This document discusses dengue fever, a mosquito-borne viral disease. It defines dengue fever and lists its objectives which are to understand what dengue is, its risks, clinical features, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis. It describes how dengue fever is transmitted through the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes, mainly Aedes aegypti. The clinical features of dengue fever are explained including its rare, more serious forms like dengue hemorrhagic fever. The document outlines the laboratory tests used to diagnose dengue and the treatment which involves rest and pain relief medication. Controlling mosquito populations and developing a vaccine are discussed as important prophylaxis measures.

1. DENGUE
FEVER
NUR FARRA NAJWA
BINTI ABDUL AZIM
082015100035

2. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the seminar, students should be able to
Define and understand what is dengue and its patho-
physiology
List the risk for being infected by dengue
Explain in brief the clinical feature of dengue
Know the epidemiology for dengue
Understand the lab diagnosis for dengue
Briefly enumerate the treatment for dengue
List the prophylaxis measure to be taken for dengue

3. AEDES MOSQUITOS
•Aedes aegypti is a day biting mosquito.
•Most active during daylight, for approximately two hours after
sunrise and several hours before sunset.
•The males of all species of mosquitoes do not bite humans or animals
of any species, they live on fruit.
• The female of Aedes aegypti feed not only on fruit, but also on
blood.
•Living near man Aedes aegypti has become largely dependent on and
adapted to humans.
• The mosquito has greatly reduced the `humming' sound it makes
with their wings.
• The insect is very fast in flight unless gorged with blood.

7. INTRODUCTION
•Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical
disease caused by the dengue virus.
•Dengue (pronounced DENgee) fever is a painful,
debilitating mosquito-borne disease .
•Clinically similar to illness caused by chikugunya
and o’nyong o’nyong virus
•Dengue is a viral infection caused by four
serotypes of viruses
(DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4)
•Belonging to the Flavivirdae family.
Aedes aegypti

10. DENGUE FEVER
•Transmission : through the bite of infected Aedes aegypti and Aedes
albopictus female mosquitoes .
•Vector : Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus female mosquitoes
•These mosquitoes thrive in areas with standing water, including
puddles, water tanks, containers and old tires. Lack of reliable
sanitation and regular garbage collection also contribute to the spread
of the mosquitoes

11. P
A
T
H
O
P
H
Y
S
I
O
L
O
G
Y

13. RISKS
•Risk of Dengue exists in tropical and subtropical areas of Central
America, South America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania.
•All travellers are at risk during outbreaks.
•Long-term travellers and humanitarian workers going to areas where
Dengue is endemic are at higher risk.
•Dengue occurs in urban and suburban settings with higher
transmission rates happening during the rainy season

14. CLINICAL FEATURES
•Diseases occur in two form - classical dengue fever (BREAK BONE
FEVER)
- more serious form (hemorrhagic
manifestation)
•Incubation period : 5-8 days
•Maculopapular rash : 3rd , 4th day
•Febrile illness last for 10 days
•Recovery generally completely and rarely fatal
CLASSICAL
DENGUE
FEVER
Affect child
and adults
Benign
course
Fever,
headache,
pain in
muscle and
bone
Typically
biphasic
fever
(saddle back
fever)

16. Sudden, high fever
Severe headaches
Pain behind the eyes
Severe joint and muscle pain
Fatigue
Nausea
Vomiting
Skin rash, which appears two
to five days after the onset of
fever
Mild bleeding (such a nose
bleed, bleeding gums, or easy
bruising)

17. CONT.
•Sometimes, symptoms are mild and can be
mistaken for those of the flu or another viral
infection.
•Younger children and people who have never
had the infection before tend to have milder
cases than older children and adults.
However, serious problems can develop. These
include dengue hemorrhagic fever!!!

18. DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER
(DHF/DSS)
• A rare complication characterized by
•high fever,
•damage to lymph and blood vessels,
•bleeding from the nose and gums,
•enlargement of the liver,
•failure of the circulatory system.
The symptoms may progress to massive bleeding, shock, and
death.
• People with weakened immune systems as well as those with a
second or subsequent dengue infection are believed to be at
greater risk for developing dengue hemorrhagic fever.

