This document discusses field crops and their importance as food, feed, and for industrial uses. It identifies key field crops like cereals, legumes, root crops, and others. It describes the general morphology and important parts of field crops, including underground and above ground parts. Environmental factors that affect field crops are also outlined, such as climate, soil factors, and biotic factors. Seed structure is explained, along with the process of germination.

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FIELD CROPS AND CEREALS
CSCI 101
BY: ANDRELORD G. MEDINABY: ANDRELORD G. MEDINA
INSTRUCTORINSTRUCTOR
DMMMSU-IADMMMSU-IA

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IMPORTANCE OF FIELD CROPS
Food for manFood for man
Feed for animalsFeed for animals
Industrial usesIndustrial uses
Medicinal usesMedicinal uses

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PROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTS
Improper seed selectionImproper seed selection
Lack of appropriate technology in cultural andLack of appropriate technology in cultural and
management practices and post harvest handling.management practices and post harvest handling.
CapitalCapital
Interest in farmingInterest in farming
Peace and orderPeace and order

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GENERAL MORPHOLOGY OF SOME
IMPORTANT FIELD CROPS
Plant morphology deals with thePlant morphology deals with the
development, form, structure and lifedevelopment, form, structure and life
history of plants. The plant parts may behistory of plants. The plant parts may be
divided into above ground parts anddivided into above ground parts and
underground parts.underground parts.

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IDENTIFYING FIELD CROPS
1.1. CEREALSCEREALS 3. Root crops3. Root crops
 RiceRice Sweet potatoSweet potato
 CornCorn CassavaCassava
 SorghumSorghum GabiGabi
2. LEGUMES2. LEGUMES 4. Others4. Others
 PeanutPeanut TobaccoTobacco
 MungbeanMungbean CottonCotton
 CowpeaCowpea

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IDENTIFYING THE IMPORTANT PARTS OF
FIELD CROPS
1.1. Underground PartsUnderground Parts
Roots – Primary, secondary, tertiary and root hairs.Roots – Primary, secondary, tertiary and root hairs.
2.2. Above Ground PartsAbove Ground Parts
Stem, branches, twigs, leaves, flowers, and fruits.Stem, branches, twigs, leaves, flowers, and fruits.

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Functions of the parts
 Roots – food absorption, anchorage and storage ofRoots – food absorption, anchorage and storage of
nutrients.nutrients.
 Stem – supports the branches, twigs, leaves, flowersStem – supports the branches, twigs, leaves, flowers
and fruitsand fruits
 Leaves – responsible for the manufacturing of foodsLeaves – responsible for the manufacturing of foods
through photosynthesisthrough photosynthesis
 Flowers – reproduction, multiplication andFlowers – reproduction, multiplication and
attraction.attraction.
 Fruits – reproduction, multiplicationFruits – reproduction, multiplication

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ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING
FIELD CROPS
1.1. ClimateClimate
- average condition of weather at a given place- average condition of weather at a given place
 TemperatureTemperature
 RainfallRainfall
 DaylengthDaylength
 Light intensityLight intensity
 Wind velocityWind velocity
 Relative humidityRelative humidity

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2. Soil Factors2. Soil Factors
 Topography – elevation, rolling, plain or hilly.Topography – elevation, rolling, plain or hilly.
 Soil PH – Alkalinity/acidity of the soil.Soil PH – Alkalinity/acidity of the soil.
 Soil texture – soil particles, sand, silt and clay.Soil texture – soil particles, sand, silt and clay.
 Soil structure – arrangement of soil particlesSoil structure – arrangement of soil particles
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING
FIELD CROPS

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3. Biotic Factors3. Biotic Factors
 Insect pestInsect pest
 Diseases – fungi, bacteria and virusesDiseases – fungi, bacteria and viruses
 WeedsWeeds
 RodentsRodents
 OthersOthers
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING
FIELD CROPS

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What is a seed?
AA seedseed is a smallis a small embryonic plantembryonic plant enclosed in aenclosed in a
covering called thecovering called the seed coatseed coat, usually with some, usually with some
stored foodstored food..
The formation of the seed completes the process ofThe formation of the seed completes the process of
reproduction in seed plants.reproduction in seed plants.

