This document provides background information on Afghanistan between 1947-1978. It discusses the rule of Sardar Shah Mahmud Khan and his successor Mohammad Daoud Khan. Daoud Khan aligned Afghanistan with the Soviet Union and received significant economic and military aid. However, he grew disillusioned with democracy and communism. Rival coup plotters emerged, including Islamists and Marxist groups. Daoud Khan launched a coup in 1973, ending the Afghan monarchy but angering the Marxist PDPA. On April 27, 1978 the PDPA, with Soviet support, launched the Saur Revolution, establishing a communist government and beginning the Sovietization of Afghanistan. Daoud Khan and his family were killed in the process.
The document discusses the conflict in Kashmir over several decades beginning in 1947 when India gained independence. It summarizes the first war between India and Pakistan over Kashmir in 1947-1948, as well as subsequent wars in 1965 and 1971. It then outlines issues such as the differing views between India and Pakistan over control of Kashmir, human rights violations including extrajudicial killings, and laws imposed by India like the Armed Forces Special Powers Act that have enabled impunity. The document concludes by discussing phenomena like enforced disappearances and mass graves that have been uncovered in Kashmir.
Through this presentation you will know the real root causes by which Terrorism enters in Pakistan. This presentation also highlight some of the hero which fight against Terrorism.
Past and Future Emergencies in the State of Pakistangueste40f29
The document summarizes past emergencies in Pakistan and discusses future risks. It outlines three past emergencies: in 1951 following the assassination of Pakistan's first Prime Minister, in 1979 after the hanging of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, and in 2007 following the assassination of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. It also discusses the 2007 emergency declared by General Pervez Musharraf, suspending the constitution. Lawyers and students protested for restoration of civil rights. The movement highlighted risks to democracy from military involvement and the need to strengthen constitutional rule.
This document discusses various events related to US influence and intervention in the Middle East during the 20th century. It describes how the CIA orchestrated regime changes in Syria from 1947-1956 in an attempt to install pro-Western rulers, which had unintended consequences. It also discusses the 1953 CIA-backed coup in Iran that overthrew the Mossadegh government and reinstalled the Shah, leading to the Iranian revolution and hostage crisis in 1979. The document also summarizes the 1956 Suez Crisis and Eisenhower Doctrine, as well as US military interventions in Lebanon and Kuwait during this time period.
The document summarizes the history of conflict in Kashmir between India and Pakistan since 1947, including three wars over the region. It also outlines various laws enacted by India in Kashmir that have been criticized for enabling human rights abuses like arbitrary arrests, shootings, and torture by security forces. The document notes reports of thousands of enforced disappearances of Kashmiri youth as well as mass graves containing unidentified bodies.
CTP’s Threat Update series is a weekly update and assessment of the al Qaeda network and its affiliates in Yemen, the Horn of Africa, and the Maghreb and Sahel.
1. Article 370 of the Indian constitution granted special autonomous status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir, which has been leveraged by Kashmiri Muslims to discriminate against Hindus and drive them out of the region.
2. Under the cover of Article 370's autonomy provisions, Kashmiri Muslims have taken control of the state administration, media, and economy while using laws like the State Subject Rule to deprive Hindus of citizenship and property rights.
3. This has resulted in the ethnic cleansing of nearly 400,000 Kashmiri Hindus from the Kashmir Valley since the 1990s and the Talibanization of the region under Islamic fundamentalism.
4. The document argues that Article 370 must be abrog
The document summarizes the history of apartheid in South Africa and its eventual end. It describes how apartheid was instituted in 1948, establishing racial segregation and oppression of non-white populations. Anti-apartheid movements like the ANC organized protests but faced harsh crackdowns. Leaders like Nelson Mandela and Steve Biko were imprisoned. International sanctions and domestic unrest increased pressure until F.W. de Klerk legalized the ANC and released Mandela in 1990, paving the way for multi-racial elections in 1994 that elected Mandela as South Africa's first black president, marking the official end of apartheid.
The document discusses the conflict in Kashmir over several decades beginning in 1947 when India gained independence. It summarizes the first war between India and Pakistan over Kashmir in 1947-1948, as well as subsequent wars in 1965 and 1971. It then outlines issues such as the differing views between India and Pakistan over control of Kashmir, human rights violations including extrajudicial killings, and laws imposed by India like the Armed Forces Special Powers Act that have enabled impunity. The document concludes by discussing phenomena like enforced disappearances and mass graves that have been uncovered in Kashmir.
Through this presentation you will know the real root causes by which Terrorism enters in Pakistan. This presentation also highlight some of the hero which fight against Terrorism.
Past and Future Emergencies in the State of Pakistangueste40f29
The document summarizes past emergencies in Pakistan and discusses future risks. It outlines three past emergencies: in 1951 following the assassination of Pakistan's first Prime Minister, in 1979 after the hanging of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, and in 2007 following the assassination of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. It also discusses the 2007 emergency declared by General Pervez Musharraf, suspending the constitution. Lawyers and students protested for restoration of civil rights. The movement highlighted risks to democracy from military involvement and the need to strengthen constitutional rule.
This document discusses various events related to US influence and intervention in the Middle East during the 20th century. It describes how the CIA orchestrated regime changes in Syria from 1947-1956 in an attempt to install pro-Western rulers, which had unintended consequences. It also discusses the 1953 CIA-backed coup in Iran that overthrew the Mossadegh government and reinstalled the Shah, leading to the Iranian revolution and hostage crisis in 1979. The document also summarizes the 1956 Suez Crisis and Eisenhower Doctrine, as well as US military interventions in Lebanon and Kuwait during this time period.
The document summarizes the history of conflict in Kashmir between India and Pakistan since 1947, including three wars over the region. It also outlines various laws enacted by India in Kashmir that have been criticized for enabling human rights abuses like arbitrary arrests, shootings, and torture by security forces. The document notes reports of thousands of enforced disappearances of Kashmiri youth as well as mass graves containing unidentified bodies.
CTP’s Threat Update series is a weekly update and assessment of the al Qaeda network and its affiliates in Yemen, the Horn of Africa, and the Maghreb and Sahel.
1. Article 370 of the Indian constitution granted special autonomous status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir, which has been leveraged by Kashmiri Muslims to discriminate against Hindus and drive them out of the region.
2. Under the cover of Article 370's autonomy provisions, Kashmiri Muslims have taken control of the state administration, media, and economy while using laws like the State Subject Rule to deprive Hindus of citizenship and property rights.
3. This has resulted in the ethnic cleansing of nearly 400,000 Kashmiri Hindus from the Kashmir Valley since the 1990s and the Talibanization of the region under Islamic fundamentalism.
4. The document argues that Article 370 must be abrog
The document summarizes the history of apartheid in South Africa and its eventual end. It describes how apartheid was instituted in 1948, establishing racial segregation and oppression of non-white populations. Anti-apartheid movements like the ANC organized protests but faced harsh crackdowns. Leaders like Nelson Mandela and Steve Biko were imprisoned. International sanctions and domestic unrest increased pressure until F.W. de Klerk legalized the ANC and released Mandela in 1990, paving the way for multi-racial elections in 1994 that elected Mandela as South Africa's first black president, marking the official end of apartheid.
This document provides background information on Islam, Afghanistan, and refugees. It discusses the origins and key beliefs of Islam. It describes Afghanistan's ethnic groups, history of invasions, and modern political eras including the Soviet invasion and rise of the Taliban. It defines what a refugee is according to the UN and discusses the large number of Afghan refugees in neighboring countries. It also briefly outlines Australia's refugee policies and debates around boat arrivals and mandatory detention.
CTP's Threat Update series is a weekly update and assessment of Iran and the al Qaeda network and its affiliates in Yemen, the Horn of Africa, and the Maghreb and Sahel.
The failed coup attempt in the Philippines sought to overthrow President Corazon Aquino's government. Led by Colonel Gregorio Honasan, 800 Philippine army troops launched surprise attacks on Malacanang Palace and other areas of Manila in the early morning hours. While the President and her supporters prevailed in repelling the attacks, her son was seriously wounded in the violence that left at least 20 people dead. The coup underscored the deep dissatisfaction within the military over conditions and Aquino's handling of issues like land reform and the Communist insurgency, threatening the stability of the country's young democracy.
The Arab-Israeli conflict began in the late 19th century with the rise of Zionism and calls for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Tensions escalated after Britain assumed control of Palestine and issued the Balfour Declaration supporting a Jewish state. After the UN partition plan in 1947, war broke out as Arab states opposed the creation of Israel. The conflict has since involved multiple wars, uprisings, and diplomatic efforts towards a two-state solution, but the issues of settlements, Jerusalem status, and Palestinian refugees remain unresolved. Violence and terrorism on both sides continue to undermine peace negotiations.
I was fascinated by the Arab Spring phenomenon (2011-2014) which reveals how complex the social-political situation in MENA (Middle East and North Africa) had been. Many of my countrymen don't understand the realities there, instead believing conspiracy theories which simplified things to merely "US/Israel/Zionist vs Islam/muslims".
This presentation is my attempt to summarize the history and geopolitical complexities and to debunk some conspiracy theories related to Arab Spring.My sources are multiple articles in CNN, TIME, Al-Jazeera, Al-Monitor, Stratfor, Foreign Policy, among others.
I closed this ever expanding presentation in the beginning of 2014 since it became obvious that the revolution season was over and multiple failures manifested in many countries.
The document provides updates on security threats from several regions. In Yemen, southern forces seized parts of Aden undermining the internationally recognized government. In Kenya, the opposition inaugurated its leader as "people's president" challenging the legitimacy of the election. In Tunisia, a new opposition group attempted to reignite protests against austerity measures.
