The document outlines various planting systems for orchards, emphasizing the arrangement of trees to facilitate operations like weeding and fertilization. It discusses the most common square planting system and its formula, as well as an equilateral triangle arrangement that increases tree density. Additionally, it introduces the contour planting system for hillside areas to combat soil erosion and conserve moisture.

1. The planting system describes the arrangement
of trees in the orchard or plantation.
The proper arrangement of the trees will help
facilitate the different operations such as
weeding, fertilization, spraying, etc., which are
necessary for the trees to successfully grow.

2. This system of planting is the most common
because it is the easiest and simplest to layout
and it makes operations easy by mechanical
means.
The number of seedlings to be planted in a given
area can be computed by using this formula:
Np = A/S2
Where:
Np = number of plants
A = Area
S2 = square of planting distance

4. This system of planting makes use of square
with an additional fifth plant at the center
called filler.
Formula:
Np = A/S2 + (L/S-1)(W/S-1)
Where:
L = length of the area
W = Width of the area
1 = Constant

6. Trees are planted equidistant to one another
from every direction to form an equilateral
triangle. This arrangement results in a greater
number of trees per unit area than the square
system.
Formula:
Np = A/S2 x 0.866
Where:
0.866 = constant

8. A special system may be developed by the
grower to meet conditions particularly in the
hillsides where land is steep, the topography
is irregular, or the area is inclined. This is
called the contour system of planting. Its
main purpose is to prevent or reduce soil
erosion, and in some instances, to conserve
moisture between the tree rows.