PEMFC powered Hybrid vehicle system is one of an interesting issue for the industry due to its high performances. The PEMFC cannot certainly ensure a sustained required energy in some scenarios. To solve this problem related to PEMFC transient response, a Hybrid Electrical Storage System (HES) is a potential candidate for a solution. The proposed Hybrid Storage system is comprised of the battery (BT) and a Super-Capacitor (SC) components. These components are included to control the hydrogen variations and the fast peak powers scenarios respectively. The SC is used to control PEMFC and the BT slow dynamics at the same times. An accurate Multi-Ways Energy Management System (MW-EMS) is proposed which aims to cooperate with the system components through SC/BT state of charge and a flux calculation. The simulation results are discussed and assessed using MATLAB/ Simulink.
Harvesting in electric vehicles: Combining multiple power tracking and fuel-c...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a research article that proposes a power electronic platform and energy management strategy (EMS) to harvest energy from multiple sources in electric vehicles. The platform allows simultaneous operation of sources like solar panels, fuel cells, energy-generating dampers, and others. The EMS aims to minimize degradation of the battery bank and fuel cell by filtering current transients and ensuring sources operate at their maximum power points. A mathematical model of the platform is presented and stability analysis was performed. Numerical, hardware-in-the-loop, and experimental validations supported the effectiveness of the approach.
This document presents a proportional integral (PI) control strategy for power management of a hybrid power system consisting of a fuel cell, lithium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors. The strategy controls the battery state of charge using a PI controller to distribute load power among the energy sources. Simulation results show that the battery state of charge is used to determine how load power is shared between the fuel cell, battery, and supercapacitor under varying load conditions. The PI control strategy was able to effectively coordinate the power outputs of the different components to meet the load demand while maintaining the battery state of charge within its limits.
Hybrid Power Supply using Improved H6 based MITCB DC – DC Converter for House...IRJET Journal
This document presents a hybrid power supply system using an improved H6-based multi-input transformer-coupled bidirectional DC-DC converter for household applications. The system integrates photovoltaic, wind, and battery sources along with a single-phase H6 inverter to power AC loads and connect to the grid. It aims to meet load demand, manage excess power from sources, charge the battery from sources and grid as needed, and reduce energy conversion stages for improved efficiency. Simulation results show the control scheme effectively manages power flow under different operating conditions. The proposed configuration provides a robust mix of solar and wind energy while enabling maximum utilization of sources, storage, and grid-tied capabilities.
Control strategies of_different_hybrid_energy_storage_systems_for_electric_ve...PrafulYadav4
This document summarizes control strategies for different hybrid energy storage systems used in electric vehicles. It classifies strategies into four configurations: fuel cell-battery, battery-ultracapacitor, fuel cell-ultracapacitor, and battery-fuel cell-ultracapacitor. The document provides a comparative analysis of control techniques based on aspects like control parameters, vehicle operation, and performance metrics. It also analyzes experimental setups, driving cycle improvements, and mathematical models to demonstrate the reliability of applying these strategies in practice.
This document describes a novel multilevel inverter topology for renewable energy integration with the grid. The topology consists of multiple two-level inverters connected in parallel and fed by different renewable energy sources. This allows generating a multilevel output waveform with a large number of voltage levels while reducing the number of switches compared to other topologies. A six-level inverter is analyzed as an example, requiring only 12 switches to generate six voltage levels from two renewable sources. Simulation and experimental results validate the topology's performance in optimizing total harmonic distortion and compliance with power quality standards.
This document describes the design, implementation, and testing of an ultracapacitor-based auxiliary energy system (AES) installed in an electric vehicle (EV) to improve efficiency. The AES uses an ultracapacitor bank and buck-boost converter to provide power support to the EV's lead-acid battery pack. Two control strategies for the AES were developed and tested - one based on heuristics and the other using neural networks. Testing showed the AES could reduce costs if it extended the battery life by 50% or more, which is unlikely. The AES was also evaluated for a hypothetical fuel cell-powered EV, where it showed significant cost reductions compared to a fuel cell-only system, especially when using ultracapacitors.
Multiport converters increasingly gain prominance in the recent past to interface renewable energy sources like photovoltaic cells, fuel cells with the load. Energy storage elements like battery and supercapacitors nd major place as an additional and alternate sources in systems with primary renewable energy sources to overcome its intermittency issues. As these energy storage element's charging and discharging cycles are to be controlled, an isolated bidirectional converter topology with transformer is used. The galvanic isolation provided by the high frequency ac link transformers in partly isolated and fully isolated topologies makes these converters most preferrable in high power applications like electric vehicles. A comprehensive review is performed on various three port partly isolated and fully isolated topologies addressed by dierent research groups. The key contributions on soft switching for reducing switching losses and improving overall converter efficiency with help of resonant elements are discussed. In addition, control strategies for power ow control with enhanced soft switching of partly isolated converters are highlighted. A summary of converter topologies is provided comparing power rating, device count, soft switching resonant elements and efficiency which gives an idea for selection of suitable topology for the desired system requirement.
Alternative energy technologies are being popular for power generation applications nowadays. Among others, Fuel cell (FC) technology is quite popular. However, the FC unit is costly and vulnerable to any disturbances in input parameters. Thus, to perform research and experimentation, Fuel cell emulators (FCE) can be useful. FCEs can replicate actual FC behavior in different operating conditions. Thus, by using it the application area can be determined. In this study, a FCE system is modelled using MATLAB/Simulink®. The FCE system consists of a buck DC-DC converter and a proportional integral (PI) based controller incorporating an electrochemical model of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The PEMFC model is used to generate reference voltage of the controller which takes the load current as a requirement. The characteristics are compared with Ballard Mark V 5kW PEMFC stack specifications obtained from the datasheet. The results show that the FCE system is a suitable replacement of real PEMFC stack and can be used for research and development purpose.
Harvesting in electric vehicles: Combining multiple power tracking and fuel-c...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a research article that proposes a power electronic platform and energy management strategy (EMS) to harvest energy from multiple sources in electric vehicles. The platform allows simultaneous operation of sources like solar panels, fuel cells, energy-generating dampers, and others. The EMS aims to minimize degradation of the battery bank and fuel cell by filtering current transients and ensuring sources operate at their maximum power points. A mathematical model of the platform is presented and stability analysis was performed. Numerical, hardware-in-the-loop, and experimental validations supported the effectiveness of the approach.
This document presents a proportional integral (PI) control strategy for power management of a hybrid power system consisting of a fuel cell, lithium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors. The strategy controls the battery state of charge using a PI controller to distribute load power among the energy sources. Simulation results show that the battery state of charge is used to determine how load power is shared between the fuel cell, battery, and supercapacitor under varying load conditions. The PI control strategy was able to effectively coordinate the power outputs of the different components to meet the load demand while maintaining the battery state of charge within its limits.
Hybrid Power Supply using Improved H6 based MITCB DC – DC Converter for House...IRJET Journal
This document presents a hybrid power supply system using an improved H6-based multi-input transformer-coupled bidirectional DC-DC converter for household applications. The system integrates photovoltaic, wind, and battery sources along with a single-phase H6 inverter to power AC loads and connect to the grid. It aims to meet load demand, manage excess power from sources, charge the battery from sources and grid as needed, and reduce energy conversion stages for improved efficiency. Simulation results show the control scheme effectively manages power flow under different operating conditions. The proposed configuration provides a robust mix of solar and wind energy while enabling maximum utilization of sources, storage, and grid-tied capabilities.
Control strategies of_different_hybrid_energy_storage_systems_for_electric_ve...PrafulYadav4
This document summarizes control strategies for different hybrid energy storage systems used in electric vehicles. It classifies strategies into four configurations: fuel cell-battery, battery-ultracapacitor, fuel cell-ultracapacitor, and battery-fuel cell-ultracapacitor. The document provides a comparative analysis of control techniques based on aspects like control parameters, vehicle operation, and performance metrics. It also analyzes experimental setups, driving cycle improvements, and mathematical models to demonstrate the reliability of applying these strategies in practice.
