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The document discusses human adaptation and evolution beginning in Africa around 75,000 BC. It explains that major adaptation, unlike minor adaptation, takes generations. When early Africans migrated to Europe, they adapted over time by growing straighter hair and lighter skin to cope with the colder climate rather than evolving into new species. All modern human races descended from Africans through the process of adaptation to different environments rather than evolution.
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Human Evolution
1) Lucy, discovered in 1974 in Ethiopia, was an early human species known as Australopithecus afarensis that lived 3.2 million years ago.
2) Though Lucy had characteristics similar to chimpanzees like a small brain and long arms, analysis of her knee and pelvis showed she routinely walked upright, placing her firmly in the human family.
3) Darwin's theory of evolution proposed that humans evolved from earlier species and are simply another form of animal, descended possibly from apes. The development of bipedalism in early humans allowed the hands to be used for other activities like using tools.
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This document provides information on various hominid species within the genera Homo, Paranthropus, Australopithecus, and Ardipithecus. It highlights five species of Homo including H. habilis, H. rudolfensis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis, and H. sapiens. It also describes four Australopithecus species and three Paranthropus species that mark early branches in the human lineage. Additionally, it notes several other recently discovered hominids including Kenyanthropus platyops and Sahelanthropus tchadensis.
3. Human Evolution
- The document discusses human evolution from early primates to modern humans. It describes key developments like bipedalism, increasing brain size, use of tools and fire, and cultural evolution.
- Early primates like tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises evolved around 58 million years ago. Monkeys emerged around 35 million years ago and the first hominids around 6 million years ago.
- Adaptations for tree-dwelling included grasping hands and feet, stereoscopic vision, and long limbs. Bipedalism evolved in early hominids like Australopithecus as an adaptation for life on the ground.
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This document provides a summary of human evolution based on fossil and genetic evidence. It describes key findings such as bipedalism emerging before increased brain size, Homo habilis as the first tool users, Homo erectus leaving Africa and spreading across Asia and Europe, and Neanderthals being our closest evolutionary cousins. Genetic evidence from mitochondrial DNA indicates that all living humans share a common female ancestor from around 160,000 years ago in Africa, supporting the "Out of Africa" model of modern human origins.
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Africa
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Editor's Notes
- The skull on the LEFT is Caucasoid. The skull on the RIGHT is Negroid.