This document provides an overview of the rise of Christendom and Islam in Europe between the 11th-15th centuries. It discusses the physical and psychological definition of Western Europe in relation to neighboring Eastern Christian and Islamic civilizations. The document also examines the plundering of history during the Crusades and importance of treating historical evidence on its own terms. Several maps, images and extracts from texts provide historical context on the Holy Land being significant to Jews, Christians and Muslims, and the Muslim occupation of the region after 637 CE. The document offers a wide-ranging perspective on the relationship between European Christendom and the Islamic world during this pivotal time period.

1. THE WORLD’S DEBATE:
THE RISE OF CHRISTENDOM AND
ISLAM

2. CHRISTENDOM & ISLAM IN 1096 AD

3. J M ROBERTS: “ A HISTORY OF
EUROPE”
“ TO A MAJOR DEGREE, WESTERN EUROPE WAS
DEFINED PHYSICALLY & PSYCHOLOGICALLY BY
THE EXISTENCE OF OTHER, ALTERNATIVE
CIVILISATIONS – EASTERN CHRISTIAN OR
BYZANTINE, AS WELL AS ISLAMIC – WITH WHICH
IT WAS IN PHYSICAL CONTACT. IT WAS ALSO
GIVEN SHAPE ,ESPECIALLY TO THE EAST , BY
OTHER FORCES, NOT ONLY GEOGRAPHIC AND
TOPOGRAPHICAL, BUT ETHNIC & POLITICAL,
WHOSE INFLUENCE IS FELT TODAY.”

4. “THE PLUNDERING OF HISTORY IN
THE WARS OF THE CROSS”
“ TO OBSERVE THE PAST THROUGH THE LENS
OF THE PRESENT INVITES DELUSION. ONLY BY
TRYING TO TREAT THE EVIDENCE OF THE
PAST AS FAR AS POSSIBLE ON ITS OWN
TERMS CAN ANY SEMBLANCE OF CLEAR
INSIGHT BE ACHIEVED…EYEWITNESSES WITH
THEIR OWN DISTINCT VOICES,
PREOCCUPATIONS AND EXPERIENCE CAN
SPEAK FOR THEMSELVES”. ( C. TYERMAN)

5. HOLY LAND OF JEWS, CHRISTIANS &
MUSLIMS

6. THE HOLY LAND: A HISTORY FROM
THE MUSLIM OCCUPATION AFTER 637
JERUSALEM CONQUERED AFTER 5 MONTHS BLOODLESS
SIEGE BY RASHIDUN CALIPHATE. CHRISTIANS, JEWS,
ZOROASTRIANS NOT SUBJECT TO CONVERSION OR
DEATH BUT RECOGNISED AS DHIMMI (PROTECTED
PEOPLE) & LATER A MILET (COMMUNITY WITH
RELIGIOUS LEADER AS SEMI-AUTONOMOUS ):
1. CANNOT CARRY ARMS & WEAR SPECIAL CLOTHES
2. CANNOT RIDE ON HORSES
3. MUST PAY CAPITATION TAX, JIZYA
4. LATER, A LAND TAX, KHARAJ

7. THE HOLY LAND: A HISTORY FROM
THE MUSLIM OCCUPATION (2)
FROM 1001 A.D. : TRUCE BETWEEN BYZANTINE
EMPEROR & FATIMID (SHIA) RULERS OF EGYPT &
HOLY LAND.
1004 – 1014 A.D. : CALIPH HAKIM (MAD) PERSECUTED
CHRISTIANS & JEWS FORCING CONVERSIONS, THEN
TURNED ON SUNNI MUSLIMS. DISAPPEARED IN 1021
A.D.
1027 – 1036 A.D.: TREATIES BETWEEN BYZANTINE
EMPEROR & FATIMIDS GAVE BYZANTINES DE FACTO
CONTROL OF JERUSALEM & GREAT PROSPERITY
1050s A.D. : A GREAT SURGE IN PILGRIMS FROM
WESTERN EUROPE.