Shaul Arieli's Presentation in Australianifaustralia
This document summarizes the challenges of establishing two independent states of Israel and Palestine based on the 1967 borders. It outlines the conflicting national narratives and demographic trends that threaten Israel's identity as a Jewish state. Alternative proposals like annexation or a single state are assessed as impractical and destabilizing. The document argues bilateral security arrangements and an incremental Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank combined with international support offers the best path for two democratic states to peacefully coexist.
International Law And The Fighting In Gaza Power Point Aas2marissyb29
The document summarizes international law as it pertains to the fighting in Gaza in 2009. It discusses key principles of distinction and proportionality under international law. It analyzes how Hamas' rocket attacks on Israeli civilians violate these principles and constitute war crimes. The document also examines how Hamas uses civilian infrastructure like mosques, hospitals and schools to carry out military operations, in violation of international humanitarian law.
Why the world project Muslims as a terrorist?Karma Tashi
The document discusses the history and evolution of terrorism from ancient groups like the Sicarii and Hashashin to modern religiously motivated groups like Al Qaeda and ISIS. It notes that terrorism has existed throughout history but became prominent internationally in the late 20th century. While religiously motivated terrorism is a major threat today, the document also discusses terrorist acts committed by groups associated with Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Christianity to demonstrate that terrorism exists across many religions and ideologies. It concludes by arguing that most religions primarily preach peace and do not support violence, and ordinary religious people should not be viewed as terrorists.
The document summarizes the various perspectives on the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan. It discusses the background of Kashmir being a princely state historically ruled by a Maharaja. It then outlines India, Pakistan, China and Kashmiri views on the conflict. India claims the instrument of accession signed Kashmir to India. Pakistan rejects this and cites the Muslim majority and UN resolutions. Kashmiris want independence or to join Pakistan, citing a distinct identity and human rights issues under Indian rule. The dispute remains unresolved between the nuclear powers of India and Pakistan over the region.
Pakistan – the problems and solutions regarding terrorism and 4thGWZaid Hamid
4th Generation War is the latest weapon being deployed against the Muslim world to dismember Muslim countries in the greater middle east. This mode of War fare is least understood by the policy makers, leaders, and the media. Here BrassTacks brings a comprehensive presentation for the policy makers on this illusive subject.
The document discusses the differences between the Arab world, Middle East, and Muslim world. It notes that the Arab world consists of 22 countries in the Middle East and North Africa, while the Muslim world has 55 member states, and only Egypt is an Arab country among the top 10 countries by Muslim population. Most Arabs are Muslim, but most Muslims are not Arab. There are also Christian and Jewish Arabs.
CTP’s Threat Updateseries is a weekly updateand assessment of the al Qaeda networkand its affiliates in Yemen, the Horn of Africa, and the Maghreb and Sahel.
The document summarizes several conflicts in the Middle East stemming from regional issues. It discusses the Arab-Israeli conflict since 1948 over land and Palestinian statehood. It also covers Iran's 1979 Islamic revolution that overthrew the Western-backed Shah, as well as conflicts in Iraq including the Iran-Iraq war and US invasion to oust Saddam Hussein. Oil wealth in the region has exacerbated tensions while religious and territorial disputes have fueled prolonged violence and unrest with no easy resolutions.
ECONOMICAL REFORMS
Savings and Investments
Human capital development
Agriculture
Dams
Women Empowerment
1.Gross domestic product
Increased from $60billion to $170 billion
2.Domestic and foreign investements
Increased from $60 billion to $170billion
3.Exports
Tripled form $7billion to $22 billion
4.International trade
Increased from $20 billion to $60 billion
Worst Case Scenarios for the Narrower Middle EastThierry Debels
Western-style democracy is not an attractive model for the peoples of the Narrower Middle East. A certain neopopulism, rooted in political Islamism and strongly anti-Western, is the
most credible alternative to the current regimes.
Worst Case Scenarios for the Narrower Middle EastThierry Debels
This document contains material based on sensitive sources.
It may only be handled by those properly authorised to receive it, and must be kept at all times in secure storage. It must not be retransmitted by non-encrypted communications systems, and any copies or reproductions should be limited to the minimum necessary and must be made in accordance with the Council's Security Regulations of 19 March 2001, as amended by Council Decision of 10 February 2004
The document discusses the Great Chinese Famine that occurred from 1958 to 1962. It summarizes a book that uncovered hidden documentation about the famine in government archives. The famine was caused by Mao Zedong's disastrous economic policies and the collectivization of agriculture into communes. This led to the deaths of tens of millions of people from starvation but the events have been suppressed in the Communist Party's history of China.
20th Century history: Core content: Why did events in the Gulf matter?Wan Farida Hamimi
Saddam Hussein was able to rise to power in Iraq through his involvement in the Ba'ath Party and careful consolidation of power over several decades. He supported Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr's rise to become Prime Minister, and was then rewarded with influential positions within the Ba'ath Party leadership. Saddam later helped orchestrate a 1968 coup that removed the President, allowing al-Bakr to take over as President with Saddam as his powerful deputy. Through purges, building his security forces, and eliminating potential rivals, Saddam was able to become the undisputed leader of Iraq in 1979 when he took over as President from the aging al-Bakr.
This document provides background information on Islam, Afghanistan, and refugees. It discusses the origins and key beliefs of Islam. It describes Afghanistan's ethnic groups, history of invasions, and modern political eras including the Soviet invasion and rise of the Taliban. It defines what a refugee is according to the UN and discusses the large number of Afghan refugees in neighboring countries. It also briefly outlines Australia's refugee policies and debates around boat arrivals and mandatory detention.
CTP's Threat Update series is a weekly update and assessment of Iran and the al Qaeda network and its affiliates in Yemen, the Horn of Africa, and the Maghreb and Sahel.
The failed coup attempt in the Philippines sought to overthrow President Corazon Aquino's government. Led by Colonel Gregorio Honasan, 800 Philippine army troops launched surprise attacks on Malacanang Palace and other areas of Manila in the early morning hours. While the President and her supporters prevailed in repelling the attacks, her son was seriously wounded in the violence that left at least 20 people dead. The coup underscored the deep dissatisfaction within the military over conditions and Aquino's handling of issues like land reform and the Communist insurgency, threatening the stability of the country's young democracy.
The Arab-Israeli conflict began in the late 19th century with the rise of Zionism and calls for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Tensions escalated after Britain assumed control of Palestine and issued the Balfour Declaration supporting a Jewish state. After the UN partition plan in 1947, war broke out as Arab states opposed the creation of Israel. The conflict has since involved multiple wars, uprisings, and diplomatic efforts towards a two-state solution, but the issues of settlements, Jerusalem status, and Palestinian refugees remain unresolved. Violence and terrorism on both sides continue to undermine peace negotiations.
I was fascinated by the Arab Spring phenomenon (2011-2014) which reveals how complex the social-political situation in MENA (Middle East and North Africa) had been. Many of my countrymen don't understand the realities there, instead believing conspiracy theories which simplified things to merely "US/Israel/Zionist vs Islam/muslims".
This presentation is my attempt to summarize the history and geopolitical complexities and to debunk some conspiracy theories related to Arab Spring.My sources are multiple articles in CNN, TIME, Al-Jazeera, Al-Monitor, Stratfor, Foreign Policy, among others.
I closed this ever expanding presentation in the beginning of 2014 since it became obvious that the revolution season was over and multiple failures manifested in many countries.
The document provides updates on security threats from several regions. In Yemen, southern forces seized parts of Aden undermining the internationally recognized government. In Kenya, the opposition inaugurated its leader as "people's president" challenging the legitimacy of the election. In Tunisia, a new opposition group attempted to reignite protests against austerity measures.
Shaul Arieli's Presentation in Australianifaustralia
This document summarizes the challenges of establishing two independent states of Israel and Palestine based on the 1967 borders. It outlines the conflicting national narratives and demographic trends that threaten Israel's identity as a Jewish state. Alternative proposals like annexation or a single state are assessed as impractical and destabilizing. The document argues bilateral security arrangements and an incremental Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank combined with international support offers the best path for two democratic states to peacefully coexist.
International Law And The Fighting In Gaza Power Point Aas2marissyb29
The document summarizes international law as it pertains to the fighting in Gaza in 2009. It discusses key principles of distinction and proportionality under international law. It analyzes how Hamas' rocket attacks on Israeli civilians violate these principles and constitute war crimes. The document also examines how Hamas uses civilian infrastructure like mosques, hospitals and schools to carry out military operations, in violation of international humanitarian law.
Why the world project Muslims as a terrorist?Karma Tashi
The document discusses the history and evolution of terrorism from ancient groups like the Sicarii and Hashashin to modern religiously motivated groups like Al Qaeda and ISIS. It notes that terrorism has existed throughout history but became prominent internationally in the late 20th century. While religiously motivated terrorism is a major threat today, the document also discusses terrorist acts committed by groups associated with Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Christianity to demonstrate that terrorism exists across many religions and ideologies. It concludes by arguing that most religions primarily preach peace and do not support violence, and ordinary religious people should not be viewed as terrorists.
The document summarizes the various perspectives on the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan. It discusses the background of Kashmir being a princely state historically ruled by a Maharaja. It then outlines India, Pakistan, China and Kashmiri views on the conflict. India claims the instrument of accession signed Kashmir to India. Pakistan rejects this and cites the Muslim majority and UN resolutions. Kashmiris want independence or to join Pakistan, citing a distinct identity and human rights issues under Indian rule. The dispute remains unresolved between the nuclear powers of India and Pakistan over the region.
Pakistan – the problems and solutions regarding terrorism and 4thGWZaid Hamid
4th Generation War is the latest weapon being deployed against the Muslim world to dismember Muslim countries in the greater middle east. This mode of War fare is least understood by the policy makers, leaders, and the media. Here BrassTacks brings a comprehensive presentation for the policy makers on this illusive subject.
The document discusses the differences between the Arab world, Middle East, and Muslim world. It notes that the Arab world consists of 22 countries in the Middle East and North Africa, while the Muslim world has 55 member states, and only Egypt is an Arab country among the top 10 countries by Muslim population. Most Arabs are Muslim, but most Muslims are not Arab. There are also Christian and Jewish Arabs.
