risk. Certain antibiotics and antifungal medications can prevent opportunistic infections, as can HIV medications which boost T cell count. Opportunistic infections can affect any part of the body and range from relatively localized to systemic. Whether one becomes susceptible depends on their CD4 count, with those over 500 cells/mm3 generally not at risk but still vulnerable to minor infections. Common opportunistic infections include thrush and Kaposi's sarcoma.
HIV
The document provides information on the history and epidemiology of HIV/AIDS. It discusses:
1) The first reports of HIV/AIDS in 1981 among homosexual men and intravenous drug users in the US. HIV was later isolated in 1983-1984 and named.
2) Current global statistics on HIV/AIDS from a 2014 WHO report, noting 36.9 million people living with HIV worldwide, with high prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa.
3) The stages of HIV infection from acute infection to AIDS, and clinical definitions of AIDS.
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Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is a rare autoimmune disorder with features of lupus, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, and polymyositis. It is characterized by high levels of antibodies against ribonucleic proteins. Diagnostic criteria require at least 3 of 5 clinical features plus positive serology. Over time, many patients evolve features meeting criteria for other connective tissue diseases. Common clinical manifestations include Raynaud's phenomenon, arthritis, swollen hands, and lung and heart involvement. Prognosis depends on degree of organ involvement, with 5-year cumulative risks including pulmonary dysfunction in 66% and pericardial disease in 30% of patients.
Pneumocystis Pneumonia
A 30-year-old man from Yemen presented with fever and dyspnea for three weeks. He had a history of occasional smoking and unclear sexual history. On examination, he had rapid breathing and oxygen saturation of 91% on room air. Initial tests showed leukopenia and elevated LDH. Chest X-ray showed diffuse bilateral infiltrates. Given his symptoms and test results, Pneumocystis pneumonia was suspected as the cause of his dyspnea. Treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was recommended, with alternatives available for patients with sulfamethoxazole allergy.
Meningococcal infections
This document discusses Neisseria meningitidis, the bacteria that causes meningococcal disease. It describes how the bacteria colonizes the nasopharynx and can spread to the bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluid, potentially causing meningitis. Symptoms range from mild nasopharyngitis to fulminant sepsis. A petechial or purpuric rash is a hallmark of meningococcal disease. Treatment involves antibiotics, while vaccination and chemoprophylaxis are recommended for close contacts. Complications can include adrenal hemorrhage, arthritis, and tissue necrosis.
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Hepatitis E virus is a leading cause of epidemic viral hepatitis worldwide. It is endemic in many developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. The virus causes an acute liver disease that is usually self-limiting, but can develop into fulminant hepatitis in pregnant women with a high fatality rate. The virus has a single-stranded RNA genome and replicates within hepatocytes. While there is no specific treatment, vaccination shows promise in preventing disease.
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Oppurtunistic infections in AIDS
This document discusses opportunistic infections that can occur in patients with AIDS/HIV. It begins by providing background on the HIV epidemic in India. It then describes the structure and life cycle of HIV. The document outlines the typical stages of HIV disease progression from acute infection to chronic infection to AIDS. It discusses how HIV evades the immune system and establishes a chronic infection. Finally, it provides details on common opportunistic infections caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses and protozoa that patients with advanced HIV/AIDS face, such as Pneumocystis pneumonia, toxoplasmosis and cryptosporidiosis.
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1) HIV progresses through several stages - acute infection with flu-like symptoms, a long asymptomatic clinical latency period, and late stage AIDS if left untreated.
2) During acute infection, virus levels peak and the virus disseminates through lymphoid tissues. Most people recover in 2-4 weeks.
3) Without treatment, HIV progressively destroys CD4 cells over many years until late stage AIDS when CD4 counts fall below 200 and opportunistic infections develop.
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Hiv infection progresses from asymptomatic infection to AIDS, the most severe stage. It is caused by the HIV virus which depletes CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system. Left untreated, opportunistic infections develop. HIV is transmitted via blood, sex, or perinatally. Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy to suppress the virus indefinitely and treat any infections, with the goals of prolonging life, improving quality of life, and restoring immune function. Nursing care focuses on medication adherence, nutrition, symptom management, and psychological support.
