2. FIELD CROPS AND
CEREALS
Philippine Agricultural Situation
Examples
Economic Importance
Production Constraints
Definition
3. Field Crops defined
any of the herbaceous plants grown on a
large scale in cultivated fields: primarily a
grain, forage, sugar, oil, or fiber crop.
the usable products are usually in high
dry matter form.
4. Economic Importance of Field
Crops and Cereals
half the world's population subsists
wholly or partially on rice.
Ninety percent of the world crop is grown
and consumed in Asia.
American consumption, although
increasing, is still only about 25 lb (11
kg) per person annually, as compared
with 200 to 400 lb (90–181 kg) per
person in parts of Asia.
5. Importance of Rice as Food
Rice is the only major cereal crop that is
primarily consumed by humans directly
as harvested, and only wheat and corn
are produced in comparable quantity.
6. Importance of Rice
International Rice Research Institute,
attempting to keep pace with demand
from a burgeoning world population,
have repeatedly developed improved
varieties of "miracle rice" that allow
farmers to increase crop yields
substantially.
rice yields are adversely affected by
warmer nighttime temperatures, leading
to concerns about the effects that global
warming may have on rice crops.
7. Importance of Rice
Brown rice has a greater food value than
white, since the outer brown coatings
contain the proteins and minerals; the
white endosperm is chiefly carbohydrate.
. As a food rice is low in fat and
(compared with other cereal grains) in
protein.
The miracle rice have grains richer in
protein than the old varieties. In the East,
rice is eaten with foods and sauces
made from the soybean
8. Philippine Agricultural
Situation
Philippines as an Agricultural Country
composed of small farms
humid tropical climate and variable
weather
varying topographies and soil types
diverse flora and fauna; and
a combination of cultures in numerous
communities
9. Philippine Agricultural
Situation
Characteristics of Phil. Agriculture
generally small-scale
dependent on manual labor
farmers are heterogeneous; commercial,
semi-commercial, subsistence and landless
farm workers
10. Philippine Agricultural
Situation
Contributions of Agricultural Sector to
the Economy
main driver of economic growth in the
country --- agricultural sector contributes
about 22 % to the country's GNP
about 50% of total labor force is involved
in agricultural activities
about 1/3 income derived comes from
agriculture --- traders, processors,
retailers, and other groups
11. Philippine Agricultural
Situation
Country’s Small-scale Commodity
Production
dominated by subsistence and semi-
commercial farmers cultivating an average
area of 1.5 ha comprising 2/3 two-
thirds of the landowning population
landholdings of these small farmers
account for 1/5 of the total farm area
12. Philippine Agricultural
Situation
Country’s Small-scale Commodity
Production
poor rice farmers join the landless peasant
population in toiling on large landholdings
comprising at least 75% of the total farm
area controlled by 1/5 of the landholding
population
14. Philippine Agricultural
Situation
Why Filipinos are Poor?
severe inequality of income and assets -
worsened by the inequality of access to
education, health care and other social
services such as safe drinking water,
electricity and farm to market roads
the wealthiest fifth of our people are 10x
richer than the poorest fifth
rural people are the poorest because the
urban poor have better access to social
services
15. Philippine Agricultural
Situation
Constraints to Increasing Yield
Biophysical/Technical
Pests and diseases
Yield potential of varieties/cultivars --- limiting
Technological efficiency at farm level --- low
Declining soil fertility and degraded soils
(uplands)
Water shortage --- lack of / deteriorating
irrigation facilities, El Niño
16. Philippine Agricultural
Situation
Constraints to Increasing Yield
Socioeconomic
Limited / unavailable capital
Low production incentives
Institutional
Deteriorating extension support services
Weak institutional capabilities
17. PHILIPPINE
AGRICULTURE
Philippine Agricultural Situation
Philippine Agricultural Development
Program
Philippine Agriculture --- SWOT
The Agriculture and Fisheries
Modernization Act of 1997 (AFMA)
Philippine Agricultural Development
Program
19. Philippine Agricultural
Development Program
Philippine Commitment towards the
Liberalization of Agricultural Trade
1996 Philippine Senate ratified country's
membership in World Trade Organization