CTP’s Threat Updateseries is a weekly updateand assessment of the al Qaeda networkand its affiliates in Yemen, the Horn of Africa, and the Maghreb and Sahel.
The document summarizes several conflicts in the Middle East stemming from regional issues. It discusses the Arab-Israeli conflict since 1948 over land and Palestinian statehood. It also covers Iran's 1979 Islamic revolution that overthrew the Western-backed Shah, as well as conflicts in Iraq including the Iran-Iraq war and US invasion to oust Saddam Hussein. Oil wealth in the region has exacerbated tensions while religious and territorial disputes have fueled prolonged violence and unrest with no easy resolutions.
ECONOMICAL REFORMS
Savings and Investments
Human capital development
Agriculture
Dams
Women Empowerment
1.Gross domestic product
Increased from $60billion to $170 billion
2.Domestic and foreign investements
Increased from $60 billion to $170billion
3.Exports
Tripled form $7billion to $22 billion
4.International trade
Increased from $20 billion to $60 billion
Worst Case Scenarios for the Narrower Middle EastThierry Debels
Western-style democracy is not an attractive model for the peoples of the Narrower Middle East. A certain neopopulism, rooted in political Islamism and strongly anti-Western, is the
most credible alternative to the current regimes.
Worst Case Scenarios for the Narrower Middle EastThierry Debels
This document contains material based on sensitive sources.
It may only be handled by those properly authorised to receive it, and must be kept at all times in secure storage. It must not be retransmitted by non-encrypted communications systems, and any copies or reproductions should be limited to the minimum necessary and must be made in accordance with the Council's Security Regulations of 19 March 2001, as amended by Council Decision of 10 February 2004
The document discusses the Great Chinese Famine that occurred from 1958 to 1962. It summarizes a book that uncovered hidden documentation about the famine in government archives. The famine was caused by Mao Zedong's disastrous economic policies and the collectivization of agriculture into communes. This led to the deaths of tens of millions of people from starvation but the events have been suppressed in the Communist Party's history of China.
20th Century history: Core content: Why did events in the Gulf matter?Wan Farida Hamimi
Saddam Hussein was able to rise to power in Iraq through his involvement in the Ba'ath Party and careful consolidation of power over several decades. He supported Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr's rise to become Prime Minister, and was then rewarded with influential positions within the Ba'ath Party leadership. Saddam later helped orchestrate a 1968 coup that removed the President, allowing al-Bakr to take over as President with Saddam as his powerful deputy. Through purges, building his security forces, and eliminating potential rivals, Saddam was able to become the undisputed leader of Iraq in 1979 when he took over as President from the aging al-Bakr.
This document provides an overview of the history and geopolitics of Afghanistan. It discusses that Afghanistan is a landlocked country located in Central Asia with a population of 29 million. It outlines Afghanistan's history of influence from the US and USSR after 1947 and the civil war between mujahideen and the Afghan government backed by the Soviets from 1979-1989. It then summarizes the rise of the Taliban in the 1990s and their establishment of an Islamic Emirate, as well as their violent oppression of women. The document discusses key events and leaders in Afghanistan's conflicts up until recent US involvement after 9/11 and the anticipated effects of NATO withdrawal in 2014.
The document provides background information on the insurgency in Algeria that occurred from the early 1990s through the late 1990s. It describes the key causes of the insurgency, including economic problems, unrest with the ruling government, and the rise of Islamic political groups. When the military canceled democratic elections that an Islamic party was winning, armed Islamic guerrilla groups formed to battle the government. The two main groups were the Islamic Salvation Army (AIS), which targeted military and government sites, and the more violent Armed Islamic Group (GIA), which began attacking civilians as well. The GIA carried out a series of brutal massacres in the late 1990s, with hundreds of civilians killed at a time. In
This document provides an overview of key events and developments during the Cold War between 1945-1991. It describes the beginnings of tensions between the Soviet Union and Western allies after World War 2, with Stalin imposing communist governments in Eastern Europe and making concessions at Yalta and Potsdam. This set the stage for the Iron Curtain and division of Europe. Both sides then engaged in an arms race and conflicts by proxy in areas like Korea, Berlin, and Vietnam throughout the Cold War period.
This lecture discusses humanity's history of adapting to catastrophic events like famines. It focuses on a major famine that occurred around 4,200 years ago. The key points are:
1. Famines have been a recurring catastrophic event that have impacted humanity throughout history. One of the earliest and most severe famines occurred around 4,200 years ago.
2. This famine, known as the 4.2 kiloyear event, was likely caused by a dramatic shift in climate patterns that led to widespread drought and food shortages. It impacted large parts of Africa, the Middle East, and Southwest Asia.
3. The famine had profound social and political impacts on civilizations at the time. It contributed to
Mahatma Gandhi led non-violent protests for India's independence from British rule through civil disobedience and marches. After independence in 1947, India and Pakistan were divided along religious lines, causing conflict over the disputed Kashmir region that continues today. Nelson Mandela fought against South Africa's system of racial segregation known as apartheid through non-violent protest and was imprisoned for 26 years before being elected president in 1994. Conflict in the Middle East continues between Israel and Palestinians seeking an independent state.
Mahatma Gandhi led non-violent protests for India's independence from British rule through civil disobedience and marches. This resulted in India gaining independence in 1947, but was partitioned into India and Pakistan, displacing millions of Hindus and Muslims. Ongoing conflict over the Kashmir region has occurred between India and Pakistan since.
Summary of:
Walsh, BEN "IGCSE Modern World History" (Hodder Education - 2013)
Cantrell, Smith, Smith, Ennion "20th Century History for Cambridge IGCSE" (Oxford University Press - 2013)
Google Images
This document discusses the history and causes of terrorism in multiple contexts:
1) It provides definitions of terrorism and traces its origins back to Latin and French revolutionary periods. Different waves of terrorism are described from the late 19th century through modern times.
2) Terrorism in Pakistan is discussed, tracing its roots to support for the Soviet-Afghan war and subsequent civil war. Over 35,000 Pakistanis have been killed by terrorist attacks since 2001.
3) Causes of terrorism in Pakistan include the foreign fighters who remained after the Soviet-Afghan war, sectarian violence, availability of weapons, and regional rivalries. The political situation in Pakistan is also cited as a contributing factor.
The document provides biographical information about Lyndon B. Johnson and details his career and presidency. It discusses how he became president after John F. Kennedy's assassination and established major social programs as part of his Great Society agenda. However, the escalating Vietnam War came to define his presidency as he committed increasing numbers of troops despite facing growing domestic opposition.
The Civil Disobedience Movement saw participation from various social groups, but with differing levels of involvement and goals. Rich peasants actively took part to oppose high revenue demands but grew disappointed when the movement was halted without changes. Poor peasants joined to reduce rents and revenues but had an uncertain relationship with Congress. Industrialists supported the movement financially but withdrew due to concerns over business disruptions. Women participated symbolically while their status did not improve. Dalits and Muslims largely kept their distance due to the movements' focus on Hindu ideals and fears of losing their distinct identities. Overall, the movement was short-lived and failed to unite all of India.
1. The document outlines key events in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958 after independence, including post-independence problems, Jinnah's passing, Liaquat Ali Khan becoming the first Prime Minister, the Kashmir crisis, and the passing of the Objectives Resolution.
2. It also discusses the Liaquat-Nehru Pact, lists Prime Ministers during this period, reasons for the failure of the first Pakistani constitution, and concludes with the first martial law in Pakistan in 1958 under Ayub Khan.
3. The period saw many challenges establishing the new nation of Pakistan including refugee crises, conflicts with India, and instability resulting in the country's first martial law.
The document provides historical context about the 1950s and 1960s in the United States. It discusses the conformity and security of the 1950s with the rise of suburbia and focus on traditional gender roles. It also covers the space race with the Soviet Union, the Red Scare and rise of McCarthyism. The 1960s are presented as a period of social change with the civil rights movement challenging racial segregation and discrimination. Fear of nuclear war and the arms race with the USSR are also addressed.
Ramon magsaysay and the philippines at its primeRaven Cancino
1. Ramon Magsaysay was a Filipino president known for his populism and agenda to enact agrarian reform. As defense secretary, he helped defeat the communist Huk rebellion and was elected president in 1953.
2. As president, Magsaysay emphasized service to the people and established agencies to address public complaints and enact land redistribution. He also helped negotiate reparations from Japan and supported anti-communism through the SEATO alliance.
3. Magsaysay unexpectedly died in a plane crash in 1957, cutting short his presidency and leaving a lasting legacy as a reformer dedicated to serving ordinary Filipinos.
This document provides an overview of Iraq, including its history, geography, government, economy, and culture. Some key points:
- Iraq has a long history as the site of ancient Sumerian and Babylonian civilizations along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It was later ruled by the Persians, Abbasid Caliphate, Ottomans, and British before gaining independence in 1932.
- The country is currently a parliamentary democracy with a population of over 30 million, mostly Arab or Kurdish Muslims. Oil exports dominate the economy.
- Major cities include Baghdad, Mosul, Basra, and Arbil. Archaeological sites like Uruk and Baghdad's
The document provides background information on the Iran-Iraq war that occurred from 1980-1988. It discusses the key players of Iran and Iraq, reasons for the conflict, the timeline of major events, and the involvement and stances of other countries like the US. The US initially pursued a two-track policy of supporting Iraq while also secretly supplying arms to Iran, in an attempt to prolong the war and weaken both sides.
This document provides an overview of the origins of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union following World War II. It discusses the wartime alliance between the US, Britain, and Soviet Union which was pragmatic but lacked trust. At conferences like Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam, the Allied leaders were unable to resolve disagreements over the post-war structure of Europe. As the Soviets exerted control over Eastern Europe, tensions rose further and the Cold War began, marked by the Iron Curtain speech in 1946 and the formation of opposing military alliances like NATO.