Immunodefisiensi
HIV establishes infection by breaching mucosal barriers through interactions with dendritic cells and T cells. Initial infection of CD4+ T cells and dendritic cells in mucosal tissues leads to local virus amplification. Dendritic cells carry virus to draining lymph nodes where more extensive replication occurs. Both the innate and adaptive immune responses are induced but HIV evolves mechanisms to evade these responses. Chronic infection is established as the virus persists long-term in reservoirs while progressively depleting CD4+ T cells.
Tutorial secondary idd aids
This document defines secondary immune deficiency diseases and discusses HIV/AIDS in particular. It covers the causes, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and monitoring of secondary immune deficiencies, with a focus on HIV. Key points include: (1) Secondary immune deficiencies are acquired and common, caused by defects in antibodies, phagocytes, complement, or cell-mediated immunity; (2) HIV progresses through early, chronic, and crisis phases defined by declining CD4+ T-cell counts; (3) AIDS is diagnosed when CD4+ counts fall below 200 cells/μL and opportunistic infections or cancers develop.
Hiv infection
This presentation provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
1. Definitions of HIV as the virus that causes AIDS and weakens the immune system, and AIDS as the final stage of HIV infection.
2. HIV-1 is the most common type worldwide and generally causes AIDS faster than HIV-2, which is mostly found in West Africa.
3. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be spread through unprotected sex, blood contact, or from mother to child during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Proper precautions can prevent transmission.
16. Hiv / Aids
HIV/AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which weakens the immune system. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and from mother to child. As the virus destroys CD4 cells, it progresses from acute infection to AIDS without treatment. Common symptoms include weight loss, fever, and opportunistic infections. While there is no cure, antiretroviral treatment can control the virus and prevent transmission. Public health strategies aim to prevent transmission through screening, education on safe sex practices, and comprehensive prevention of mother-to-child transmission.
Pathology and management of periodontal problems in patients
This document discusses periodontal problems in patients with HIV infection. It covers the pathogenesis of HIV and how the virus weakens the immune system over time. As the immune system is damaged, oral infections like oral candidiasis become more common and severe. The document also discusses the various stages of HIV infection and AIDS, as well as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) used to treat HIV. Common oral manifestations seen in patients with HIV infection include oral candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, and Kaposi's sarcoma.
7. immunodeficiency syndromes
This document discusses immunodeficiency syndromes, including both primary (congenital) and secondary (acquired) types. Primary immunodeficiencies are inherited genetic disorders that impair innate or adaptive immunity. They are usually detected in infancy due to susceptibility to recurrent infections. Common variable immunodeficiency and isolated IgA deficiency are two relatively frequent primary immunodeficiencies. Secondary immunodeficiencies may result from cancer, infection, malnutrition, or immunosuppressive treatments. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a profound secondary immunodeficiency leading to opportunistic infections and cancers. HIV infects and depletes
Hiv infection and aids
It is comprehensive slide on HIV and AIDS. It includes definition, clinical features, investigation and management.
2.HIV infections.ppt
This document provides information about HIV infections and AIDS. It begins by describing HIV and AIDS, noting it was first recognized in 1981 and is caused by the HIV virus. It then discusses epidemiology, stating that as of 2000 there were an estimated 36 million people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide and 4 million in India. The document goes on to describe the normal immune system, how HIV works including its lifecycle, and the stages of HIV infection from primary infection through disease progression. It also covers transmission methods, high risk groups, viral structure, diagnosis, oral manifestations, and prevention.
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Pathology and management of periodontal problems in patients
Pathology and management of periodontal problems in patients
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The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
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Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
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Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
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+
53.13485
−
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with a host spectroscopic redshift of
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0.007
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(
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−
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)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
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Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
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cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
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CDM. Therefore unlike low-
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Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
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truly diverge from their low-
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Handwritten best quality
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
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Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
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Classification
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Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
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1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
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Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
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Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
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AIDS- Opportunistic infections
- 1. ● AIDS INTRODUCTION ● CLINICAL FEATURES OF AIDS ● OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS By Shubhangi Dhyani Topics
- 2. What is the difference between AIDS and HIV INFECTION ?
