Pteris : features, anatomy, morphology and lifecycle
THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN PLANTS PPT
1.
2. Photosynthesis is the process by which the
green plants convert atmospheric CO2 into
organic compounds using the energy from
sunlight.
3. Autotrophic process: Plants and plant-like
organisms make their energy (glucose) from
sunlight.
Autotrophs – make glucose and
Heterotrophs – are consumer of it
Photo means light
Synthesis meaning putting together with light
5. Make organic molecules (glucose) out of
inorganic materials (carbon dioxide and
water)
It begins all food chains/web. Thus all life is
supported b this process.
It also makes oxygen gas
Why photosynthesis is
important?
6. Location of Photosynthesis
1. Occurs in the leaves of green plants
2. Occurs in specific cells in the
middle layer of the leaf
3. Occurs in organelles – called
chloroplasts – within the cells of the
middle layer of the leaf
Photosynthesis Formula:
(6) CO2 + (6) H2O + light energy (1) C6H12O6 + (6) O2
7. PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN
CHLOROPLASTS
Proteins that are part of the thylakoid membrane organize
________________________________ into clusters called
_____________________
PHOTOSYSTEMS
Light absorbing PIGMENTS
12. 12
Pigments
• In addition to water,
carbon dioxide, and
light energy,
photosynthesis requires
Pigments
• Chlorophyll is the
primary light-absorbing
pigment in autotrophs
• Chlorophyll is found
inside chloroplasts
13. 13
Chlorophyll Molecules
• Located in the thylakoid membranes
• Chlorophyll have Mg+ in the center
• Chlorophyll pigments harvest energy
(photons) by absorbing certain
wavelengths (blue-420 nm and red-
660 nm are most important)
• Plants are green because the green
wavelength is reflected, not absorbed.
14. 14
Wavelength of Light (nm)
400 500 600 700
Short wave Long wave
(more energy) (less energy)
15. 15
Light and Pigments
Light Contains A Mixture Of
Wavelengths
Different Wavelengths Have Different
Colors
16. Why plants are green
Leaves are green
because they contain
green pigments called
chlorophyll.
Green color from white
light is reflected not
absorbed.
Leaves have a large
surface area to absorb as
much light as possible
19. 19
2 Phases of Photosynthesis
Two reactions make up
photosynthesis:
1.Light Reaction or Light
Dependent Reaction -
Produces energy from solar
power (photons) in the form of
ATP and NADPH.
SUN
20. 20
Two Parts of Photosynthesis
2. Calvin Cycle or Light
Independent Reaction
• Also called Carbon Fixation
or C3 Fixation
• Uses energy (ATP and
NADPH) from light reaction
to make sugar (glucose).
21. LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
Requires ______________
Pigments that absorb light are part of
____________________________
Made up of ____________________________
connected by ______________________________
& ___________________
Uses light energy to create
_______ and
_________
Breaks apart ______ molecules and
releases _____________
LIGHT
ATP
THYLAKOID membranes
PHOTOSYSTEMS II & I
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
NADPH
H20
oxygen
ATP SYNTHASE
23. CALVIN CYCLE
(also called _________________________)
____________ require ____________
Happens in the _________ between thylakoids
NADPH donates ________________________
ATP donates _________________
CO2 donates ____________________
to make __________
LIGHT
LIGHT INDEPENDENT
ENERGY
STROMA
Hydrogen + electrons
Carbon & oxygen
GLUCOSE
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
DOES NOT
24. CO2 Enters the Cycle
Energy Input
5-Carbon
Molecules
Regenerated
Sugars and other compounds
6-Carbon Sugar
Produced
Calvin Cycle
See Calvin cycle
animation
26. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
____________________
Water is one of the raw materials needed, so
A shortage of water can ________________
photosynthesis
AMOUNT OF WATER
http://www.hononegah.org/departments/Anderson/cactus.JPG
Desert plants and conifers
that live in dry conditions
have a waxy coating on
their leaves to prevent
water loss.
slow or stop
27. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis enzymes function
best between 0° C - 35° C
At temperatures above or below
this range, photosynthesis will
slow or stop
Conifers in winter may carry out
photosynthesis only occasionally
TEMPERATURE
28. Enzymes work BEST at a certain
___ and __________.
Conditions that are TOO ACIDIC
or TOO HOT cause proteins
to unwind or _________
pH temperature
DENATURE
http://www.desktopfotos.de/Downloads/melt_cd.jpg
http://www.nealbrownstudio.com/adm/photo/163_n
REMEMBER CELL BIO
29. Denaturing changes the shape of the
enzyme making it not work
Image
from:http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCHEM2.html
HOMEOSTASIS (keeping pH and temperature
constant) is important for maintaining enzyme
function.
30. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
____________________
More light increases rate of photosynthesis
up to a certain level until plant reaches its
maximum rate of photosynthesis
LIGHT INTENSITY
http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%2
31. THE BIG PICTURE
PHOTOSYNTHESIS provides
the _____________ we breathe
and the __________
heterotrophs (like us)
consume to survive
_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________
Carbon
dioxide WATER Sugars Oxygen
OXYGEN
sugars
33. Photosynthesis
includes
of
take place in
takes place in uses
to produce to produce
use
Light-
dependent
reactions
Calvin cycle
Thylakoid
membranes Stroma NADPH
ATP
Energy from
sunlight
ATP NADPH O2 Chloroplasts High-energy
sugars
Section 8-3
Concept Map
35. What is Cellular Respiration?
The process in which organisms take molecules
broken down from food and release the chemical
energy stored in the chemical bonds of those
molecules.