This document describes a novel multilevel inverter topology for renewable energy integration with the grid. The topology consists of multiple two-level inverters connected in parallel and fed by different renewable energy sources. This allows generating a multilevel output waveform with a large number of voltage levels while reducing the number of switches compared to other topologies. A six-level inverter is analyzed as an example, requiring only 12 switches to generate six voltage levels from two renewable sources. Simulation and experimental results validate the topology's performance in optimizing total harmonic distortion and compliance with power quality standards.
This document describes the design, implementation, and testing of an ultracapacitor-based auxiliary energy system (AES) installed in an electric vehicle (EV) to improve efficiency. The AES uses an ultracapacitor bank and buck-boost converter to provide power support to the EV's lead-acid battery pack. Two control strategies for the AES were developed and tested - one based on heuristics and the other using neural networks. Testing showed the AES could reduce costs if it extended the battery life by 50% or more, which is unlikely. The AES was also evaluated for a hypothetical fuel cell-powered EV, where it showed significant cost reductions compared to a fuel cell-only system, especially when using ultracapacitors.
Multiport converters increasingly gain prominance in the recent past to interface renewable energy sources like photovoltaic cells, fuel cells with the load. Energy storage elements like battery and supercapacitors nd major place as an additional and alternate sources in systems with primary renewable energy sources to overcome its intermittency issues. As these energy storage element's charging and discharging cycles are to be controlled, an isolated bidirectional converter topology with transformer is used. The galvanic isolation provided by the high frequency ac link transformers in partly isolated and fully isolated topologies makes these converters most preferrable in high power applications like electric vehicles. A comprehensive review is performed on various three port partly isolated and fully isolated topologies addressed by dierent research groups. The key contributions on soft switching for reducing switching losses and improving overall converter efficiency with help of resonant elements are discussed. In addition, control strategies for power ow control with enhanced soft switching of partly isolated converters are highlighted. A summary of converter topologies is provided comparing power rating, device count, soft switching resonant elements and efficiency which gives an idea for selection of suitable topology for the desired system requirement.
Alternative energy technologies are being popular for power generation applications nowadays. Among others, Fuel cell (FC) technology is quite popular. However, the FC unit is costly and vulnerable to any disturbances in input parameters. Thus, to perform research and experimentation, Fuel cell emulators (FCE) can be useful. FCEs can replicate actual FC behavior in different operating conditions. Thus, by using it the application area can be determined. In this study, a FCE system is modelled using MATLAB/Simulink®. The FCE system consists of a buck DC-DC converter and a proportional integral (PI) based controller incorporating an electrochemical model of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The PEMFC model is used to generate reference voltage of the controller which takes the load current as a requirement. The characteristics are compared with Ballard Mark V 5kW PEMFC stack specifications obtained from the datasheet. The results show that the FCE system is a suitable replacement of real PEMFC stack and can be used for research and development purpose.
This document describes a proposed hybrid renewable energy power system that uses multiple energy sources (photovoltaic, wind, fuel cell, battery) along with a motor-generator set and diesel engine for power generation. An energy management and control unit using a programmable logic controller is also proposed to optimize the utilization of the various energy sources. The system is designed to operate in both islanding and grid-connected modes. Modeling and simulation of the system components was performed in MATLAB/Simulink to validate the effectiveness of the proposed system design.
Performance Analysis of DC Micro Grid with PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid GenerationIJMREMJournal
Conventional energy resources are being replaced by Renewable energy sources mainly due to increasing
environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
due to their DC output. In this research work, a DC microgrid structure is proposed for small residential areas
using hybrid PV and FC generation. Power Electronic converters are used to regulate generated voltage of the
two sources for integration to a common DC bus. Proposed system is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK to
observe its performance. Simulation results show that output voltage is properly maintained at different DC
Fuel cell vehicle projects in texas richard thompson - oct 2010cahouser
The document discusses several hydrogen fuel cell vehicle projects in Texas, including:
1) A test of a 22-passenger hydrogen fuel cell electric shuttle bus that achieved up to 200 miles of range. Data was collected on performance over 8000 miles.
2) Modeling of fuel cell vehicles and their efficiencies compared to diesel and gasoline vehicles.
3) A hydrogen fueling station in Austin that provides fuel for additional vehicles.
4) A Department of Defense program to extend the range of an electric utility vehicle to over 300 miles using hydrogen fuel cells.
A photovoltaic integrated unified power quality conditioner with a 27-level i...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) with a 27-level inverter based on
an asymmetric H-bridge topology. Each phase of the inverter is composed of three H-bridges, supplied by
three DC sources scaled in the power of three. The output of the multilevel inverter is connected directly to
the point of common coupling (PCC) without the need to a transformer or a filter. The calculation of the Shunt
Active Power Filter (SAPF) compensation current is based on the generalized theory of synchronous frame
(d-q theory) while the calculation of a series active filter voltage is based on Instantaneous Reactive Power
(p-q theory). The control of the SAPF is achieved by using a closed-loop vector control followed by a new
multilevel modulation technique. In addition to the capability of harmonic elimination of both current and
voltage drawn from the source, the UPQC can produce real and reactive power to feed the loads during
prolonged voltage outages or source shortage. Batteries pack are used as a dc link, which is charged from
photovoltaic array connected to the battery through a maximum power point tracker and charge controller.
The injection of real and reactive power depends on the state of charge (SOC) of batteries, the frequency of
the system, real and reactive power of the load, and power factor at the point of PCC. The proposed UPQC
strategy is simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK and the results have shown a significant improved in Total
Harmonics Distortion (THD) of both the voltage and currents.
Stand-alone Hybrid systems become appreciating issues that ensure the required electricity to consumers. The development of a stand-alone Hybrid system becomes a necessity for multiple applications The enhance energy security. To achieve this objective, we have proposed an accurate dynamic model using Multi-Agent System (MAS) in which a solar energy System (SES) serves as the main load supply, an energy Backup System (ERS) is based on a fuel cell and Electrolyzer for long-term energy storage and an Ultra Capacitor (UCap) storage system deployed as a short-time storage. To cooperate with all systems, an Intelligent Power Management (IPM) based on a specific MAS is included. Thus, to prove the performance of the system, we tested and simulated it using the Matlab/Simulink environment.
IRJET- Power Management System for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations using F...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a power management system for electric vehicle charging stations using fuzzy logic control. The system uses a photovoltaic generator connected to the grid to charge plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. It aims to reduce surges in power demand during peak charging hours. A DC/DC boost converter is used to operate the solar panels at maximum power point tracking. A bi-directional DC/AC inverter connects the system to the grid using vector control. Fuzzy logic control is implemented and compared to PI control. Simulation results show fuzzy logic control reduces harmonics more effectively than PI control.
The document discusses electrochemical energy storage and its importance for alternative energy applications. It outlines some key challenges with energy storage, including the need for devices with high power and energy capabilities, long life, fast charging, and portability. The author proposes using hybrid energy storage systems that integrate multiple device types to optimize performance for different applications and timescales. The remainder of the document focuses on lithium-ion battery limitations and using mechanical models to understand capacity fade through stresses induced during operation.
This document provides a list of 57 technical papers published between 2010-2013 related to electrical engineering topics like power electronics, renewable energy, and control systems. It includes the paper titles and their respective years of publication. Contact information is also provided to inquire about further details.
The document summarizes test results from a high capacity nickel-metal hydride battery energy storage system installed at the New York City Transit system. Key findings include:
1) The battery system stabilized the third rail voltage during train acceleration, reducing voltage drops from 118V to 63V.
2) It stabilized third rail voltage during peak demand periods on the A line, reducing fluctuations from 122V to 64V.