The Idea of Europe: A History - Slideshow 6Ian De Mellow
This document provides an overview of the rise and fall of the Roman Empire from 50 BC to 565 AD. It discusses key figures like Caesar, Augustus, and Constantine and their contributions to expanding and transforming Rome from a Republic to an Empire. The document also analyzes signs of decline in the 3rd century AD, including political instability, economic troubles, and border incursions by outside groups. It traces the division of the Empire during the Tetrarchy and the establishment of Constantinople as the new capital by Constantine.
The Idea of Europe: A History - Slideshow 5Ian De Mellow
This document provides an overview of the expansion of the Roman Empire through military conquests and establishment of provinces. It discusses Rome's rivalry with Carthage in the Punic Wars, with Hannibal inflicting major defeats on Roman armies but ultimately being defeated by Scipio Africanus at Zama. It also covers Julius Caesar's military campaigns as governor of Hispania and his conquest of Gaul, including his siege and defeat of Vercingetorix's forces at Alesia. The document claims Caesar's actions in Gaul amounted to genocide against Celtic tribes.
The Idea of Europe: A History - Slideshow 4Ian De Mellow
The document provides details about Roman history and society from the 8th century BC to the 3rd century BC. It discusses the origins of the Roman Senate in 753 BC and its role over the centuries. It also describes the social hierarchy of Rome with patricians at the top and plebeians at the bottom, and the laws passed over time to address inequality. Additionally, it summarizes Rome's military campaigns against neighboring peoples like the Samnites, detailing important battles such as the disaster at Caudine Forks, and the eventual conquest of Italy.
The Idea of Europe: A History - Slideshow 3Ian De Mellow
This document provides an overview of the rise of the Roman Empire from 509 BC to 286 AD. It discusses Rome's unification of Italy, defeat of Carthage, conquests in the Near East, and maintenance of its Mediterranean empire. Key figures like Julius Caesar and Augustus are credited with expanding Roman rule. The core of Rome's success was its powerful military, led by experienced centurions and utilizing disciplined legions, fortifications, siege weapons, and allied forces. Rome's dominance was built on its legions' ability to subdue enemies and maintain control over a vast territory for nearly 1000 years.
The Idea of Europe: A History - Slideshow 2Ian De Mellow
Ancient Greece had a combination of geographic, climatic, and cultural factors that contributed to its exceptional achievements in art, literature, philosophy, mathematics, science, and its development of democracy. The sunny climate and proximity to the sea supported seafaring and trade, while influence from older civilizations helped Greece develop new ideas. Despite setbacks like the Dark Ages and invasions by Persia, Greek city-states like Athens and Sparta flourished and spread their culture through colonization and the Hellenistic era following Alexander the Great's conquests. Greek achievements formed the foundation of Western civilization.
The Idea of Europe: A History - Slideshow 1Ian De Mellow
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2. SARDAR SHAH MAHMUD KHAN
• SARDAR SHAH MAHMUD KHAN WAS UNCLE
TO INEFFECTUAL ZAHIR & UNCLE TO
MOHAMMAD DAOUD KHAN WHO WOULD
BE PRIME MINISTER FROM 1953.
• DISSENT WITHIN AFGHANISTAN AND NEW
NATION - WEST PAKISTAN (1947) – ON
EASTERN BORDER WHICH WOULD CHANGE
AFGH FOREIGN POLICY FOREVER
3. SARDAR SHAH CONT.
• MAJOR INTERNAL PROBLEMS:
1. GOVT MINISTERS RULED FIEFDOMS BASED ON GRAFT
2. CORRUPTION EVERYWHERE
3. PRISONS FULL OF POLITICALS
4. 40 OF 120 PARLIAMENT WERE EDUCATED & INTERESTED
IN REFORM
5. “ AN UNLETTERED GENERAL POPULATION , SUBJECT TO
THE TRADITIONAL INFLUENCES OF MALIK & MULLAH,
RESPONSIVE ONLY TO THE LOCAL CONCERNS OF THEIR
PARTICULAR QAWM, AND UTTERLY IMPERVIOUS TO THE
SECULAR ISSUES THAT LAY BEYOND THESE DEMANDS”
4. SARDAR SHAH CONT.
• AFGHAN ECONOMY IN POOR SHAPE – 54% OF
GDP AT SUBSISTENCE LEVEL
• CENTRAL GOVT IN KABUL RESENTED IN
REGIONS. RIOTS IN KANDAHAR WHEN ROAD
IMPROVEMENTS BEGUN
• AFGH ONLY ENTREPRENEUR ABDUL MAJID
ZABULI TO U.S. TO BUY ARMAMENTS REJECTED
BY WASHINGTON
• PRIME MINISTER JOB HANDED TO ANOTHER
ROYAL FAMILY MEMBER MOHAMMAD DAOUD
KHAN ON 17 JULY 1953
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. MOHAMMAD DAOUD KHAN (1953 –
1963)
• SEPTEMBER 1953 A FOUR YEAR TRADE AGREEMENT WITH U.S.S.R.
& SOVIET BLOC GAVE AFGH A CORNUCOPIA:
(IN U.S. $)
3.5 M. FOR GRAIN SILOS, FLOUR MILL, BAKERY
1.2 M.FOR OIL PIPELINE & STORAGE AMU-DAR
2.1 M ASPHALT & ROAD MAKING FOR KABUL
5.0 M CEMENT PLANTS
A 100 BED HOSPITAL IN KABUL
15 BUSES FOR KABUL’S NEWLY PAVED STREETS
• 1956 U.S. GOVERNMENT RESPONDED WITH LARGESSE:
WHEAT TO PUT IN SOVIET SILOS
EDUCATION FACILITIES & PROGRAMS AFGH CHILDREN
STUDY GRANTS FOR AFGHANS TO U.S. TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS
10. DAOUD KHAN CONT.
• 1955 U.S.S.R. AGREEMENT:
BUILD KANDAHAR-HERAT HIGHWAY
+ALL WEATHER ROAD KABUL-SOVIET BORDER
+VIA SALANG PASS TUNNEL (INVASION ROUTE)
+CZECHSLOVAKIA: $3M. IN MILITARY AID
+U.S.S.R. $53 M.: TANKSAIRCRAFT,MUNITIONS, & 4 MILITARY AIRFIELDS.
+ 1958-1978 U.S.S.R. SPENT $1240 MILITARY AID
+1958-1978 U.S.S.R. TRAINED 3725 AFGH MILITARY & 6000 TECHNICIANS IN
SOVIET UNION
+EXCHANGE PROGRAMS FOR OFFICIALS, MANAGERS,SPORT & CULTURAL
+U.S.S.R. COMPREHENSIVELY INFILTRATED AFGHAN ELITE:
“AFGHAN STUDENTS IN USSR FOR KGB RECRUITMENT…THESE STUDENTS
WERE SWIFTLY PROMOTED TO IMPORTANT POLICY – MAKING AND
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION POSITIONS”
11. DAOUD KHAN CONT.
• FIVE YEAR DEVELOPMENT PLAN (1956 -1961):
RELIED ON SOFT U.S.S.R. LOANS, WAS INFLATIONARY,
AND KEPT DOWN SAVINGS.
• AS SOVIET SATELLITE DAOUD SHAPED UP TO U.S.
ORIENTED PAKISTAN: “PASHTUNISTAN QUESTION”. 1947
N.W. FRONTIER PEOPLE - JOIN EITHER PAKISTAN OR
INDIA! AFGHANISTAN CLAIMED PASHTUNS IN
NWFRONTIER AS AFGHANS
• 1961 PAKISTAN BLOCKADED AFGHANISTAN. U.S.S.R.
URGED RECONCILIATION & U.S. WANTED DAOUD GONE
• PAKISTAN PROMOTING PASHTUNS . AYUB KHAN
PRESIDENT IN 1958 – 1969. TAREEN TRIBE LEADER IN
ABBOTTABAD.
12. DAOUD KHAN CONT.
• BROUGHT SOCIAL REFORMS:
1.1959 ABOLISHED COMPULSORY VEIL
2.1962 500 WOMEN IN EXECUTIVE GOVT.
3.BIG INCREASES IN SCHOOL ENROLMENTS
4.TRIBAL CHIEFS AND IMAMS PUSHED INTO
BACKGROUND & SOME IMPRISONED
• 1963 MAJOR ECONOMIC CRISIS AFTER
CONFRONTATION WITH PAKISTAN
• KING FORCED DAOUD KHAN TO RESIGN
13.
14.
15.
16. THE GREAT GAME IS RE-STARTED
• COMPARED WITH USSR THE U.S. & WEST
RESPONSE IN THE NEW “GREAT GAME” WAS
MODEST:
+ 1956-1979 U.S. $529 M. U.S. KABUL
UNIVERSITY TO TRAIN ENGINEERS &
TECHNICIANS LINKED TO U.S. UNIVERSITIES
+ FRENCH TRAINED DOCTORS & LAWYERS
+ GERMANS TRAINED LAW ENFORCEMENT
17. “GREAT GAME” CONT.
THE LARGESSE FROM ALL PLAYERS OF THE
“GAME” DID LITTLE FOR THE AVERAGE
AFGHAN:
• YEAR GROSS DOMESTIC PROD.
PER HEAD ($ CONST.U.S.)
1953 26.1
1958 30.3
1963 35.7
18. “GREAT GAME” CONT.
• INDIA HAD AN AVERAGE GDP PER HEAD, 1952-
1958 $61.1
• CLEARLY THE LARGESE FROM THE “GAME”
COMPLETELY BYPASSED AVERAGE AFGHAN TO
BENEFIT A SMALL ELITE
• WHEN ELITE GRADUATED THEY STAYED
OVERSEAS
• THE AVERAGE AFGHAN LIVED AT THE
SUBSISTENCE LEVEL – WITH ONLY HIS TRIBE TO
CALL FOR HELP AND HIS IMAM FOR SOLACE.