8. CRISES FOR THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE

9. WORLD OF ISLAM IN THE AGE OF THE
CALIPHATES (628 – 1492)

10. RASHIDUN TROOPS AT BATTLE OF
YARMUK vs BYZANTINES (636)

11. RASHIDUN NAVY 655. CAPE
CHELIDONIA. “GREEK FIRE” vs. WATER
SOAKED COTTON

12. UMAYYAD CALIPHATE: THE BUILDERS
OF MOSQUES

13. UMAYYAD CONQUEST OF VISIGOTH
SPAIN (711)

14. BATTLE OF TOURS (732). END OF
UMAYYAD ADVANCE INTO EUROPE

15. ABBASID CALIPHATE FIRST MAJOR
ATTEMPT TO RE-UNIFY ISLAM

16. COLLAGE BY 16TH CENTURY ARTIST:
“A MEETING OF MINDS”

17. MONGOL SIEGE & DESTRUCTION OF
BAGHDAD. 1258

18. THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
(1512)

19. CONVERSION OF PAGANS AT THOR’S
OAK (723). SAINT BONIFACE

20. ALTAR OF CHURCH OF NATIVITY
SUPERVISED BY BYZANTINE EMPRESS
AUGUSTA (326-328)

21. WALLADAH. SECRETARY TO THE
CALIPH OF CORDOBA

22. POPE URBAN’S SPEECH TO SENIOR
FRANKISH CLERIC’S AT CLERMONT

23. “ DEUS LE VOLT !” (GOD WILLS IT !)
• CRIES OF THE SENIOR CLERIC AUDIENCE WHICH
INTERRUPTED URBAN’S SPEECH
• BISHOP OF LE PUY KNEELS BEFORE POPE & BEGS TO
JOIN THE FIRST CRUSADE.
• CARDINAL GREGORY FALLS TO HIS KNEES & REPEATS
THE CONFITEOR (SEEKING ABSOLUTION &
INTERCESSION FROM THE FATHER)
• GREGORY JOINED BY WHOLE AUDIENCE OF SENIOR
CLERICS
• POPE URBAN NOW WENT ABOUT PLANNING THE
FIRST CRUSADE

24. PETER THE HERMIT’S PEOPLE’S
CRUSADE (APRIL-SEPT. 1096)

25. THE TEMPLAR CHARGE

26. EXECUTION OF GRAND MASTER,
TEMPLARS OF FRANCE. (1314)

27. 1498. VASCO DA GAMA, MEMBER,
ORDER OF CHRIST, AT CAPE OF GOOD
HOPE

28. 1204. FOURTH CRUSADERS’ SACK OF
CHRISTIAN CONSTANTINOPLE

29. STAGES OF RECONQUISTA (711 –
1492)

30. MOORS’ ADVANCE STOPPED AT
TOURS. 732.

31. RECONQUISTA IN PORTUGAL. SIEGE
OF LISBON (1147)

32. OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1300 – 1917)

33. ARAB ISLAMIC HEARTLAND IN THE
OTTOMAN EMPIRE AS VASSAL STATES

34. THE REVOLUTIONS THAT MADE THE
MODERN WORLD ( 1500-2019)
1. THE INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
2. THE SEAFARING REVOLUTION
3. THE BOURGEOIS REVOLUTION
4. THE REVOLUTION OF WEALTH MANAGEMENT
5. THE SECOND INTELLECTUAL & CULTURAL
REVOLUTION
6. THE 3 REVOLUTIONS OF THE LATE 18TH
CENTURY
EUROPE’S CIVIL WAR 1900 - 1945