3) The battery enhanced regenerative braking energy capture from trains from 1.34 kWh without the battery to 2.94 kWh with the battery installed.
4) The battery could provide enough power for a single train to move in an emergency power outage scenario at 10 mph,
In this paper, a new method of integration between PV inverter system with utility grid for electric vehicle charging station based on the extended boost quasi-Z-source (q-ZSI) topology is proposed. The proposed system realizes a bidirectional power flow management between PV sources, energy storage unit and the utility grid. The extended boost q-ZSI is a most efficient topology that provides a single stage conversion for PV systems by providing low ratings for components, reduced number of components used, high input voltage gain, increased voltage boost property , reduced voltage stress across switches and simple control strategies .Its unique capability in single stage conversion with improved voltage gain is used for voltage buck and boost function. A simulation model of the grid connected q-ZSI for electric vehicle charging station has been built in MATLAB/ SIMULINK. The hardware setup was developed and the results are validated.
Power system operation considering detailed modelling of the natural gas supp...IJECEIAES
The energy transition from fossil-fuel generators to renewable energies represents a paramount challenge. This is mainly due to the uncertainty and unpredictability associated with renewable resources. A greater flexibility is requested for power system operation to fulfill demand requirements considering security and economic restrictions. In particular, the use of gas-fired generators has increased to enhance system flexibility in response to the integration of renewable energy sources. This paper provides a comprehensive formulation for modeling a natural gas supply network to provide gas for thermal generators, considering the use of wind power sources for the operation of the electrical system over a 24-hour period. The results indicate the requirements of gas with different wind power level of integration. The model is evaluated on a network of 20 NG nodes and on a 24-bus IEEE RTS system with various operative settings during a 24-hour period.
IRJET- Modeling, Simulation and Control of a Photovoltaic Energy System w...IRJET Journal
The document presents a photovoltaic (PV) energy system with a fuel cell backup to ensure continuous operation of connected loads. The PV array normally powers the loads when solar irradiance is within its nominal range. When irradiance falls below a threshold, the fuel cell takes over to feed the loads. The proposed hybrid system is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Results show the system can efficiently address the intermittent nature of PV power by integrating a fuel cell backup.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR CRITICAL LOADS USING POWER ELECTRONICSrenukasningadally
The work aims at an Energy Management System (EMS) for Critical loads using Power Electronics. Here hybrid power sources (Grid and Solar cells) with battery have been used to supply the power to the critical loads at all times, suppose an end user increases his critical loads or non-critical loads this EMS system helps to maintain continuous power supply to these loads. Solar or Photovoltaic cells have been used for storing energy through battery and these batteries will discharge the stored energy at two conditions, one is when grid is shut down for short duration or for a long duration and another one is when there sudden increase in load by users
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
The document discusses optimizing the location and size of distributed generations (DGs) in a power distribution system to reduce power losses and improve voltage profiles. It proposes using the Kalman filter algorithm to determine optimal DG sizes after their locations have been selected. The locations are chosen by considering total power loss in the system. Power losses are calculated using distribution factor equations that model power flows from generators to loads and vice versa. The approach will be tested on the IEEE 30-bus system model.
A New Topology for High Level Hybrid Cascaded Multilevel Inverter Motor Drive...IOSR Journals
1) The document proposes a new hybrid cascaded multilevel inverter topology for motor drives that interfaces both DC sources and capacitor energy storage.
2) In the proposed topology, the capacitor is controlled to provide reactive power compensation and cancel lower order harmonics, while the main converter supplies real power with reduced switching losses.
3) The topology can also be modified such that the capacitor energy storage provides both reactive power compensation and real power support during acceleration and braking, absorbing regenerative energy.
IRJET- Optimum Design of Photovoltaic / Regenerative Fuel Cell Power Syst...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the optimal design of a hybrid photovoltaic/regenerative fuel cell (PV/RFC) power system for a remote telecom station. The system uses a PV subsystem to generate electricity from solar irradiation. Surplus energy is used to produce hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis. The hydrogen is stored and then used in a fuel cell to generate electricity during times when solar energy is insufficient to meet load demands. The document outlines the methodology for sizing the PV array, electrolyzer, fuel cell, and hydrogen storage tank. Calculations are provided for hydrogen and oxygen production and usage, as well as water balance. The goal is to size the system components so that hydrogen production matches consumption to reliably meet the station
Power quality improvement based on hybrid coordinated design of renewable ene...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of power quality for static synchronous compensator on the distribution power system (DSTATCOM) when different types of energy sources are used to supply the DC link channel of DSTATCOM. These types of power supplies have a different effect on the compensation of DSTATCOM due to operation nature of these sources. The dynamic response of the DSTATCOM has investigated that produced by individual and hybrid energy sources to evaluate the influence of these sources in terms of time response, compensation process and reduce the harmonics of current source. Three cases have been considered in this study. First the photovoltaic (PV) cells alone, second the battery storage alone, and third a hybrid coordinated design between (PV cells with battery storage) is used. A boost DC-DC circuit has connected to a photovoltaic cell with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) while DC-DC buck-boost circuit is used with a battery. High coordination between PV and battery circuits in the hybrid system is used to improve the performance. A synchronous reference frame (SRF) with a unit vector has used to control the DSTATCOM. The simulation results show that the hybrid design has a superiority response compared to the individual sources.
Dual-Active-Bridge Converter for Bi-Directional PV Micro Inverter Application...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed dual-mode control scheme for a dual-active-bridge (DAB) converter used in bi-directional photovoltaic micro inverters with integrated battery storage. The DAB topology provides bidirectional power flow but suffers from low efficiency at low power levels. The proposed design modifies the DAB by adding a switch to operate as a two-transistor flyback converter at low power for improved efficiency. It also dynamically adjusts the DC link voltage for optimal performance when operating in DAB mode. Experimental results on a 100W prototype showed up to 8% increased efficiency at low power levels with the dual-mode control scheme.
There is need for an energy storage device capable of transferring high power in transient situations
aboard naval vessels. Currently, batteries are used to accomplish this task, but previous research has
shown that when utilized at high power rates, these devices deteriorate over time causing a loss in lifespan.
It has been shown that a hybrid energy storage configuration is capable of meeting such a demand while
reducing the strain placed on individual components. While designing a custom converter capable of
controlling the power to and from a battery would be ideal for this application, it can be costly to develop
when compared to purchasing commercially available products. Commercially available products offer
limited controllability in exchange for their proven performance and lower cost point - often times only
allowing a system level control input without any way to interface with low level controls that are
frequently used in controller design. This paper proposes the use of fuzzy logic control in order to provide
a system level control to the converters responsible for limiting power to and from the battery. A system
will be described mathematically, modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, and a fuzzy logic controller will be
compared with a typical controller.
Design of charging station for electric vehicle batteriesIJAEMSJORNAL
With the increasing requirement in green technologies in transportation, electric vehicles have proven to be the best short-term solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The conventional vehicle drivers are still unwilling in using such a new technology, mainly because of the time duration (4-8 hours) required to charge the electric vehicle batteries with the currently existing Level I and II charging station. For this reason, Level III fast- charging stations capable of reducing the charging duration to 10-15 minutes are being designed and developed. The present thesis focuses on the design of a fast-charging station for electric vehicle, in addition to the electrical grid, two stationary energy storage devices flywheel energy storage and a super capacitor is being used. Power electronic converters used for the interface of the energy sources with the charging stations are designed. The design development also focuses on the energy management that will minimize the battery charging time. For this reason, an algorithm that minimizes durations with its mathematical formulation is required, and its application in fast charging will be illustrated.
This document describes a proposed hybrid renewable energy power system that uses multiple energy sources (photovoltaic, wind, fuel cell, battery) along with a motor-generator set and diesel engine for power generation. An energy management and control unit using a programmable logic controller is also proposed to optimize the utilization of the various energy sources. The system is designed to operate in both islanding and grid-connected modes. Modeling and simulation of the system components was performed in MATLAB/Simulink to validate the effectiveness of the proposed system design.