28. BEGINNINGS OF DEMOCRATIC
GOVERNMENT
• AIM OF U.S. DIPLOMACY IN 1960s WAS “NATION BUILDING” TO
WITHSTAND COMMUNISM:
“ IN MOST PARTS OF THE WORLD THE STATE HAS PRECEDED THE NATION;
IT WAS AND OFTEN REMAINS THE PRINCIPAL ELEMENT IN FORMING IT.
POLITICAL PARTIES, WHERE THEY EXIST, REFLECT FIXED, USUALLY
COMMUNAL, IDENTITIES; MINORITIES AND MAJORITIES TEND TO BE
PERMANENT. IN SUCH SOCIETIES, THE POLITICAL PROCESS IS ABOUT
DOMINATION, NOT ALTERATION IN OFFICE, WHICH TAKES PLACE, IF AT
ALL, BY COUPS RATHER THAN CONSTITUTIONAL PROCEDURES. THE
CONCEPT OF A LOYAL OPPOSITION – THE ESSENCE OF MODERN
DEMOCRACY – RARELY PREVAILS. MUCH MORE FREQUENTLY,
OPPOSITION IS VIEWED AS A THREAT TO NATIONAL COHESION,
EQUATED TO TREASON, AND RUTHLESSLY SUPPRESSED”
(HENRY KISSINGER)
• 1963 SAW THE FIRST FLOWERING OF DEMOCRACY IN AFGHANISTAN
30. “ THE FATHER OF MODERN SOCIOLOGY, MAX
WEBER, POINTED OUT THAT GOVERNMENTS
DRAW THEIR LEGITIMACY FROM THREE BASIC
SOURCES: TRADITIONAL, RELIGIOUS AND LEGAL.
THE FIRST TWO ARE SELF-EXPLANATORY; BY
‘LEGAL’ WEBER MEANT WESTERN-STYLE
DEMOCRACIES BASED ON POPULAR
REPRESENTATION AND THE RULE OF LAW. AND
IN THIS SENSE, POLITICAL FAILURE IN
AFGHANISTAN WAS BAKED INTO THE CAKE IN
THE 2001 BONN PROCESS”
31. THE CONSTITUTION OF
AFGHANISTAN 1964
• WRITTEN WITH 11 TITLES SUB-DIVIDED INTO 128 ARTICLES:
1. THE STATE
2. THE KING
3. THE BASIC RIGHTS & DUTIES OF THE PEOPLE
4. THE SHURA (PARLIAMENT)
5. THE LOYA JIRGA (GREAT COUNCIL)
6. THE GOVERNMENT
7. THE JUDICIARY
8. THE ADMINISTRATION
9. STATE OF EMERGENCY
10.AMENDMENT
11.TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS
32.
33.
34.
35.
36. ARTICLE 69
• “EXCEPTING THE CONDITIONS FOR WHICH
SPECIFIC PROVISIONS HAVE BEEN MADE IN THIS
CONSTITUTION, A LAW IS A RESOLUTION
PASSED ON BOTH HOUSES AND SIGNED BY THE
KING. IN THE AREA WHERE NO SUCH LAW
EXISTS, THE PROVISIONS OF THE HANAFI
JURISPRUDENCE OF THE SHARIAAT OF ISLAM
SHALL BE CONSIDERED AS LAW”
( THE LEGAL CONUNDRUM IN NEW ISLAMIC
DEMOCRACIES)
37.
38. A few centuries old mosque. Hanafi rite, one of
four schools of jurisprudence in Sunni Islam
39.
40. DIFFICULTIES OF CONSTITUTION
1. 90% OF VOTERS ILLITERATE & ONLY 16 % WENT TO
POLLS. AT VILAGE LEVEL CONSTITUTION SEEN AS
CREATION OF KABUL INTELECTUALS. THEY ONLY
UNDERSTOOD THE VILLAGE ELDER.
2. PRIME MINISTER & CABINET NOT SHURA MEMBERS
WHO COULD BLOCK LEGISLATION.
3. STREET DEMONSTRATION BY A REFORM GROUP IN
OCTOBER 1965 LED TO SHOOTING OF 3
DEMONSTRATORS.
REFORMER DR. MOHAMMAD HASHIM MAIWANDAL
ELECTED AS PRIME MINISTER. HEAD OF PROGRESSIVE
DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF AFGHANISTAN: ISLAM AS THE
BACKBONE, DEMOCRACY, NATIONALISM & SOCIALISM.
41. MOHAMMAD HASHIM MAIWANDAL
• HIS PARTY DREW LEFT WING ELEMENTS TO IT
• COURTED MOSCOW – MARXIST MINISTER OF JUSTICE
• KING ZAHIR SHAH SAW MAIWANDAL AS THREAT TO
HIS AUTHORITY. SENT SECRET POLICE TO INTIMIDATE
PARTY
• MAIWANDAL RESIGNED OCTOBER 1967 DUE TO ILL
HEALTH
• IN OCTOBER 1973 HE WAS KICKED TO DEATH IN
CUSTODY FOR NOT SIGNING A CONFESSION
• MODERATE P.M. ABDULLAH YAQTA SUCCESSOR –
LASTED 1 MONTH IN OFFICE
42.
43. MOHAMMAD NUR AHMAD ETEMADI
NOV. 1967 – JUNE 1971
• DESTINED TO BE EXECUTED BY AFGHAN
COMMUNISTS AFTER TAKEOVER IN 1979
• MOHAMMAD DAOUD KHAN DISILLUSIONED WITH
DEMOCRACY. ETEMADI CULTIVATED HIM (MIN FOR
TRIBAL AFFAIRS)
• KHAN’S FACTION USED CABINET INFORMATION TO
SABOTAGE INITIATIVES
• KING’S FACTION ALSO STYMIED REFORMS. MOST
MINISTERS LOOKED FOR ROYAL INSTRUCTIONS
• ETEMADI RESIGNED JUNE 1971 REPLACED BY ABDUL
ZAHIR TO DEC. 1972. DAOUD KHAN COUP ENDED
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVT.
46. EVALUATION OF DEMOCRACY 1964 -
1972
1962 1972
POPULATION(M) 23.0 27.0
FEMALE LIFE EXPECT 31.5 YRS 35.9 YRS
MALE LIFE EXPECT 33.7 YRS 36.2 YRS
DOM. GOVT EXP.(M$) 749 1947
FOR.AID PORTION(M$) 404 1343
• WITH A CONSTITUTION AND TRAPPINGS OF DEMOCRACY AFGHAN
HUGE SOVIET & US SPENDING. CORRUPTION LIMITED TO OFFICIALS
DEALING WITH SOV. & US. FEW AFGH ENGINEERS & TECHNICIANS ( SEE
CATO INSTITUTE REPORT)
• ESTABLISHED WASTA – TRIBAL CONECTIONS FOR PERSONAL GAIN
• “HOWEVER, JUST BEFORE THE COMMUNIST COUPD’ETAT OF 1978, THE
ECONOMY AND SOCIAL INDICATORS RELATIVE TO AFGHANISTAN WERE
THE WORST IN THE WORLD” (“AFGHANISTAN:A MODERN HISTORY”)
53. RIVAL COUP PLOTTERS
• THE MISERABLE FAILURE OF THE DEMOCRATIC PROCESS,
& COLD WAR RIVALRY POLARISED INTO TWO GROUPS:
1. THE ISLAMISTS WHO CONTROLLED STUDENT POLITICS IN
THE COUNTRY. STRONG SUPPORT IN PARLIAMENT &
MILITARY. IN 1968 FORMED JAMIAT-I-ISLAMI (SOCIETY OF
ISLAM)
2. MARXIST – LEANING GROUPS: MOHAMMAD DAOUD
KHAN ACCEPTED BY MOSCOW AS A POLITICAL LEADER&
BACKED BY SOVIET TRAINED OFFICER CORPS; DR
MAIWANDAL, HOPING FOR A COMEEBACK; PARCHAMI
FACTION OF ORTHODOX MARXIST PDPA WANTED
COMMUNIST TAKEOVER
59. PRESIDENT DAOUD KHAN OF
REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN. 1973-
1978• 17 JULY 1973 DAOUD LAUNCHED COUP WHILE KING ZAHIR SHAH OVERSEAS FOR
MEDICAL TREATMENT, ENDING MONARCHY.