35. NUCLEAR WAR IN THE HEARTLAND OF
ISLAM ?: TURNING THE SAND INTO
GLASS (TRINITITE)

36. LECTURE 2: THE RISE OF THE HOLY
ROMAN EMPIRE

37. BYZANTIUM IN 1025 AD

38. CONSTANTINOPLE 1095: A DIGITISED
AERIAL MAP

39. BYZANTINE NOBLES DINING AT THE
GOLD TABLE. HALL OF TRIBUNALS

40. POPHYRIUS THE CHARIOTEER. CIRCUS
MAXIMUS. CONSTANTINOPLE

41. THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY WISDOM
(HAGIA SOPHIA). BYZANTIUM ERA

42. VARANGIAN GUARD OF THE
BYZANTINE ARMY

43. BYZANTINE CAVALRY

44. “GREEK FIRE” INVENTED BY
BYZANTINE NAVY

45. ECUMENICAL PATRIARCHATE OF
CONSTANTINOPLE (PRESENT DAY)

46. BYZANTINE EMPEROR JUSTINIAN I

47. EDICT OF THESSALONICA. 380 AD

48. BREAKING CHURCH ICONS.
EDICT BY EMPEROR LEOIII (THE ICON-
BREAKER)

49. LOMBARD POSSESSIONS IN ITALY vs.
POPE GREGORY III IN ROME

50. 718 AD. CHARLES MARTEL, PRINCE
OF FRANCIA, CALLED BY POPE
GREGORY TO DEFEND THE PAPACY

51. CHARLES MARTEL “THE HAMMER” AT
BATTLE OF TOURS. 732.

52. BATTLE OF TOURS

53. HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE OF
CHARLEMAGNE (800 -814)

54. HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE AFTER
CHARLEMAGNE (1000 AD)

55. CHURCH + STATE IN THE MAKING OF
THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
“ EVEN THE OFFICIAL RECORD MAKES IT CLEAR ,
THAT THE CHURCH UNIQUELY PERVADED THE
WHOLE FABRIC OF SOCIETY. IT HAD, FOR
INSTANCE, ALMOST A MONOPOLY ON CULTURE.
‘ WHAT HAS ATHENS TO DO WITH RELIGION’
(SAID EARLY CHRISTIANS WHO REJECTED THE
GRECO-ROMAN CULTURE) … BY THE 10TH
CENTURY WHAT HAD BEEN PRESERVED OF THE
CLASSICAL PAST HAD BEEN PRESERVED BY THE
EFFORTS OF CHURCHMEN.” ( J M ROBERTS)

56. VENERABLE BEDE TRANSLATING “THE
TRIAL OF SOCRATES”

57. LITERACY IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE
“LITERACY WAS VIRTUALLY CONFINED TO THE
CLERGY. THE ROMANS HAD BEEN ABLE TO
POST LAWS ON BOARDS IN PUBLIC PLACES
AND INSCRIBE THEIR RECORDS IN STONE,
CONFIDENT THAT A SUFFICIENT READERSHIP
WAS AVAILABLE: FAR INTO THE MIDDLE AGES
EVEN KINGS WERE NORMALLY ILLITERATE.”
(J M ROBERTS)

58. THE POWERS OF THE CHURCH IN
MEDIEVAL EUROPE
“ THE RELIGIOUS LIFE OF SECULAR CLERGY AND LAITY WAS
CENTRED ABOUT THE PROVISION OF THE MAJOR
SACRAMENTS. THROUGH THEM, THE CHURCH WAS
DEPLOYING POWERS WHICH IN THOSE CENTURIES OFTEN
CANNOT HAVE BEEN EASILY DISTINGUISHED BY THE
FAITHFUL FROM MAGIC. WITH THEM IT DRILLED A
BARBARIC WORLD INTO CIVILIZATION WITH GREAT
SUCCESS – AND YET WE HAVE ALMOST NO DIRECT
INFORMATION ABOUT HOW IT HAPPENED EXCEPT AT ITS
MOST DRAMATIC MOMENTS , WHEN A SPECTACULAR
CONVERSION OR BAPTISM REVEALS BY THE FACT OF
BEING RECORDED THAT WE ARE IN THE PRESENCE OF THE
UNTYPICAL.”
( J M ROBERTS)

59. INTELLECTUALISATION OF
CHRISTENDOM BY THE
“SCHOOLMEN”
• EMPEROR CHARLEMAGNE ENCOURAGED THE
“SCHOOLMEN “ ( LEARNED ABBOTS OF DIFFERENT
CHRISTIAN ORDERS) TO EDUCATE THE UNLETTERED &
UNSCHOOLED FROM THE NOBLEMAN DOWN TO THE
PEASANT.
• THE ABBEYS OF THESE ORDERS BECAME CENTRES
AROUND WHICH TOWNS GREW.
• CHARLEMANGE MADE THE ABBEYS THE LEADING
EDGE TO TRANSFORM SECOND/THIRD GENERATION
CONVERTS OF BARBARIANS INTO DISCIPLINING
THEIR BASIC INTELLIGENCE