Performance Analysis of DC Micro Grid with PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid GenerationIJMREMJournal
Conventional energy resources are being replaced by Renewable energy sources mainly due to increasing
environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
due to their DC output. In this research work, a DC microgrid structure is proposed for small residential areas
using hybrid PV and FC generation. Power Electronic converters are used to regulate generated voltage of the
two sources for integration to a common DC bus. Proposed system is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK to
observe its performance. Simulation results show that output voltage is properly maintained at different DC
Fuel cell vehicle projects in texas richard thompson - oct 2010cahouser
The document discusses several hydrogen fuel cell vehicle projects in Texas, including:
1) A test of a 22-passenger hydrogen fuel cell electric shuttle bus that achieved up to 200 miles of range. Data was collected on performance over 8000 miles.
2) Modeling of fuel cell vehicles and their efficiencies compared to diesel and gasoline vehicles.
3) A hydrogen fueling station in Austin that provides fuel for additional vehicles.
4) A Department of Defense program to extend the range of an electric utility vehicle to over 300 miles using hydrogen fuel cells.
A photovoltaic integrated unified power quality conditioner with a 27-level i...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) with a 27-level inverter based on
an asymmetric H-bridge topology. Each phase of the inverter is composed of three H-bridges, supplied by
three DC sources scaled in the power of three. The output of the multilevel inverter is connected directly to
the point of common coupling (PCC) without the need to a transformer or a filter. The calculation of the Shunt
Active Power Filter (SAPF) compensation current is based on the generalized theory of synchronous frame
(d-q theory) while the calculation of a series active filter voltage is based on Instantaneous Reactive Power
(p-q theory). The control of the SAPF is achieved by using a closed-loop vector control followed by a new
multilevel modulation technique. In addition to the capability of harmonic elimination of both current and
voltage drawn from the source, the UPQC can produce real and reactive power to feed the loads during
prolonged voltage outages or source shortage. Batteries pack are used as a dc link, which is charged from
photovoltaic array connected to the battery through a maximum power point tracker and charge controller.
The injection of real and reactive power depends on the state of charge (SOC) of batteries, the frequency of
the system, real and reactive power of the load, and power factor at the point of PCC. The proposed UPQC
strategy is simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK and the results have shown a significant improved in Total
Harmonics Distortion (THD) of both the voltage and currents.
Stand-alone Hybrid systems become appreciating issues that ensure the required electricity to consumers. The development of a stand-alone Hybrid system becomes a necessity for multiple applications The enhance energy security. To achieve this objective, we have proposed an accurate dynamic model using Multi-Agent System (MAS) in which a solar energy System (SES) serves as the main load supply, an energy Backup System (ERS) is based on a fuel cell and Electrolyzer for long-term energy storage and an Ultra Capacitor (UCap) storage system deployed as a short-time storage. To cooperate with all systems, an Intelligent Power Management (IPM) based on a specific MAS is included. Thus, to prove the performance of the system, we tested and simulated it using the Matlab/Simulink environment.
IRJET- Power Management System for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations using F...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a power management system for electric vehicle charging stations using fuzzy logic control. The system uses a photovoltaic generator connected to the grid to charge plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. It aims to reduce surges in power demand during peak charging hours. A DC/DC boost converter is used to operate the solar panels at maximum power point tracking. A bi-directional DC/AC inverter connects the system to the grid using vector control. Fuzzy logic control is implemented and compared to PI control. Simulation results show fuzzy logic control reduces harmonics more effectively than PI control.
The document discusses electrochemical energy storage and its importance for alternative energy applications. It outlines some key challenges with energy storage, including the need for devices with high power and energy capabilities, long life, fast charging, and portability. The author proposes using hybrid energy storage systems that integrate multiple device types to optimize performance for different applications and timescales. The remainder of the document focuses on lithium-ion battery limitations and using mechanical models to understand capacity fade through stresses induced during operation.
This document provides a list of 57 technical papers published between 2010-2013 related to electrical engineering topics like power electronics, renewable energy, and control systems. It includes the paper titles and their respective years of publication. Contact information is also provided to inquire about further details.
The document summarizes test results from a high capacity nickel-metal hydride battery energy storage system installed at the New York City Transit system. Key findings include:
1) The battery system stabilized the third rail voltage during train acceleration, reducing voltage drops from 118V to 63V.
2) It stabilized third rail voltage during peak demand periods on the A line, reducing fluctuations from 122V to 64V.
3) The battery enhanced regenerative braking energy capture from trains from 1.34 kWh without the battery to 2.94 kWh with the battery installed.
4) The battery could provide enough power for a single train to move in an emergency power outage scenario at 10 mph,
In this paper, a new method of integration between PV inverter system with utility grid for electric vehicle charging station based on the extended boost quasi-Z-source (q-ZSI) topology is proposed. The proposed system realizes a bidirectional power flow management between PV sources, energy storage unit and the utility grid. The extended boost q-ZSI is a most efficient topology that provides a single stage conversion for PV systems by providing low ratings for components, reduced number of components used, high input voltage gain, increased voltage boost property , reduced voltage stress across switches and simple control strategies .Its unique capability in single stage conversion with improved voltage gain is used for voltage buck and boost function. A simulation model of the grid connected q-ZSI for electric vehicle charging station has been built in MATLAB/ SIMULINK. The hardware setup was developed and the results are validated.
Power system operation considering detailed modelling of the natural gas supp...IJECEIAES
The energy transition from fossil-fuel generators to renewable energies represents a paramount challenge. This is mainly due to the uncertainty and unpredictability associated with renewable resources. A greater flexibility is requested for power system operation to fulfill demand requirements considering security and economic restrictions. In particular, the use of gas-fired generators has increased to enhance system flexibility in response to the integration of renewable energy sources. This paper provides a comprehensive formulation for modeling a natural gas supply network to provide gas for thermal generators, considering the use of wind power sources for the operation of the electrical system over a 24-hour period. The results indicate the requirements of gas with different wind power level of integration. The model is evaluated on a network of 20 NG nodes and on a 24-bus IEEE RTS system with various operative settings during a 24-hour period.
IRJET- Modeling, Simulation and Control of a Photovoltaic Energy System w...IRJET Journal
The document presents a photovoltaic (PV) energy system with a fuel cell backup to ensure continuous operation of connected loads. The PV array normally powers the loads when solar irradiance is within its nominal range. When irradiance falls below a threshold, the fuel cell takes over to feed the loads. The proposed hybrid system is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Results show the system can efficiently address the intermittent nature of PV power by integrating a fuel cell backup.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR CRITICAL LOADS USING POWER ELECTRONICSrenukasningadally
The work aims at an Energy Management System (EMS) for Critical loads using Power Electronics. Here hybrid power sources (Grid and Solar cells) with battery have been used to supply the power to the critical loads at all times, suppose an end user increases his critical loads or non-critical loads this EMS system helps to maintain continuous power supply to these loads. Solar or Photovoltaic cells have been used for storing energy through battery and these batteries will discharge the stored energy at two conditions, one is when grid is shut down for short duration or for a long duration and another one is when there sudden increase in load by users
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
The document discusses optimizing the location and size of distributed generations (DGs) in a power distribution system to reduce power losses and improve voltage profiles. It proposes using the Kalman filter algorithm to determine optimal DG sizes after their locations have been selected. The locations are chosen by considering total power loss in the system. Power losses are calculated using distribution factor equations that model power flows from generators to loads and vice versa. The approach will be tested on the IEEE 30-bus system model.
A New Topology for High Level Hybrid Cascaded Multilevel Inverter Motor Drive...IOSR Journals
1) The document proposes a new hybrid cascaded multilevel inverter topology for motor drives that interfaces both DC sources and capacitor energy storage.