(WTO)
Philippine agriculture being export-oriented,
import-dependent and dominated by foreign
interests such membership intensified the
basic weakness already inherent in Philippine
agriculture
20. Philippine Agricultural
Development Program
Philippines as Member of WTO is
Committed to:
1. Increased market access through the conversion of
all quantitative restrictions (QR) into tariffs which
will be eventually phased down. AoA/WTO
stipulates that tariff reduction will be by 24% over
the next 10 years for developing countries and by
36% over the next 6 years for developed countries
21. Philippine Agricultural
Development Program
Philippines as Member of WTO is
Committed to:
3. Reduction of budgetary … developing countries
Philippine government did not have to reduce
export subsidies there is never any export
subsidy provided to the farmers
Bound future government not to implement any
agricultural subsidies that could boost the
country’s agricultural sector
22. Philippine Agricultural
Development Program
Philippines as Member of WTO is
Committed to:
4. Harmonization of sanitary and phytosanitary
measures based on internationally accepted
and scientifically justifiable standards
23. Philippine Agricultural
Development Program
Philippines as Member of WTO is
Committed to:
4. Harmonization of sanitary and phytosanitary
measures based on internationally accepted and
scientifically justifiable standards
Restriction of entry of certain agricultural
products in some countries e.g., aflatoxin test
requirement for Philippine coconut products to
the US and vapor heat treatment of Philippine
mangoes against fruit fly for mangoes entering
Japan
25. Philippine Agriculture
SWOT
Strength of Philippine Agriculture
Agriculture provides a total output (GDP) of about
22% positive
Provides direct and indirect employment to about
12.5 M families 5.1 M are into farming
Food security remains to be lifeline of the country
priority attention of the government
Agriculture mother of many industries
(raw material processing local/export markets)
Land asset still valuable possession for future’s
security
Farming remains to be noble human undertaking and
profession
26. Philippine Agriculture
SWOT
Weaknesses of Philippine Agriculture
Low adoption rates of component technologies/whole
systems technological deficiencies/weak
extension/etc.
Heavy dependence on imported inputs
27. Philippine Agriculture
SWOT
Weaknesses of Philippine Agriculture
Multiple problems
Physical
climate (rainfall, To, sunshine duration)
soil fertility (top soil erosion, etc.)
Biological
pests, diseases, weeds
physiological disorders (intensively cropped areas
nutrient deficiency
Socioecon
low farm income
inadequate support services (farm)
inadequate incentives for agricultural production
(input prices/prices of product)
28. Philippine Agriculture
SWOT
Weaknesses of Philippine Agriculture
Essentially mono-culture-based design of dominant
crops key production areas
Export raw materials imports finished products
(under developed processing segment)
Presence of “middlemen” in the farm consumer
continuums
Others
29. Philippine Agriculture
SWOT
Opportunities for Philippine Agriculture
Diverse agroenvironment diverse
cropping/farming system
Wide variety of climate and soil that allows
production of a wide variety of crops
Food staple crops
Fruit orchard
Aesthetics/ornamental
Agri-aquaculture system
30. Philippine Agriculture
SWOT
Opportunities for Philippine Agriculture
Whole year round growing period for essentially
crop-based agriculture
Sunshine duration (11 -13 hrs)
To (24 – 32 oC)
Rainfall (2,400 – 4,000 mm/year)
Soils which are fertile/suitable for agricultural
production
Alluvial soils rich in K and MEs
Young fertile soils in flood plains
31. Philippine Agriculture
SWOT
Opportunities for Philippine Agriculture
Farming families (about 5.1 M) engaged in various
agricultural-related activities
Family-based small farm labor intensive provided
32. Philippine Agriculture
SWOT
Threats to Philippine Agriculture
Globalization/Import liberalization
Influx of cheap imports displaces local market of
locally produced materials
Uncompetitive small farms selling/mortgaging
their lands
Erratic rainfall pattern El Niño, La Niña
Only 1.3 M ha irrigated
Deforestation watershed dysfunctional in
holding water
5.4 M ha remaining (about 18%) vary below 40%
critical level
33. Philippine Agriculture
SWOT
Threats to Philippine Agriculture
Introduction of saline water
when water table pumped for domestic /
irrigation purposes