19. CONT.
DHF / DSS
•More serious form
•With hemorrhagic and shock form
DHF (dengue hemorrhagic fever) , DSS (dengue shock syndrome)
•Mostly confined to children 5-10 year old in area where multiple
dengue virus cause diseases
•Appears to be hyperimmune reaction
•Seen in patient previously infected dengue virus
•On reinfection with different virus serotype, antibody form against
first virus react with second serotype forming immune complexes

20. CONT
•Initial symptoms like those in dengue fever associated with
•Mortality rate : 5% - 10%
SHOCK
THROMBOCYTOPE
NIA
HEMORRHAGI
C RASH

21. EPIDEMIOLOGY
•Most cases occur in tropical areas of the world, with the greatest risk
occurring in:
The Indian subcontinent
Southeast Asia
Southern China
Taiwan
The Pacific Islands
The Caribbean (except Cuba and the Cayman Islands)
Mexico
Africa
Central and South America (except Chile, Paraguay, and Argentina)

23. LAB DIAGNOSIS
Can diagnose dengue infection with a blood test to check for the virus
or antibodies to it.
a) Specimen
b) Hematological diagnosis
c) Microbiology diagnosis
“If you become sick after traveling to a tropical area, let your doctor
know. This will allow your doctor to evaluate the possibility that your
symptoms were caused by a dengue infection.”

25. A) SPECIMEN
PURPOSE SAMPLE
Antibody detection Serum
Antigen detection Serum
Isolation of virus and PCR Serum
Plasma
Whole blood (washed buffy
coat)
Autopsy tissue

26. B) HEMATOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
I. Thrombocytopenia ( ≤ 100 000 cell/ cumm)
II. Hemoconcentration ( > 20% rise in hematocrit)
Results
Thrombocytopenia and elevated transaminases were observed in
patients with classic dengue fever.
The main laboratory abnormalities found in dengue hemorrhagic fever
were thrombocytopenia, hemoconcentration and elevated
transaminases, similar to severe dengue with the exception of
hemoconcentration.
Most laboratory abnormalities started on the 3rd day but were more
evident on the 5th day with restoration of values by the 11th day; this
was more prominent in under 15-year-olds and with the more severe

27. C) MICROBIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
I. Isolation of virus is difficult but serology is major role in diognosis

28. PURPOSE DETAILS
Detection of antibody (IgM, IgG)
(rapid diagnosis)
- ELISA
- Immunochromatographic test
-Demonstration of IgM provide early
diagnosis
-Appear after 5 days onset of symptoms
-Persist 1 - 3 month
-IgG appears later
-Detection of 4 fold IgG titre in paired sera
taken at interval of 10 days or more is
confirmatory
Detection of Non Structural Protein 1(NSI)
antigen
(rapid test)
- Immunochoromatographic
-Detect on first day of fever
-Before antibodies appear
-15 minutes procedure
PCR (polymerase chain reaction) -Viral RNA in specimen
-RTPCR (reverse trancriptase PCR)

29. TREATMENT
There is no specific medicine
Use pain relievers with acetaminophen
Avoid medicines with aspirin
Rest, drink plenty of fluids

30. PROPHYLAXIS
•Control measure
•A) eliminate mosquitous
•B) no effective vaccine
•But in order to avoid DHF/DSS in immunized person, a live attenuated
vaccine containing all four dengue serotype is under clinical trial

33. SUMMARY
Define and understand what is dengue
List the risk for being infected by dengue
Know the epidemiology for dengue
Explain in brief the clinical feature of dengue and its rare
forms
Understand the lab diagnosis for dengue
Briefly enumerate the treatment for dengue
List the prophylaxis measure to be taken for dengue

34. REFERENCES
1. Textbook Of Microbiology Prof Cp Baveja, 4th Edition
2. Textbook Of Microbiology Ananthanarayan And Paniker, 8th Edition
3. http://www.antimicrobe.org/new/v34.asp
4. http://www.denguevirusnet.com/aedes-aegypti.html
5. http://www.medicinenet.com/dengue_fever/article.htm
6. http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/dengue-fever-
reference#2