2) In the proposed topology, the capacitor is controlled to provide reactive power compensation and cancel lower order harmonics, while the main converter supplies real power with reduced switching losses.
3) The topology can also be modified such that the capacitor energy storage provides both reactive power compensation and real power support during acceleration and braking, absorbing regenerative energy.
IRJET- Optimum Design of Photovoltaic / Regenerative Fuel Cell Power Syst...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the optimal design of a hybrid photovoltaic/regenerative fuel cell (PV/RFC) power system for a remote telecom station. The system uses a PV subsystem to generate electricity from solar irradiation. Surplus energy is used to produce hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis. The hydrogen is stored and then used in a fuel cell to generate electricity during times when solar energy is insufficient to meet load demands. The document outlines the methodology for sizing the PV array, electrolyzer, fuel cell, and hydrogen storage tank. Calculations are provided for hydrogen and oxygen production and usage, as well as water balance. The goal is to size the system components so that hydrogen production matches consumption to reliably meet the station
Power quality improvement based on hybrid coordinated design of renewable ene...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of power quality for static synchronous compensator on the distribution power system (DSTATCOM) when different types of energy sources are used to supply the DC link channel of DSTATCOM. These types of power supplies have a different effect on the compensation of DSTATCOM due to operation nature of these sources. The dynamic response of the DSTATCOM has investigated that produced by individual and hybrid energy sources to evaluate the influence of these sources in terms of time response, compensation process and reduce the harmonics of current source. Three cases have been considered in this study. First the photovoltaic (PV) cells alone, second the battery storage alone, and third a hybrid coordinated design between (PV cells with battery storage) is used. A boost DC-DC circuit has connected to a photovoltaic cell with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) while DC-DC buck-boost circuit is used with a battery. High coordination between PV and battery circuits in the hybrid system is used to improve the performance. A synchronous reference frame (SRF) with a unit vector has used to control the DSTATCOM. The simulation results show that the hybrid design has a superiority response compared to the individual sources.
Dual-Active-Bridge Converter for Bi-Directional PV Micro Inverter Application...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed dual-mode control scheme for a dual-active-bridge (DAB) converter used in bi-directional photovoltaic micro inverters with integrated battery storage. The DAB topology provides bidirectional power flow but suffers from low efficiency at low power levels. The proposed design modifies the DAB by adding a switch to operate as a two-transistor flyback converter at low power for improved efficiency. It also dynamically adjusts the DC link voltage for optimal performance when operating in DAB mode. Experimental results on a 100W prototype showed up to 8% increased efficiency at low power levels with the dual-mode control scheme.
There is need for an energy storage device capable of transferring high power in transient situations
aboard naval vessels. Currently, batteries are used to accomplish this task, but previous research has
shown that when utilized at high power rates, these devices deteriorate over time causing a loss in lifespan.
It has been shown that a hybrid energy storage configuration is capable of meeting such a demand while
reducing the strain placed on individual components. While designing a custom converter capable of
controlling the power to and from a battery would be ideal for this application, it can be costly to develop
when compared to purchasing commercially available products. Commercially available products offer
limited controllability in exchange for their proven performance and lower cost point - often times only
allowing a system level control input without any way to interface with low level controls that are
frequently used in controller design. This paper proposes the use of fuzzy logic control in order to provide
a system level control to the converters responsible for limiting power to and from the battery. A system
will be described mathematically, modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, and a fuzzy logic controller will be
compared with a typical controller.
Design of charging station for electric vehicle batteriesIJAEMSJORNAL
With the increasing requirement in green technologies in transportation, electric vehicles have proven to be the best short-term solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The conventional vehicle drivers are still unwilling in using such a new technology, mainly because of the time duration (4-8 hours) required to charge the electric vehicle batteries with the currently existing Level I and II charging station. For this reason, Level III fast- charging stations capable of reducing the charging duration to 10-15 minutes are being designed and developed. The present thesis focuses on the design of a fast-charging station for electric vehicle, in addition to the electrical grid, two stationary energy storage devices flywheel energy storage and a super capacitor is being used. Power electronic converters used for the interface of the energy sources with the charging stations are designed. The design development also focuses on the energy management that will minimize the battery charging time. For this reason, an algorithm that minimizes durations with its mathematical formulation is required, and its application in fast charging will be illustrated.
This document discusses the design of a multiple-input power converter (MIPEC) for use in an electric vehicle propulsion system that includes a fuel cell generator and a combined storage unit composed of ultracapacitors and batteries. It presents the topology and dynamic modeling of the MIPEC, which is responsible for power flow management. The design and sizing of the MIPEC, fuel cell, batteries, and ultracapacitors are determined together based on traction drive requirements and standard driving cycles. Experimental results from a 60 kW MIPEC prototype are also mentioned.
Fuzzy logic-based energy management strategy on dual-source hybridization fo...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) based energy management strategy (EMS), combined with power filtering for a pure electric vehicle. The electrical power supply is provided by a hybrid energy storage system (HESS), including Li-Ion battery and supercapacitors (SCs), adopting a fully active parallel topology. The vehicle model was organized and constructed using the energetic macroscopic representation (EMR). The main objective of this work is to ensure an efficient power distribution in the proposed dual source, in order to reduce the battery degradation. To evaluate the impact of the developed design and the efficiency of the developed EMS, the proposed FLC strategy is compared to a classical EMS using SCs-filtering strategy and architecture based on battery storage model. To validate the proposed topology, simulation results are provided for the new European driving cycle (NEDC) using MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Modeling, Control and Power Management Strategy of a Grid connected Hybrid En...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the detailed modeling of various components of a grid connected hybrid energy system (HES) consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) system, a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), an electrolyzer and a hydrogen storage tank with a power flow controller. Also, a valve controlled by the proposed controller decides how much amount of fuel is consumed by fuel cell according to the load demand. In this paper fuel cell is used instead of battery bank because fuel cell is free from pollution. The control and power management strategies are also developed. When the PV power is sufficient then it can fulfill the load demand as well as feeds the extra power to the electrolyzer. By using the electrolyzer, the hydrogen is generated from the water and stored in storage tank and this hydrogen act as a fuel to SOFC. If the availability of the power from the PV system cannot fulfill the load demand, then the fuel cell fulfills the required load demand. The SOFC takes required amount of hydrogen as fuel, which is controlled by the PID controller through a valve. Effectiveness of this technology is verified by the help of computer simulations in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment under various loading conditions and promising results are obtained.
Energy management strategy for photovoltaic powered hybrid energy storage sys...IJECEIAES
Nowadays, electric vehicles (EVs) using additional energy sources frequently deliver a safe ride without concern about the distance. The energy sources including a battery, an ultra-capacitor (UC), and a photovoltaic (PV) are considered in this research for driving the EV. Vehicles that only use battery-oriented technologies experience problems with charging and quick battery discharge. EVs are used with an ultracapacitor to decrease the quick discharge effects and increase the lifetime of the battery. Furthermore, bidirectional DC-DC converters are a type of power electronics device used to verify the smooth transfer of generated power from energy sources to the motor throughout various stages of the driving cycle. Therefore, this study proposes a perturb and observe (P&O) energy management control technique based on tuna swarm optimization (TSO). The suggested TSOP&O completely uses UC while regulating the battery because it lowers dynamic battery charging and discharging currents. Due to the aforementioned aspect, the suggested TSO-P&O increases battery life and demonstrates a very dependable, long range power source for an electric car. The TSO-P&O technique achieves the EVs by obtaining the maximum speed of 91.93 km/hr. with a quicker settling time of 4,930 ms when compared with the existing zero-fuel zero-emission (ZFZE) method.