• 50 MAN CENTRAL COMMITTEE TO HELP PRESIDENT RULE. 6 AVOWED MARXISTS
AND OTHER PDPA MEMBERS STACKED MINISTIRES, BUREAUCRACY AND OFFICER
CORPS
• DAOUD TO BREZHNEV IN 1974 RECEIVED A COOL RECEPTION, BUT GOT $428
MILLION IN AID
• DAOUD TURNED AGAINST PDPASACKING MANY FROM GOVT POSITIONS
• BUT STILL A LARGE NUMBER OF SOVIET TRAINED GRADUATES, TECHNICIANS,
CONSTRUCTION WORKERS, & 174 PROJECTS DEPENDENT ON SOVIET GOODWILL
• DAOUD LAUNCHED REIGN OF TERROR ON JAMIAT-I-ISLAMIWHO WERE ACTIVE
DISSIDENTS. THEY WERE RECRUITED BY ISI, PAKISTAN, FOR FUTURE ANTI-
COMMUNIST OPERATIONS
• ON 27 APRIL 1978 SOVIET TRAINED MILITARY & PDPA LAUNCHED THE “SAUR
REVOLUTION” WHICH BROUGHT THE SOVIETISATION OF AFGHANISTAN
• DAOUD AND MOST OF HIS FAMILY WERE KILLED
61. “ FROM AMERICA’S FAILURE (IN VIETNAM), MOSCOW
DREW THE CONCLUSION WHICH THE ADVOCATES OF
THE DOMINO THEORY HAD SO FEARED – THAT THE
HISTORICAL CORRELATION OF FORCES HAD SHIFTED
IN ITS FAVOUR. AS A RESULT, IT TRIED TO EXPAND
INTO YEMEN, ANGOLA, ETHIOPIA AND ULTIMATELY
AFGHANISTAN. BUT IN THE PROCESS, IT FOUND THAT
THE GEOPOLITICAL REALITIES APPLIED JUST AS MUCH
TO COMMUNIST SOCIETIES AS THEY DID TO THE
CAPITALIST ONES. IN FACT, BEING RESILIENT, SOVIET
OVEREXTENSION PRODUCED, NOT CATHARSIS, AS IT
DID IN AMERICA, BUT DISINTEGRATION”
(HENRY KISSINGER)
62. THE COLD WAR CONTEXT
• AFGHANISTAN BECAME A BRUTAL FIGHT TO THE
FINISH. ON ONE SIDE WAS ARGUABLY THE MOST
SOPHISTICATED MILITARY MACHINE IN WORLD
HISTORY. ON THE OTHER SIDE WAS A GUERILLA
ARMY AT LEAST AS GOOD AS ANY IN THE WORLD,
FUNDED BY THE BOTTOMLESS PIT OF U.S. AND SAUDI
MONEY
• THE COLD WAR HAD COST THE WEST 5.1 MILLION
KILLED OR INJURED & $1.5 TRILLION
• THE COLD WAR HAD COST THE SOVIET EMPIRE 3.6
MILLION KILLED OR INJURED & $1.5 TRILLION, WHICH
BROKE THE SOVIET’S ECONOMIC BACK
63. THE SAUR REVOLUTION
• 27 APRIL 1978 COUP LAUNCHED BY 4TH
ARMOURED
CORPS ON PRESIDENTIAL PALACE DURING CABINET
MEETING, FOLLOWED BY AIR STRIKE WITH ROCKETS
• 2000 MAN PRESIDENTIAL GUARD FOUGHT BACK, BUT
WAS ANNIHILATED BY 28 APRIL
• DAOUD & HIS FAMILY WERE ALL SHOT DEAD
• SOVIETS DENIED INVIOLVEMENT, BUT TRIUMPH OF
KGB PLANNING (ANDROPOV). TIMING SUPERB.
• U.S. WAS ON BACK FOOT: POST VIETNAM REVIEW &
RECONSTRUCTION & C.I.A. IN DISARRAY DUE TO RE-
ORGANISATION & CUT-BACKS
• PAKISTAN AT ONE OF ITS MANY LOW POINTS
64.
65.
66.
67.
68. The prime minister of Afghanistan,
Mohammed Daoud Khan, visits a
Los Angeles supermarket on this
day in 1958. Daoud, who later
became his nation’s president, was
assassinated in 1978 during the
communist Saur Revolution.
74. COMMUNIST DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
OF AFGHANISTAN
• ESTABLISHED 30 APRIL 1978
• DEEP DIVISIONS BETWEEN COMMUNIST PARTY FACTIONS:
KHALQ & PARCHAMI
• NUR MUHAMMAD TARAKI: CHAIRMAN OF THE
PRESIDIUM OF THE REVOLUTIONARY COUNCIL & DEFENCE
MINISTER (KHALQ: “THE MASSES’. ORTHODOX LENINIST
STATE)
• BABRAK KARMAL: DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE COUNCIL
OF MINISTERS (PARCHAMI: “BANNER”. “A BROAD
DEMOCRATIC FRONT”)
• HAFIZULLAH AMIN: DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE COUNCIL
OF MINISTERS & FOREIGN AFFAIRS MIN (KHALQ)
75. COMMUNIST PARTY LEADERSHIP
RIVALRY:NUR MUHAMMAD TARAKI
• TARAKI PROPAGANDA: “THE GREAT LEADER”, “THE STAR
OF THE EAST”, “THE GREAT THINKER”
• JULY 1978 KHALQ FACTION PURGED PARCHAMI OFFICERS
IN GOVT. UP TO MINISTERS. EXECUTED OR IMPRISONED
• DEC.1978 TREATY OF FRIE8 OCT KILLED NDSHIP WITH
SOVIETS BUT NO PRACTICAL HELP
• JAN. 1979 LAND “REFORM” PROGRAM. 665,000 HA.
CONFISCATED & REDISTRIBUTED TO LANDLESS PEASANTS.
AGRICULTURE COLLAPSED. PROGRAM ABORTED.
• SOVIETS WANTED PDPA & KHALQ TO BE AT PEACE
• 15 SEP AMIN’S FORCES ARRESTED TARAKI. 8 OCT KILLED
BY HANGING OR SUFFOCATION WITH PILLOW
76. COMMUNIST PARTY LEADERSHIP
RIVALRY: HAFIZULLAH AMIN
• LASTED 104 DAYS
• RELEASED LIST OF 17,000 EXECUTED BY TARAKI
• AMIN ARRESTED 18,000.CONTROL IN KABUL ONLY.
• 100,000 ARMY DOWN TO 50,000 DUE TO DESERTIONS
• FAILED COUP BY PARCHAMI FACTION LED TO PURGE
• KGB COUP DEC. 1979 PUT KARMAL IN AS GENERAL
SECRETARY OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE
PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC PARTY, CHAIRMAN OF THE
PRESIDIUM OF THE REVOLUTIONARY COUNCIL,
CHAIRMAN OF COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
• KARMAL EXECUTED AMIN
77. COMMUNIST PARTY LEADERSHIP
RIVALRY: BABRAK KARMAL
• SOVIETS INVADED AFGHANISTAN ON
CHRISTMAS EVE 1979
• FORMER KGB OPERATIVE BABRAK KARMAL
PUT IN POWER.
• POWER BASE WAS KHaD (STATE
INTELLIGENCE AGENCY)
• RULED TILL 1986 UNTIL EASED OUT BY
SOVIETS
78.
79.
80. SOVIET INVASION :I
INVASION ORDER OF BATTLE
103RD
GUARDS AIRBORNE DIV
108TH
GUARDS MOTOR RIFLE DIV
5TH
GUARDS MOTOR RIFLE DIV
860TH
SEPARATE MOTOR RIFLE REGT
56TH
SEPARATE AIRBORNE ASSAULT BDE
36 TH MIXED AIR CORPS
201ST
& 58TH
MOTOR RIFLE DIV
SEVERAL SMALLER UNITS
1800 TANKS
2000 ARMOURED FIGHTING VEHICLES
SEVERAL SQUADRONS OF JET FIGHTERS
SEVERAL SQUADRONS OF HELICOPTER GUNSHIPS
100,000 TROOPS (40% BADLY TRAINED & ABUSED CONSCRIPTS STIFFENED BY
CUBANS &BULGARIANS)
91. SOVIET INVASION II
• FOR A GLIMPSE AT THE STATE OF THE ART
WEAPONRY USED, SEE THE IMAGES.
• THE SOVIETS HELD THE MAJOR CITIES &
AIRBASES BUT NOTHING ELSE
• JUNE 1980 5000 UNSUITABLE SOLDIERS HAD
TO BE SHIPPED BACK TO THE SOVIET UNION
• EAST GERMAN SPECIAL FORCES BROUGHT IN
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99. THE BUTCHER’S & BANKERS’ BILL:
SOVIET UNION
COMBAT TROOPS KILLED 13,833
KGB PERSONNEL KILLED 572
OTHER KILLED 48
PERSONNEL WOUNDED 53,753
PERSONNEL SICK 415,932
HELICOPTERS DESTROYED 333
OTHER AIRCRAFT DESTROYED 118
TANKS DESTROYED 147
ARMOURED FIGHTING VEHICLES DESTROYED 1314
TRUCKS & TANKERS DESTROYED 11369
COST:U.S.$1.5 TRILLION (EST)
100. THE BUTCHER’S & BANKERS’ BILL:
AFGHANISTAN
• PERSONS KILLED (FIGHTERS &CIVILIANS) 1MILLION – 2
MILLION
• PERSONS DISABLED 1.2 MILLION
• PERSONS INJURED 3.0 MILLION
• KANDAHAR CASUALTIES (BOMBING, BULLDOZING)
200,000
• LAND MINES PLANTED 10 MILLION – 15 MILLION
• CHILD MORTALITY 31%
• CHILD MALNUTRITION 67%
• REFUGEES IN PAKISTAN 3 MILLION
• REFUGEES IN IRAN 2 MILLION
• GLOBAL COST (SO FAR) U.S. $ 5.0 TRILLION
101. AFGHAN RESISTANCE
• EVENTUALLY MUJAHIDEEN (HOLY WARRIORS)
WOULD FIELD AN ARMY OF DISPARATE,
FEUDING GUERILLAS OF 200,000
• “ THERE WERE SEVEN OR EIGHT OF US IN THE
BEGINNING” RECALLS A TRIBAL ELDER AND
MUJEHAD FROM URUZGAN PROVINCE. “ WE
HAD A SHOTGUN, A MUSKET AND SOME
SWORDS AND OUR KNIVES. WE RODE OUT ON
OUR HORSES AND MADE CAMP IN THE
MOUNTAINS”
102. 7 ISLAMIC GROUPS FIGHTING
SOVIETS EACH WITH OWN AGENDA &
ORGANISATION
• ISLAMIC ALLIANCE (HEZB-I-ISLAMI) (ISLAMIC PARTY) (HIG)
LED BY GULBUDDIN HEKMATYAR
• ISLAMIC ALLIANCE (HEZB-I-ISLAMI) YUNUS KHALIS (YK)
FACTION
• ISLAMIC ALLIANCE. RASUL SAYYAF FACTION
• ISLAMIC UNITY (HARAKAT INQUILAB-I-ISLAMI)
• ISLAMIC UNITY. NATIONAL ISLAMIC FRONT FOR THE
LIBERATION OF AFGHANISTAN
• ISLAMIC UNITY. AFGHAN NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT
• AHMED SHAH MASSOUD
104. “ DURING BENAZIR BHUTTO’S SECOND TERM IN OFFICE
(1993 – 1996) HER MINISTER OF THE INTERIOR,
GENERAL NASEERULLAH BABAR, TOGETHER WITH
THE ISI, DEVISED A PLAN TO SET UP THE TALIBAN AS A
POLITICO-MILITARY FORCE THAT COULD TAKE OVER
AFGHANISTAN, A MOVE ONLY HALFHEARTEDLY
APPROVED BY THE U.S. EMBASSY. THE TRUTH WAS,
ONCE THE SOVIET UNION HAD WITHDRAWN ITS
TROOPS, WASHINGTON HAD LOST INTEREST IN THE
COUNTRY.”