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Why are seeds advantageous for plants?
maintain dormancy until bettermaintain dormancy until better
environmental conditions ariseenvironmental conditions arise
afford protection to young plant atafford protection to young plant at
vulnerable developmental stagevulnerable developmental stage
contain adequate food supply untilcontain adequate food supply until
photosynthesis is possiblephotosynthesis is possible
dispersal of plantsdispersal of plants

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SEED STRUCTURE
ExternalExternal
Seed coat (Seed coat (testatesta))
HilumHilum
EmbryoEmbryo
CotyledonCotyledon
Epicotyl / HypocotylEpicotyl / Hypocotyl
PumulePumule
RadicalRadical

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Seed Coat
AKAAKA testatesta
The seed coatThe seed coat protectsprotects the embryothe embryo
Can be of varying thicknesses, dependingCan be of varying thicknesses, depending
on the seed type.on the seed type.

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Hilum
ScarScar from the seed being attached to thefrom the seed being attached to the
parent plantparent plant

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Embryo
The embryo is whatThe embryo is what forms the new plantforms the new plant
once the opportune conditions are present.once the opportune conditions are present.

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Cotyledon
The cotyledon is theThe cotyledon is the firstfirst
leafleaf that germinates.that germinates.
It is filled withIt is filled with stored foodstored food
that the plant uses before itthat the plant uses before it
begins photosynthesis.begins photosynthesis.
Some plants have 1Some plants have 1
cotyledon (monocot) andcotyledon (monocot) and
some have 2 cotyledonssome have 2 cotyledons
(dicot).(dicot).

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Epicotyl /Hypocotyl
The basis for theThe basis for the
plant’splant’s stemstem..
It is known as theIt is known as the
epicotyl above theepicotyl above the
cotyledon and acotyledon and a
hypocotyl below thehypocotyl below the
cotyledon.cotyledon.
These grow upward inThese grow upward in
response to light.response to light.

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Plumule
The shoot tip with a pair of miniatureThe shoot tip with a pair of miniature leavesleaves..

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The Radicle
The part of the seed where theThe part of the seed where the rootroot develops.develops.

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Germination

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Water Absorption
The seed absorbs water and oxygen.The seed absorbs water and oxygen.
Absorbed oxygen causes the seed to swell andAbsorbed oxygen causes the seed to swell and
increase in size.increase in size.
The seed secretes enzymes that convertThe seed secretes enzymes that convert
insoluble starches into soluble sugars.insoluble starches into soluble sugars.
Soluble sugars dissolve in the absorbed waterSoluble sugars dissolve in the absorbed water
and are used as food by the plant embryo.and are used as food by the plant embryo.

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Emergence of Radicle
The seed coat rupturesThe seed coat ruptures
permitting the youngpermitting the young
rootroot (radicle)(radicle) to emergeto emerge
and grow downward toand grow downward to
anchor the plant.anchor the plant.

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Emergence of Radicle
In a dicot, the seed coatIn a dicot, the seed coat
(testa) splits near the(testa) splits near the
hilum, and the younghilum, and the young
root becomes theroot becomes the
primary root fromprimary root from
which all branchingwhich all branching
roots formroots form..

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Plant Emergence

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Plant Emergence (monocot)
In a germinating monocotIn a germinating monocot
seed, no hypocotyl archseed, no hypocotyl arch
exists to push the leafexists to push the leaf
portions through the soil.portions through the soil.
Instead, the coleoptileInstead, the coleoptile
covering the plumule (tightcovering the plumule (tight
roll of leaves) pierces the soilroll of leaves) pierces the soil
surface exposing thesurface exposing the
developing plant to thedeveloping plant to the
sunlight.sunlight.

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Dicot Germination
Two types of seed germination occurTwo types of seed germination occur
among dicots based on how theamong dicots based on how the
seedlings emerge.seedlings emerge.
EpigeousEpigeous GerminationGermination
HypogeousHypogeous GerminationGermination

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Epigeous Germination
InIn epigeousepigeous germination, thegermination, the
hypocotyl of the embryohypocotyl of the embryo
elongates and raises theelongates and raises the
plumule, epicotyl, andplumule, epicotyl, and
cotyledons through the soilcotyledons through the soil
surface and above the ground.surface and above the ground.
Garden beans have anGarden beans have an
epigeous type of germination.epigeous type of germination.

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Epigeous Germination

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Hypogeous Germination
InIn hypogeoushypogeous germination, thegermination, the
epicotyl elongates and raises theepicotyl elongates and raises the
plumule above the ground.plumule above the ground.
The cotyedons (which are usuallyThe cotyedons (which are usually
still enclosed by the seed coat)still enclosed by the seed coat)
and the hypocotyl never emergeand the hypocotyl never emerge
and remain below the surface ofand remain below the surface of
the soil.the soil.
Peas have a hypogeous type ofPeas have a hypogeous type of
germination.germination.

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Hypogeous Germination

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THE END