It’s important to remember that food is not the direct
source of energy.
36. The energy that is released from chemical
bonds during cellular respiration is stored in
molecules of ATP.
37. What types of molecules are broken
down?
Any food (organic)
molecule, or nutrient,
including carbohydrates,
fats/lipids, and proteins
can be processed and
broken down as a source
of energy to produce ATP.
38. What will the ATP be used for?
ATP will release energy for cellular metabolic
processes.
Examples:
1) Active transport of molecules across the
cell membrane.
2) Protein synthesis
3) Muscle contractions
39. Cellular Respiration Simple Equation
Nutrients + Oxygen Water + Energy (ATP) + Carbon Dioxide
Photosynthesis Simple
Equation
Water + Carbon Dioxide + Energy (sunlight) Nutrients + Oxygen
40. Cellular Respiration and
Photosynthesis
Notice that the cellular respiration equation is
the breakdown of those molecules made
through photosynthesis and that it also uses
the waste products of photosynthesis.
Notice that photosynthesis uses those
products made by cellular respiration.
This is representative of a cycle.
41. The Cellular Respiration Equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)
Glucose oxygen carbon dioxide water
42. Where does cellular respiration
occur?
Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria of
the eukaryotic cell.
Recall that the mitochondria is considered to be the
“powerhouse” of the cell because it produces the
majority of a cell’s ATP.
43. Label the Parts of the Mitochondria
• Many similarities exist
between the chloroplast
and the mitochondria
• Mitochondria has a double
membrane
• Mitochondria have their
own DNA and only come
from preexisting
mitochondria.
44. •Mitochondria have a
smooth outer membrane
•Mitochondria have a
folded inner-membrane
called the cristae. A folded
inner membrane allows
more surface area for
chemical reactions to
occur.
•Mitochondria have a
center called the matrix.
46. is the loss of water from plants in the form of
water vapor.
aids in the transport and distribution of
nutrients absorbed by the roots from the soil
help maintain a favorable temperature for
growth and development.
TRANSPIRATION
47. Loss of liquid water through the leaf surface
often through specialized structures called
hydathodes is called guttation.
1. Cuticular transpiration – loss of water
through the epidermis which is usually covered
with a cuticle
2. Lenticular transpiration – loss of water
through the lenticels
3. Stomatal transpiration – the loss of
water through stomata can account for more
than 90 % of water lost from plants.
Types of transpiration
48. A corn plant may loose 3-4 liters/day. It has
been calculated that 99 % of the water
absorbed by a corn plant during its life cycle is
lost in transpiration.
49. Since most of water lost from plants occur through the
stomata, factors that would influence the opening and
closure of the stomata will invariably affect
transpiration. These factors include the following:
1. Light intensity
2. CO2 concentration
3. Water content of the plant
4. Vapor pressure deficit of the air
5. Temperature which in turn affect HR
6. Species which affect the stomatal density, degree
of cuticular deoposition and other surface/stomatal
modification (presence of hairs)
Factors affecting transpiration
50.
51. Transport Within Plants
Water and minerals
absorbed by roots are
drawn upward in the
xylem to the shoots
Sugar produced by
photosynthesis is
exported from leaves
to other organs via the
phloem
52. Phloem transport
• A highly specialized process for
redistributing:
– Photosynthesis products
– Other organic compounds (metabolites,
hormones)
– some mineral nutrients
• Redistributed from
– SOURCE SINK
53. Phloem transport: Sources and
sinks
• Source:
– Any exporting region that produces
photosynthate above and beyond that of
its own needs
• Sink:
– any non-photosynthetic organ or an organ
that does not produce enough
photosynthate to meets its own needs
54. How the growing parts of the plant are provided
with sugar to synthesize new cells
Photosynthesis
New growth
Translocation
A system of vascular tissue
runs through all higher
plants.
It evolved as a response to
the increase in the size of
plants, which caused an
progressing separation of
roots and leaves in space.
The phloem is the tissue
that translocates
assimilates from mature
leaves to growing or storage
organs and roots.
62. Nutrition in plants defined as a process of
synthesis of food, its breakdown and utilization
for various functions in the body.
The chemical substances in food are called
nutrients, ex. Water, minerals, carbohydrate,
protein, fats and etc.
The study how plants get mineral elements and
utilize them for their growth and development
is called mineral nutrition.
Nutrition in plants – MINERAL
NUTRITION
63. Minerals are absorbed by plants in solution
form. So it is possible in water containing the
desired amount of mineral salts taking care
that the aerial parts are exposed to air and
light.
The technique of growing plants in a nutrient
solution in complete absence of soil is known as
Hydroponics.
- It was demonstrated for the first time by a
German botanist Julius Von.
64. Water culture experiments help us to understand:
Which element is essential for normal growth for
plants
Which element is not essential and is absorbed along
with other nutrients.
How much quantity of each mineral is essential
Aside from hydroponics, another method of soiless
culture is:
AEROPONICS - the technique of growing plants with
their roots supplied with moisture present in air
65. There are 112 elements have been discovered until
now but only 17 of them are considered as essential
for the plants.
Criteria for Essentiality of Elements
1. An essential element is absolutely necessary for
normal growth and reproduction of plants.
2. The requirement of the element is very specific and
cannot be replaced by another element.
3. The element is directly involved in the nutrition of a
plant.
ESSENTIAL MINERAL ELEMENTS
67. • For example, a magnesium deficiency, an ingredient of
chlorophyll, causes yellowing of the leaves, or
chlorosis.
• Iron may also be a culprit.
The symptoms of a mineral deficiency depend on
the function and mobility of the nutrient in the
plant
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