Hybrid fuel cell-supercapacitor system: modeling and energy management using ...IJECEIAES
The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) presents a promising solution for achieving sustainable transportation and reducing carbon emissions. To keep pace with technological advancements in the vehicular industry, this paper proposes the development of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) and an energy management strategy (EMS) for EVs, implemented using Proteus Spice Ver 8. The HESS consists of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) as the primary source and a supercapacitor (SC) as the secondary source. The EMS, integrated into an electronic board based on the STM32, utilizes a low-pass filter algorithm to distribute energy between the sources. The accuracy of the proposed PEMFC and SC models is validated by comparing Proteus simulation results with experimental tests conducted on the Bahia didactic bench and Maxwell SC bench, respectively. To optimize energy efficiency, simulations of the HESS system involve adjusting the hybridization rate through changes in the cutoff frequency. The analysis compares the state-of-charge (SOC) of the SC and the voltage efficiency of the fuel cell (FC), across different frequencies to optimize overall system performance. The results highlight that the chosen strategy satisfies the energy demand while preserving the FC’s dynamic performance and optimizing its utilization to the maximum.
Hybrid energy storage system optimal sizing for urban electrical bus regardin...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes an algorithm for sizing the hybrid energy storage system of an urban electrical bus regarding battery thermal behavior. The aim of this study is to get the supercapacitors optimal contribution part in the hybrid energy storage system to keep the battery temperature within its allowable limit. A semi-active parallel topology that uses supercapacitors as a main source of energy is considered. According to the bus mechanical parameters and the ARTEMIS driving cycle, the power and energy demand are calculated. Using mathematical models for the battery, supercapacitors and DC-DC converter, several simulations are performed for different hybridization percentages. While observing the evolution of battery temperature, the most favorable hybridization percentage is defined.
REDUCTION OF CHARGING TIME OF PLUG-IN ELECTRIC VEHICLE USING SMART CHARGING A...IRJET Journal
The document presents a proposed system for reducing the charging time of plug-in electric vehicles using a smart charging algorithm without an energy storage system. The system includes a direct current fast charging station supplied by a photovoltaic system and grid interlinked converters. A smart charging algorithm is proposed to coordinate the power distribution between the electric vehicles and grid interlinked converters to balance power fluctuations, without using an energy storage system. The algorithm includes a self-regulated algorithm and grid-regulated algorithm. The self-regulated algorithm controls the charging power of electric vehicles based on their load requirements and state of charge to prevent minor power fluctuations. The grid-regulated algorithm triggers the grid interlinked converters when there are major power fluctuations to ensure electric vehicles receive
STUDY OF 1.26 KW – 24 VDC PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL’S (PEMFC’S) PARA...ecij
The eternally intensifying exigency for electrical energy and the mount in the electricity expenditures due to the recent transience of the oil charges over and above to the desensitizing of the air standard resulting from the ejections of the obtaining energy transmutation devices have amplified exploration into substitute renewable proveniences of electrical energy. In today, there are six antithetical types of fuel cell
technologies attainable – molten carbonate fuel cells; phosphoric acid fuel cells; solid oxide fuel cells; alkaline fuel cells; polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and direct methanol-air fuel cells. Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells – also known proton exchange membrane fuel cells, which are one of the uncomplicated types of fuel cell. PEMFC’s output power is unpredicted on nonlinearly on its output voltage and current. The output current of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack relies on the load located on that particular stack. This paper presents a 1.26 kW -24 Vdc PEMFC system and DC – DC boost converter topology used in 1.26 kW PEM fuel cell to fortify that the zenith obtainable output power
from a PEM membrane fuel cell is distributed to a load during a power outage bridging the start-up time and to optimize the health of the fuel cell membrane stack. A 1.26 kW – 24 Vdc PEMFC system is considered in this study as well as investigate how the output behaves.
STUDY OF 1.26 KW – 24 VDC PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL’S (PEMFC’S) PARA...ecij
The eternally intensifying exigency for electrical energy and the mount in the electricity expenditures due
to the recent transience of the oil charges over and above to the desensitizing of the air standard resulting
from the ejections of the obtaining energy transmutation devices have amplified exploration into substitute
renewable proveniences of electrical energy. In today, there are six antithetical types of fuel cell
technologies attainable – molten carbonate fuel cells; phosphoric acid fuel cells; solid oxide fuel cells;
alkaline fuel cells; polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and direct methanol-air fuel cells. Polymer
electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells – also known proton exchange membrane fuel cells, which are one
of the uncomplicated types of fuel cell. PEMFC’s output power is unpredicted on nonlinearly on its output
voltage and current. The output current of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack relies on the load
located on that particular stack. This paper presents a 1.26 kW -24 Vdc PEMFC system and DC – DC
boost converter topology used in 1.26 kW PEM fuel cell to fortify that the zenith obtainable output power
from a PEM membrane fuel cell is distributed to a load during a power outage bridging the start-up time
and to optimize the health of the fuel cell membrane stack. A 1.26 kW – 24 Vdc PEMFC system is
considered in this study as well as investigate how the output behaves.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Designing a Power Sharing Control Algorithm to Integrate the Fuel Cell into a...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a power sharing control algorithm to integrate a fuel cell (FC) into the dual-inverter drivetrain of an electric vehicle (EV). Directly connecting the FC as one of the two energy sources, along with a battery, can eliminate the need for a DC/DC converter normally used for FC integration. The algorithm ensures unidirectional power flow from the FC in line with a gradually changing reference value. It achieves this through reactive current injection into the motor during fast mechanical power reductions or low power operation, allowing the FC power to meet its reference despite transients. This direct integration approach and control method could improve drivetrain performance over alternatives that use DC/DC converters between the FC and drivet
Design and Modeling of Grid Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy Power GenerationIJERA Editor
This paper proposes a design and modeling of grid connected hybrid renewable energy power generation. The
energy system having a photo voltaic (PV) panel, Srg wind turbine and fuel cell (sofc) for continuous power
flow management. Fuel cells (storage & generating) are added to ensure uninterrupted power supply due to the
discontinuous nature of solar and wind resources. Renewable energy generated during times of plenty can be
stored for use during periods when sufficient electricity is not available. But storing this energy is a difficult
task: batteries and similar technologies perform well over short timescales, but over periods of weeks or months
a different approach is necessary. Energy storage in the form of hydrogen is one such possibility: excess
electricity is fed into an electrolyser to split water into its constituent parts, oxygen and hydrogen. The hydrogen
is then used in fuel cells to produce electricity when needed which will overcome the problem of storage. This
work is mainly concentrated on the design, analysis and modelling of Fuel cells and Analysis and modelling of
Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) in the application of Wind Energy Generation and pv cell. Also an
effective approach is proposed in this thesis to ensure renewable energy diversity and effective utilization. The
pv cell, wind and fuel cell renewable energy system is digitally simulated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK
software environment and fully validated for efficient energy utilizations and enhanced interface power quality
under different operating conditions and load excursions
Improved backtracking search optimization algorithm for PV/Wind/FC systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper uses a novel optimization method based on the improved backtracking search optimization algorithm (IBSA). The study is conducted for a hybrid stand-alone system composed of photovoltaic panel (PV), wind turbine generator and fuel cell electrolyzer (FC). To demonstrate the effectiveness of the IBSA, four benchmark functions are used. The result shows the better exploration and exploitation of the improved backtracking search optimization algorithm in terms of convergence and speed for system comprinsing PV panel wind, turbine generator and fuel cell. The proposed algorithm is used to optimize the annual total cost (ATC) of the energy produced and feed up the load demand. The economic evaluation of the Hybrid PV/Wind/FC system is done throughout hourly demand and daily wind speed and insulation. The simulation results justify the robustness of the IBSA.
FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL OF A HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE MODULE FOR NAVAL PULSED POWER ...Wireilla
There is need for an energy storage device capable of transferring high power in transient situations aboard naval vessels. Currently, batteries are used to accomplish this task, but previous research has shown that when utilized at high power rates, these devices deteriorate over time causing a loss in lifespan. It has been shown that a hybrid energy storage configuration is capable of meeting such a demand while reducing the strain placed on individual components. While designing a custom converter capable of controlling the power to and from a battery would be ideal for this application, it can be costly to develop when compared to purchasing commercially available products. Commercially available products offer limited controllability in exchange for their proven performance and lower cost point - often times only allowing a system level control input without any way to interface with low level controls that are frequently used in controller design. This paper proposes the use of fuzzy logic control in order to provide a system level control to the converters responsible for limiting power to and from the battery. A system will be described mathematically, modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, and a fuzzy logic controller will be compared with a typical controller.
Low cost, high performance fuel cell energy conditioning system controlled by...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Fuel cells are an important option for the generation of renewable, efficient and environmentally friendly electricity. Although there are commercial applications in the industrial, residential and automotive sectors, it is not yet a mature technology and requires much research, particularly to reduce its costs to a level competitive with other technologies. This research is currently focused not only on the structure of the cell but also on the additional elements and sub systems required for its implementation as an energy solution. In this article, we propose an electrical energy conditioning scheme for the Formic acid fuel cell (direct formic acid fuel cellor DFAFC). This fuel cell was selected for its high performance, and low cost in low and medium power applications. The proposed system consists of a direct current-direct current (DC-DC) regulator supported by a power converter controlled by a Cortex-M3 ARM processor. This CPU is used to propagate a static neural network trained with the non-linear dynamics of the power converter. The power circuit is modeled and simulated to produce the training parameters. The neural network is trained externally and runs off-line on the processor. The results show not only the regulation capacity of the control scheme but also its response speed to sudden changes in the load.
A grid connected hybrid generation system (HGS) consisting of wind energy conversion System (WECS)/Photo voltaic (PV) System/solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is designed and simulated by using Matlab/Simulink. SOFC is the replacement of battery, attached to produce the clean energy when these renewable energy sources are unable to produce required amount of electric power. A controller is used to regulate the flow of H2 through the valveto the SOFC and the rest amount of H2 is stored in storage tank. Also, an operational control strategy (OCS) is developed to utilize maximum amount of power of PV to the required load and rest amount of power is coming from wind to fulfill the load demand. Hence, the electrolyzer is supplied by the wind power to convert the water in to H2 and oxygen. Also the power quality factor (PQF) analysis is exercised to measure the quality of power transmission.
This document summarizes a paper that presents a hybrid model for simulating the steady-state and dynamic behavior of a PEM fuel cell stack. The hybrid model combines an empirical model to represent the steady-state voltage-current relationship with an electrical circuit model to capture dynamic behavior. The model achieves over 93% accuracy in modeling experimental stack performance under steady and transient conditions. Fuel cells show promise for distributed power generation and transportation due to their high efficiency, low emissions, and ability to use hydrogen produced from renewable sources.
Similar to Prioritizing Power demand response for Hydrogen PEMFCElectric Vehicles using Hybrid Energy Storage (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
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The most proposed Hybrid storage units were tested and studied through varieties of the energy management
strategies.
For example, the authrs in [11] proposed an efficient hybridization storage configuration for
Electrical vehicle using a PEMFC and an BT. While, the authors in [12], proposed a hybrid electrical system
(PEMFC/BT/SC) for transport application. To cooperate between the included sources an a power
management approach was proposed and evaluated through BT and SC state of charges.
This article discusses an efficient hybrid storage system uses SC as an energy storage for a short
time and BT as an energy storage for a long time for electric vehicles. The proposed system is simulated and
evaluated using a given speed profile. An efficient MW-EMS is developed to improve system performance.
Indeed, this article attempts to study the system performance through the various hypotheses.
The prepared document is organized as follows: Section 2 discusses related work; Section 3 assesses
a brief review of Hybrid storage systems; Section 4 presents the FCHEV structure; Section 5 presents our
MW-energy management system; Section 6 discusses the results achieved and the concluding observations
are discussed in section 7.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONTRIBUTIONS
In the literature, numerous Hybrid storage configurations were evaluated a production power that
seems to supply electrical vehicles. For example, in [13] the authors presented a Hybrid system
(PEMFC/BT/SC) which aims to control the power demands. The BT device was used to ensure a required
power when the PEMFC is switched off. While the SC can control the transient power. To control and to
cooperate between the included sources an energy management unit is proposed. While, the authors in [14],
an FCHEV system using PEMFC, BT and SC.
The authors in [15], proposed an efficient hybrid system (PEMFC/BT/SC) for a vehicle application,
where PEMFC is used as the main power and BT/SC were used as storage devices. A seamless control
strategy is treated and discussed in [16], according to a power management unit. To select the best efficient
control strategy for electric vehicles the authors proposed a Hybrid (PEMFC/BT/SC) system in [17], in which
each power source was connected to a DC/DC converter and a common DC bus voltage, from where the
electrical vehicle was supplied. An efficient hybrid (FC/BT/SC) system used to supply a tramway is
developed. The author in [18] proposed an energy management system using an intelligent fuzzy logic
control to manage the distribution power.
Compared to the above cited works, our work deals to propose an efficient hybrid power system
using Multi-ways energy management approach based on the following enhancements:
a. We offer an efficient management unit based on a multi-ways scenarios than previous works as they use
each component to handle the excess and power deficit. The approach envisaged guarantees the
possibility of power flows according to an accurate scenario to meet energy demand.
b. We evaluate the proposed energy management based on the following constraints: (1) load demand,
(2) BT and SC state of charge, (3) operation of each storage unit, (4) excess power and deficit.
We study the system performance based on a Multi-ways where their study is ignored by certain
research works.
3. OVERALL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV) showed in the Figure 1 comprises of a hybrid
electrical source which is a fuel cell as a primary source connected to a unidirectional converter to provide
the permanent exchange power between the DC bus and the load demand. The I-ion-battery as a second
power source is connected to a bidirectional converter which deals to replace the PEMFC power in various
cases like:
a. When its state of charge is high
b. When the hydrogen quantity is insufficient
Otherwise, the SC is connected directly to a bidirectional converter which aimed to control the fast
peak power during BT and SC slow dynamics. The connection between these three sources is ensured by an
MW-EMS which makes it possible to serve the distribution power and the hydrogen reduction
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Figure 1 Overall FCHEV structure
4. PEMFC DYNAMIC MODELING
The proposed PEMFC is considered as being an electrochemical energy converter. Indeed, PEMFC
is evaluated and discussed through a validated PEMFC stack model presented in [19] which characterized by
a constant and an uncontrolled pressure channel. The main PEMFC voltage is presented as the function of the
activation overvoltage, the ohmic overvoltage, the concentration overvoltage and the thermodynamic
potential. Indeed, the PEMFC stack is composed of the same cells connected in series that operate at the
same density current [20]. The total PEMFC voltage is given by the following Equations:
_ _ _ _
_.
fc cell Nernst act cell ohm cell con cell
fc fc fc cell
V E V V V
V N V
(1)
5. SC DYNAMIC MODELING
The SC has included as a storage unit for a short period. Indeed, the SC aims to control the BT and
PEMFC slow dynamics respectively. In addition, SC has very high output power densities and high efficient
than the battery [21], [22].The SC main voltage is defined by the following Equations:
_
_ _
_
2
2
_max
1 1
.
( )
( )
cell
cell sc cell
cell p cell
sc cell cell sc cell s
sc sc sc cell
SC
SC
SC
du
u i
dt C R C
V u i R
V N V
V t
SOC
V t
(2)
6. BT DYNAMIC MODELING
The BT dynamic model used in this work is treated through the electrical model scheme given in
Figure 2. This latter characterized by the Ohmic resistance (R0), the polarization (RS ,CS) and the
concentration (RI,CI) [23], [24].