(TARIQ ALI. “THE DUEL”. 2008)
105. THE BUZKASHI OF AFGHAN POLITICS
1989 – “9/11”
THE PLAYERS IN AFGHAN POLITICES
• THE RULING PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF AFGHANISTAN LED BY PRES. MOHAMMAD
NAJIBULAH
• THE U.S. CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
• THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN
• THE DIRECTORATE FOR INTER-SERVICES INTELLIGENCE (ISI), PAKISTAN
• THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA
• THE GENERAL INTELLIGENCE PRESIDENCY OF THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA
• ISLAMIC ALLIANCE (JAMIAT – I – ISLAMI) LED BY PROF. BARHANNUDIN RABBANI
• ISLAMIC ALLIANCE (HEZB –I – ISLAMI) (HIG) (ISLAMIC PARTY) LED BY GULBUDDIN RABBANI
• ISLAMIC ALLIANCE (HEZB – I – ISLAMI). YUNIS KHALIS (YK) FACTION
• ISLAMIC ALLIANCE. RASUL SAYYAF FACTION
• “MUJAHIDEEN” LED BY AHMED SHAH MASSOUD
• NORTHERN ALLIANCE
• TALIBAN
• AL QAEDA. LED BY OSAMA BIN LADEN
THESE GROUPS FORMED ALLIANCES, BECAME CLIENTS OF AND FOUGHT EACH OTHER FEROCIOUSLY
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116. denied it killed Afghan peace envoy
Burhanuddin Rabbani in an interview
117.
118.
119.
120. March 1993 - Islamabad:
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and
Burhanuddin Rabbani
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135. Abdul Karim Khalili with Deputy PM of Russia Igor Sechin, May 14, 2009, Moscow.
143. PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF
AFGHANISTAN
• WHEN THE LAST SOVIET SOLDIER LEFT IN FEB. 1989, THE ISI BACKED
OPPOSITION CALLING ITSELF THE INTERIM GOVT. CONFRONTED THE
NAJIBULLAH GOVT. MET BY 400,000 AFGHAN ARMY BACKED BY SOVIET
GROUND ATTACK AIRCRAFT FLOWN BY SOVIET PILOTS AS MERCENARIES
• BY 1991 AFGAHN ARMY DOWN TO100,000, CONTROLLING 10% OF
COUNTRY
• 1992 NORTHERN MILITIA LEADERS (LED BY UZBEK GEN. ABD AL-RASHID
DOSTUM) ON NAJIBULLAH’S PAYROLL REBELLED, CAPTURED MAZAR-I-
SHARIF & CLAIMED VICTORY IN NTHN AFGHANISTAN
• DOSTUM JOINED MASSOUD TO TAKE KABUL ON 25 APRIL 1992 &
CAPTURED MANY AIRCRAFT, HELICOPTERS, TANKS, ARTILLERY
• NAJIBULLAH’S PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC PARTY CEASED TO BE A PLAYER.
• NAJIBULLAH SOUGHT REFUGE IN U.N. COMPOUND UNTIL 1996, WHEN
TALIBAN TOOK OVER. U.N. HANDED HIM OVER – CASTRATED, DRAGGED
BEHIND A TRUCK AND HUNG ON A MOBILE CRANE.
144. ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN
• 24 APRIL 1992 PAKISTAN GOVT CREATED THE
ISLAMIC REPUBLIC AFGHANISTAN
• 28 JUNE 1992 PROF. BARHANUDDIN
RABBANI APPOINTED PRESIDENT.MODERATE
MUSLIM, 67 YRS, LEADER OF AFGHAN
NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT, MEMBER OF
MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD, AND CLIENT OF
PAKISTAN’S ISI
145. ISLAMIC ALLIANCE JAMIAT –I –ISLAMI
(RABBANI)
VS.
AHMED SHAH MASSOUD
VS.
ISLAMIC PARTY (GULBUDDIN HEKMATYAR)
146. A COMPLICATED CONFLICT SCENARIO
1. RABBANI ADMINISTRATORS CLASHED WITH MASSOUD’S PANJSHIRI
FIGHTERS
2. PANJSHIRI FIGHTERS CLASHED WITH BADAKSHANIS OF RABBANI’S
BIRTHPLACE
3. ISMAIL KHAN (MEMBER OF RABBANI’S PARTY) DECLARED HIMSELF
EMIR OF WEST AFGHANISTAN AS HIS FIEFDOM, HERAT HIS CAPITAL
4. WARLORDS TURNED THE COUNTRYSIDE INTO OPEN BANDIT COUNTRY,
HARASSING & EXTORTING MERCAHNTS & TRAVELLERS
5. “BY 1992 THERE WERE MORE PERSONAL WEAPONS IN AFGHANISTAN
THAN IN INDIA AND PAKISTAN COMBINED…ABOUT 500,000 PEOPLE IN
KABUL ON COUPONS FOR FOOD IN 1992. IN THE COUNTRYSIDE
MILLIONS MORE LIVED WITH MALNOURISHMENT, FAR FROM ANY
RELIABLE FOOD SOURCE”
(STEVE COLL. 2004)
147. CONFLICT CONT.
• APRIL 1992 ISLAMIC PARTY (HEKMATYAR) DRIVEN OUT OF KABUL BY
DOSTUM/MASSOUD. EMPTIES KABUL CENTRAL PRISON.
• THOUSANDS OF PAKISTAN SUPPLIED ROCKETS FIRED INTO KABUL
• ISLAMIC ALLIANCE (RABBANI) & ISLAMIC ALLIANCE (HEKMATYAR) FIGHT FOR
KABUL USING ARTILLERY
• DEC. 1992. THOUSANDS KABULIS DEAD &500,000 FLEE THE CITY
• HEZB-I-ISLAMI (YUNIS KHALIS FACTION) GO FREELANCE IN KABUL
(MURDER,RAPE, LOOTING)
• ISLAMIC ALLIANCE (RASUL SAYYAF FACTION) ALSO GO FREELANCE IN KABUL
(SPECIALISING IN BUTCHERY, RAPE & HOUSEBURNING IN SHI’ITE SUBURBS OF
KABUL
• FEB 1993. NEW ISLAMIC ALLIANCE FACTION JOINS HEKMATYAR – HIZB-E-
WAHDAT ISLAMI AFGHANISTAN (ISLAMIC UNITY PARTY OF AFGHANISTAN).
HAZARA GROUP, BACKED BY IRAN. IN AFSHAR DISTRICT KABUL (SUNNIS), WITH
HEKMATYAR, MASSACRED SUNNI RESIDENTS. SAYYAF FACTION MASSACRED
SHI’ITES.
• MAY 1993 PAKISTAN STRATEGY SUCCEEDED. HEKMATYAR PRIME MINISTER.
MASSOUD RESIGNED AS DEFENCE MINISTER.
148. CONFLICT CONT.
• JANUARY 1994 DOSTUM DESERTS MASSOUD & JOINS HEKMATYAR
• DOSTUM FORCES CAPTURE KABUL. HIS FORCES GO ON A RAMPAGE OF
LOOTING, RAPE & MURDER. 25,000 MORE KABULIS DEAD, 7 ITS
2MIILION POPULATION DOWN TO 500,000
• JUNE 1994. MASSOUD RECAPTURES KABUL
• PAKISTAN LOSES FAITH IN HEKMATYAR & TURNS TO A NEW MILITARY
GROUP CALLED TALIBAN: “STUDENTS OF ISLAM” “SEEKERS OF
KNOWLEDGE” (THEY EVEN WRITE POETRY!)
• “BY 1994…SHOPKEEPERS IN THE RAMSHACKLE MARKETS CLUSTERED
AROUND AHMED SHAH DURRANI’S STILL MAGNIFICENT TOMB IN
CENTRAL KANDAHAR – NOW A FUME CHOKED CITY OF PERHAPS 750,000
– BATTLED RUTHLESS EXTORTION AND ROBBERY GANGS. REPORTS OF
UNCHECKED RAPE AND ABDUCTION, INCLUDING CHILD RAPE, FUELLED A
LOCAL ATMOSPHERE OF FEAR AND SMOLDERING ANGER”
(STEVE COLL. 2004)
149. ENTER THE TALIBAN
• SAME AS WANDERING PRIESTS IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE:
DISPENSING THE WORD, SOCIAL WELFARE SERVICES, LIVING OUT
OF MADRASSAS, SUPERVISED BY MULLAHS (“GIVERS OF
KNOWLEDGE”), EXISTING OUTSIDE THE REMIT OF ANY
GOVERNMENT.
• AFGHAN TALIBAN EXISTED SINCE 1700s IN KANDAHAR REGION.
• STRONG IDEOLOGOGICAL MILITANCY BEGAN IN SOVIET TIMES.