- 3. ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME ● This is the final phase of HIV infection ,or phase 3 ● the CD4+ T cell count falls below a critical level (<200/μL) and the patient becomes highly susceptible to opportunistic infections ● It is not uncommon for CD4+ T cell counts in the untreated patient to drop to as low as 10/μL or
- 7. Progression to AIDS after getting infected by HIV After 7- 10 years After more than 10 years After 2- 3 years HIV INFECTION Rapid progressor Normal progressor Long term non progressor
- 8. ELITE CONTROLERS Originally, individuals were considered to be long-term nonprogressors if they had been infected with HIV for a long period , their CD4+ T cell counts were in the normal range, without treatment .
- 9. Elite controllers From this broader group, a smaller subgroup of “elite” controllers or nonprogressors was identified.
- 10. ● These elite controllers, have extremely low levels of plasma viremia that is often undetectable by standard assays and normal CD4+ T cell counts ● It is noteworthy that certain of their HIV-specific immune responses are robust and clearly superior to those of HIV-infected progressors. In this group of elite controllers certain HLA class I haplotypes are overrepresented, particularly HLA-B57-01 and HLA-B27-05
- 11. ● Weight loss ● Pyrexia of unknown origin ● Diarrhoea alternating with constipation ● Generalised lymphadenopathy ● Multiple opportunistic infections ● CNS manifestations and secondary neoplasias CLINICAL FEATURES OF AIDS
- 12. Weight loss Along with diarrhoea And fever for over one month
- 13. Generalised lymphadenopathy ● Lymphadenopath y reflects the immune response to the virus in the lymphoid tissue
- 14. ● It is generally characterized by follicular or germinal center hyperplasia. ● Lymphoid tissue involvement is a common denominator of all patients with HIV infection
- 15. Opportunistic infections ● Opportunistic infections (OIs) are infections that occur more often or are more severe in people with weakened immune systems than in people with healthy immune systems. ● People with weakened immune systems include people living with HIV. ● OIs are caused by a variety of germs (viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites)
- 18. Fungal infections Candidiasis Most common clinical manifestation . Invasive candidiasis is infrequent but can occur in ● Drug induced neutropenia ● Indwelling catheters
- 19. Fungal infections Coccidiomycosis Histoplasmosis Cryptococcosis Meningitis is a common manifestation of cryptococcosis.
- 20. Protozoal and helminthic infections Toxoplasmosis Pneumonia and CNS infection Cryptosporidiosis Responsible for persistent diarrhoea and weight loss
- 21. Protozoan and helminthic infections Pneumocytosis Caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci . Responsible for pneumonia and disseminated infections. Has been controlled to a great extent by the introduction of HAART
- 23. Bacterial Infections Salmonella infection Causes diarrhoea Nocardiosis Pneumonia Meningitis Disseminated infections Nocardia bacterium
- 24. Bacterial infections Mycobacteriosis Mycobacterium avium -intracellulare (Atypical mycobacteria) ● Disseminated infections occur late. ● Diarrhoea
- 25. Bacterial infections Mycobacterium tuberculosis ● Clinical manifestations appear early ● Infection maybe pulmonary or extra pulmonary
- 26. Viral infections Cytomegalovirus Affects - ● pulmonary tract ● GIT - mucosal ulcerations ● Eyes - chorioretinitis ( <50 microliter)
- 27. Blueberry muffin rash associated with congenital cytomegalovirus
- 28. Viral infection Herpes simplex virus Mucocutanteous ulceration of ● Mouth ● Esophagus ● External genitalia ● Perianal region
- 30. Viral infection JC virus Human papovavirus Responsible for PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY
- 31. Viral infection Varicella- zoster virus Causes localised or disseminated infections
- 33. Thank you