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Figure 2. Equivalent circuit of BT model
7. MULTI-WAYS-EMS
This section discusses and evaluates the proposed SM-EMS. This latter deal to control and to
supervise the hybrid vehicle system according to the experimental speed, the power demand and the BT and
SC statement of charges respectively (Figure 4). Indeed, the MW-EMS is designed to cooperate with the
system components and the electrical load based on various ways. These ways are evaluated and discussed in
details as:
Way1: When the PEMFC is switched off, the hybrid storage system can ensure the load demand.
The BT is enabled to function as the primary source (regardless of the state of the SC) due to its capacity
storage. But, the SC can control the fluctuation power.
Way2: if (ϕ>0) The BT cannot satisfy the need demand power, since our approach based on the
priority BT operation such as the discharge of the battery is still necessary to aim to reduce the consumption
of hydrogen. In this way, the BT delivers its maximum power with a ≥ .The PEMFC activated
in order to satisfy the remaining power needed by the traction vehicle.
Way3: In this way, the state of charge of the two hybrid storage sources operates in the effective
range. Therefore, the system must be respected these assumptions:
Respect the primarily to discharge the BT (Until ).
Respect the primarily the charge the SC from DC bus (Until ).
Way4: if < , < . The PEMFC activated in order to supply the required
power needed by traction vehicle. In addition, the hybrid electrical storage sources deactivated. In this way, a
deceleration phase in the future will allow the charge of the Hybrid electrical storage sources.
8. OVERALL EFFICIENCY
The proposed strategy for the calculation of the overall vehicle efficiency are based on the priority
operation of the source that has the best efficiency, according the state of charge of the two-second sources.
Indeed, the total energy efficiency of the hybrid vehicle can be calculated as the energy efficiency of the
hybrid vehicle by the sum of energy efficiency of each source [24], [25].
HEV
t
HEV
FC BT SC
t t t
P dt
P dt P dt P dt
Where, PHEV is the hybrid vehicle traction power, PFC is the total output power of the PEMFC.
Figure 3 shows the MW-EMS algorithm.
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Figure 3. MW-EMS algorithm
9. Findings and Discussion
The MW-EMS proposal is used for more coordination between the system components. To study
the MW-EMS performance, an accurate algorithm is developed and discussed using the Matlab environment.
The vehicle model is evaluated and simulated for 200s by an ECE cycle drive. Therefore, the obtained
simulation results focused on the evaluation of multi-ways states, which is based on the priority operation of
the source. Each way acts to select the best efficiency, according to the state of charge of each source
(SOCBT and SOCSC). These SOCs deals to test the MW-EMS efficiencies. Indeed, the MW-EMS is
simulated and discussed through the below profiles, which are illustrated respectively in Figure 5, Figure 6,
Figure 7 and Figure 8.
According to the obtained results in Figure 6 and Figure 7), the BT ensures the required energy as a
primary source and operated with its maximum state of charge. According to the Fig.7 the SOCBT initial
value is greater or equal than 80%, the system supply energy through the way-1. During these ranges
([15, 23s] [61, 85s] [143, 155s] [162, 175s]): It is clearly shown that in this period the system operates
according to the way-1 (Figure 6). The BT manages the permanent phase of delivering the required power
(PBT = PL), the SC can satisfy the load demand in the transition phases. From 32s to 152s the BT delivers its
maximum power and the SC control the required power ensured by the BT (Figure 6). According to this
state, the system operates through the way-2. From165s to 175s the PEMFC switched off (PFC=0W) and the
hybrid storage sources BT/SC provides the required power together (Figure 6). According to this state, the
system operates through the way-3. During these ranges [10, 22s] [50, 82s] [120, 158s], it can be seen that
the average vehicle efficiency increases during the BT operation (Figure 8), this justifies that proposed
management strategy is based on BT priority operation. Another advantage is attributed to the proposed
management strategy for the recovery of all braking energy by the HESS. Moreover, the best response of the
continuous bus voltage regulation obtained (Vbus = 400V). The synoptic diagram illustrated in Figure 9
describes the system behavior with regard to the activation and deactivation system component blocks. In
addition, the parameters used to simulate this work is cited in the below Table 1.
Super-Capacitor and Battery DC bus regulation
End
Start
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Figure 4: FCHEV: Speed and Power demand profile
Figure 5. PEMFC/BT/SC power profile/ and SOCBT/SOCSC/ϕ profile
Figure 6. Overall efficiency / DC bus voltage profile and hydrogen weight / fuel cost
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10. CONCLUSION
This study presented an MW-EMS that can be performed in FCHEV supervisory structure. This
proposed MW-EMS determines the PEMFC, BT and SC power commands. In this study, the hybrid electric
vehicle structure based on the fuel cell, the BT and the SC is designed for an urban electric vehicle. The
PEMFC deeds as the main primary energy source of the vehicle, the BT and the SC are used as the
monitoring system to complete the PEMFC power during vehicle permanent phases and acceleration. This
hybrid storage source is also utilized for braking energy from DC bus. The SC is able to supply and can store
the peak power because of its elevated specific power and elevated dynamic response. Hence, in order to
ensure the supplied power during quick variation, and distribute the required power demands appropriately to
power sources. A proposed MW-EMS based on the hybrid storage sources, state of charge allows a priority
operating off the battery for aim to improve the system efficiency in the first side and to increase the PEMFC
lifetime on the other side. The main results show that the fuel cell cannot treat with the all of the positive
parties during high frequency of power demand. In this state, the SC has satisfied all of the quick power
demand, which can keep the PEMFC against damage. The BT can absorb the slow variation of negative
powers. Moreover, it helps the PEMFC during permanent phases. Thus, the proposed MW-EMS can
guarantee a reliable operation with the liberate transient for the PEMFC and improve the lifetime of every
power source.
NOMENCLATURE
Vfc_cell : The PEMFC cell voltage, V FR : The rolling resistance forces, N
ENernst : The open circuit voltage, V m : Vehicle mass, Kg
Vact : The activation losses,V g : the gravitational acceleration, 9.81 m s-2
Vcon : The concentration losses,V F0 : The road fiction coefficient, N.m.s/rd
Vohmic : The ohmic losses,V FA : The aerodynamic resistance, N
Vfc : The PEMFC voltage, V Cx : The aerodynamic resistance coefficient
Ifc : The PEMFC current, A S : The car frontal surface, m2
Nfc : The PEMFC cells number in series Vhev : The vehicle velocity, Km/h
Tfc : The PEMFC temperature, Kelvin
: BT maximum state of charge, % :
SC minimum state of charge, %
: SC Maximum state of charge, % : BT
Maximum power, W
FS : the resistance of mounted side, N
α : The road slope
Lfc : PEMFC converter inductance, H
Cbus : DC bus filtering capacity, F
Lsc : SC converter inductance, H
RS : SC series resistance, Ω ηHEV : Overall vehicle efficiency, %
RP : SC parallel resistance, Ω PFCC : PEMFC command power, W
Nsc : SC cell number in series PSCC : SC command power, W
SOCsc : SC State Of Charge, % PBTC : BT command power, W
SOCBT : BT State Of Charge, % Pfc : The PEMFC power, W
PL : Vehicle demand power, W PSC : The SC power, W
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Jawadi Samir, PhD Student :Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis El Manar, PB
2092, Belvedere, Tunisia
Sami Ben Slama received, the engineer, master and doctorate degrees, in electronics from Faculty
of sciences of Tunis (FST), respectively in 2005, 2009 and 2014. He is assistant professor in King
Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah Saudi Arabia. The interest fields are the photovoltaic power, energy
system, smart cities, hybrid electrical vehicles, Internet of things
Adnane Cherif received, the engineer, master and doctorate degrees from the National Engineering
School of Tunis (ENIT), in Tunisia. He is a university teacher in Electronics at Faculty of Sciences
of Tunis (FST). He is responsible of the master specialty communication systems and networks. His
field of interest concerns photovoltaic power system, digital signal processing, energy system
designing and modeling.