• POTENTIAL RECOGNISED BY RULERS IN SAUDI ARABIA &
PAKISTAN. NEED TO BE PROPERLY TRAINED, ARMED &
INDOCTRINATED
• MADRASSAS SET UP BY PAKISTAN TO COLLECT THOUSANDS OF
REFUGEES, FEED, CLOTHE & PROVIDE MILITARY TRAINING
150. TALIBAN CONT.
AFGHAN TALIBAN PROJECT SPONSORS WERE:
1. INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC ORGANISATION FOR
EDUCATION (BRANCH OF MUSLIM WORLD LEAGUE OF
SAUDI ARABIA). MAJOR WORLD PROPAGATOR OF
WAHHABI ISLAM.
2. GENERAL INTELLIGENCE PRESIDENCY OF SAUDI ARABIA.
PROVIDED FUNDS & LOGISTICAL SUPPORT
3. PAKISTAN ISI WHICH MANAGED THE MADRASSA
TRAINING. BIGGEST AT HAQQANNIA: TENS OF
THOUSANDS OF RECRUITS. INDOCTRINATED WITHIN
STRICT DEOBANDI DOCTRINES
4. THE OUTCOME FOR AFGHANISTAN, WHEN THESE MEN
SEIZED POWER, WAS TERRIFYING
151. TALIBAN CONT.
REGIONAL (KANDAHAR PROVINCE) SPONSORS
OF TALIBAN:
1.HASHMAT GHANI AHMADZAI, LEADING
BUSINESSMAN & HEAD OF AHMADZAI CLAN
2.KARZAI FAMILY WHO LED PASHTUN
POPALZAI TRIBE
3.OTHER PASHTUN TRIBES WHO WANTED
PASHTUN POWER IN KABUL
152. PAKISTAN’S GEO-POLITICAL
AMBITION
• EASTERN BORDER WITH INDIA CLOSED
• LINK TO IRAN IN THE WEST BY GOOD & SAFE HIGHWAY
OPERATING THROUGH AFGHANISTAN
• LINK TO CENTRAL ASIAN REPUBLICS VIA GOOD & SAFE
HIGHWAY TO THE NORTH
• SOVIET & U.S. MONEY HAD BUILT GOOD HIGHWAYS
THROUGH AFGHANISTAN
• PROBLEM WAS SAFE HIGHWAYS
• AFTER PAKISTAN CONVOY HIGHJACKED BY WARLORDS IN
KANDAHAR, TALIBAN FIGHTERS STEPPED IN & RESCUED
CONVOY
• 80,000 – 100,000 PAKISTAN MILITARY & ISI WOULD FIGHT
ALONGSIDE TALIBAN
153. TALIBANISATION OF AFGHANISTAN
• JANUARY 1995. T. TAKE GHAZNI, URUZGAN & ZABUL
• CONTROLLED 12 0F 34 PROVINCES OUTSIDE KABUL
• MASSOUD OFFERRED TO FORM A COALITION GOVT. IN KABUL. T.
REFUSED & ATTACKED KABUL WITH ARTILLERY
• MASSOUD ATTACKED T., INFLICTING HEAVY CASUALTIES
• ISI SENT IN REINFORCEMENTS, INCL. MILITARY COMMANDERS
• 26 SEPTEMBER 1996 T. (FULLY RESOURCED BY SAUDI ARABIA &
PAKISTAN) MASSED FOR MAJOR BATTLE OF KABUL. MASSOUD
INSTEAD RETREATED TO HINDU KUSH
• 27 SEPTEMBER 1996 T. TAKE KABUL, SET UP ISLAMIC EMIRATE OF
AFGHANISTAN. 1 MILLION AFGHANS FLEE THE COUNTRY
• AFGHANS NOW LOOKED INTO FACE OF HELL:
(SEE NOTES)
154. AL QAEDA
• FOUNDER WAS OSAMA BIN LADEN, 17TH
SON OF
MOHAMMED BIN LADEN IMPOVERISHED
YEMENI MIGRANT WHO BUILT A BUSINESS
EMPIRE IN SAUDI ARABIA.
• FATHERED 50 CHILDREN FROM MANY WIVES.
KILLED IN PLANE CRASH 1967.
• OSAMA 10 YRS OLD. MOTHER NOT A FIRST
WIFE. BUT GOT REASONABLE EDUCATION IN
JEDDAH UNIV. STRONG LINKS TO MUSLIM
BROTHERHOOD & PROMOTERS OF MODERN,
ARMED JIHAD.
155. AL QAEDA CONT.
• 1981. BIN LADEN GRADUATES WITH DEGREE
ECONOMICS/PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION.ON AN
ANNUAL INCOME OF $1 MILLION.
• 1980s. CONTACT WITH HEKMATYAR & LARGE
DONATIONS. MOVED THROUGH SAUDI INTELLIGENCE
AS CIVILIAN FINANCIER OF AFGHAN CONFLICT
• BIN LADEN RECRUITED BY SAUDIs & ISI AS AMIABLE
NON-WARRIOR WITH BOTTOMLESS PIT OF MONEY
• ALSO SUPPLIED CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT TO
ANTI-SOVIET FORCES
156. AL QAEDA CONT.
• 1986 BL FUNDED & BUILT “LION’S DEN” TRAINING CAMP AT JAJI ( GUERILLA
WARFARE)
• 17 APRIL 1987. 200 SOVIET SPECIAL FORCES, “HIND” GUNSHIPS & BOMBERS
RAIDED JAJI.
• DEFENDERS HELD THEM OFF BECAUSE OF EXPERIENCED MUJAHIDEEN LEADERS
• BIN LADEN LAUDED AS MILITARY GENIUS. WENT ON RECRUITING DRIVE,
LECTURES & INTERVIEWS MADE HIM A HERO IN ARAB WORLD
• HEKMATYAR PREACHING JIHAD BEYOND AFGHANISTAN
• BIN LADEN JOINS AND AL QAEDA (“THE BASE”) IS BORN
• 1990. BL BEGINS TO LOBBY SAUDIS ON IRAQ. BECAME A DELUSIONAL
PERSONALITY – COMMANDING BIG ARMIES TO LIBERATE KUWAIT
• 1991. BL ASKED TO LEAVE SAUDI ARABIA. WESTERNISED BIN LADEN FAMILY
GREATLY EMBARRASSED.
• COMES UNDER CIA NOTICE
• BL EXILED TO SUDAN; FINANCES WHOLE RANGE OF TERRORISTS IN NORTH
AFRICA
157. AL QAEDA CONT.
• BIN LADEN LIKE A TRIBAL WARLORD PLANNING OPERATIONS
NORTH AFRICA/AFGHANISTAN
• 1992. JOINS ATTEMPT AT PEACE HEKMATYAR/MASSOUD
• 1993. BIN LADEN FAMILY FAILS TO BRING HIM BACK INTO FOLD.
CITIZENSHIP REVOKED
• 1995. CIA SEES BIN LADEN AS “FORD FOUNDATION” OF
TERRORISM. ANY VIABLE OPERATION RECEIVES MONEY
• SUDAN PRESSURED BY U.S. TO EVICT HIM FROM SUDAN. SAUDIS
WOULD HAND HIM OVER TO U.S.
• SECRET FLIGHT TO JALLALLABAD. TRIBAL CHIEFS IN SMUGGLING
TRADE.
• BL SETS UP “TARNAK FARM” TRAINING FACILITY 12 MILES FROM
KANDAHAR AIRPORT, AND PLANS “9/11”
158. CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (CIA)
“AS BIN LADEN AND HIS AIDES ENDORSED THE
SEPTEMBER 11 ATTACKS FROM THE AFGHAN
SANCTUARY, THEY WERE PURSUED SECRETLY
BY SALARIED OFFICERS FROM THE CIA. AT
THE SAME TIME BIN LADEN AND HIS CLOSEST
ALLIES RECEIVED PROTECTION, VIA THE
TALIBAN, FROM SALARIED OFFICERS IN
PAKISTAN’S INTER-SERVICES INTELLIGENCE
DIRECTORATE…”
159. CIA CONT.
“…IN THESE STRUGGLES OVER HOW BEST TO CONFRONT BIN
LADEN – AS IN PREVIOUS TURNING POINTS IN THE CIA’s
INVOLVEMENT WITH AFGHANISTAN – THE AGENCY
STRUGGLED TO CONTROL ITS MUTUALLY MISTRUSTFUL
AND AT TIMES TOXIC ALLIANCES WITH THE INTELLIGENCE
SERVICES OF SAUDI ARABIA AND PAKISTAN. THE SELF-
PERPETUATING SECRET ROUTINES OF THESE OFFICIAL
LIAISONS, AND THEIR UNEXAMINED ASSUMPTIONS,
HELPED CREATE THE AFGHANISTAN THAT BECAME
OSAMA BIN LADEN’S SANCTUARY. THEY ALSO STOKED
THE RISE OF RADICAL ISLAM IN AFGHANISTAN THAT
EXUDED VIOLENT GLOBAL AMBITIONS”
(STEVE COLL)
160. CIA CONT.
• 1997. CIA SHORT OF FUNDS, RECRUITMENT STALLED
AND TOP MANAGEMENT FLUID & UNSTABLE
• GEORGE TENET APPOINTED AS DIRECTOR JULY 1997.
FOCUS ON 5 CHALLENGES:
1. TRANSFORMATION OF RUSSIA & CHINA
2. ROGUE STATES OF NTH KOREA & IRAN
3. GLOBAL TERRORISM, NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION,
DRUGS, CRIME
4. FAILING STATES
5. REGIONAL CRISES
161. CIA CONT.
IN THE SUMMER OF 2001, PRECEDING “9/11”,
THE CIA’s COUNTER TERRORIST CENTRE WAS
OVERWHELMED BY THE MOVEMENT OF
LARGE NUMBERS OF TERRORIST SUSPECTS
AROUND THE GLOBE. KEY MEMBERS OF AL
QAEDA HAD SIMPLY VANISHED, AND THERE
WAS CONCERN REGARDING INFILTRATION
INTO THE U.S….BIN LADEN TAUNTED THEM
OPENLY (STEVE COLL)