60. ABBEY OF CLUNY (910 AD) THE FIRST
GREAT BENEDICTINE ORDER

61. THE CLUNIAC ORDER
• CLUNIAC LEADERS WERE MEN OF CULTURE,
CAME FROM LEADING FAMILIES INCL. NOBILITY.
• THEIR MISSION WAS TO REFORM THE MORAL &
SPIRITUAL LIFE OF CHRISTENDOM.
• THE REVISED BENEDICTINE RULES & GAVE ALL
AUTHORITY TO ONE ABBOT OF CLUNY.
• POPE LEO IX PROMOTED CLUNIAC IDEAS & HIS
PONTIFICATE BEGAN A REVOLUTION IN PAPAL
STANDING & AUTHORITY FOR NEXT 200 YEARS

62. BRISTOL CATHEDRAL (BENEDICTINE
ABBEY OF ST. BENEDICTINE’S)

63. CITEAUX ABBEY (1098). MOTHER
HOUSE OF CISTERCIANS & TEMPLARS

64. THE GREAT SCHISM BETWEEN
EASTERN & WESTERN CHRISTIANITY
• ROME’S LINGUA FRANCA WAS LATIN, CONSTANTINOPLE’S =
COMMUNICATION GAP.
• JURISDICTIONAL DISPUTES (“TURF WARS”) ON NEW TERRITORIES:
BALKANS, SICILY, STH. ITALY.
• IN ROME SEPARATION OF POWERS BETWEEN POLITICS &
RELIGIOUS LEADERSHIP. NOT SO IN CONSTANTINOPLE.
• CONSTANTINOPLE CONTROLLED PATRIARCHIES OF ANTIOCH,
JERUSALEM & ALEXANDRIA – TAKEN BY ISLAM.
• DIFFERENT INTERPRETATIONS OF: THEOLOGY, LITURGY &
ADMINISTRATION
• THE KEY ISSUE ALWAYS WAS THE PROJECTION OF POWER &
POLITICAL AUTHORITY OVERCHRISTENDOM.
• FOURTH CRUSADE WAS ROME’S RAID ON CONSTANTINOPLE –
EXTREME VIOLENCE AND RAPINE.

65. PEASANT HOUSEHOLD 1000 AD

66. GEFION STATUE, COPENHAGEN
(NORSE GODDESS OF PLOUGHING)

67. WHAT EUROPEAN LORDS OF THE
MANOR OWNED

68. MEDIEVAL KING IN AUDIENCE WITH
HIS VASSAL LORDS

69. LECTURE 3:ISLAM & CHRISTIAN
EUROPE. CONFRONTATION &
COOPERATION: THEN & NOW

70. LIFE FOR NON-MUSLIMS IN THE
UMAYYAD CALIPHATE (1)

71. SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE ISLAM OF THE
CALIPHATES

72. “ROCK ART” OF EARLY PILGRIM TO
JERUSALEM

73. MEDIEVAL WORLD DURING
PILGRIMAGES & CRUSADES

74. THE CHURCH OF THE NATIVITY
BETHLEHEM: BUILT BY AUGUSTA,
EMPRESS OF ROME. 339 AD

75. THE CIVILISATION THAT WAS AL-
ANDALUS (MUSLIM IBERIA). 1000AD

76. LA CONVIVIENCIA IN AL-ANDALUS
• DESPITE ALMOST CONTINUOUS WARFARE ON
THE BORDERS BETWEEN AL-ANDALUS AND
CHRISTIAN EUROPE THERE HAD BEEN, FOR
CENTURIES, TRANSACTIONS OF ALL KINDS
BETWEEN MUSLIMS AND CHRISTIANS (SINCE
711 AD.)
• THESE TRANSACTIONS WERE COMMERCIAL,
MUTUAL EXCHANGE, CROSS FERTILISATION,
CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING, AND INTER-
MARRIAGE

77. AL-ANDALUS AS TRADE HUB
BETWEEN EUROPE & THE WORLD

78. THE CULTURES OF AL-ANDALUS:
THE CHESS PLAYERS

79. ART & ARCHITECTURE OF AL-
ANDALUS. AL-HAMBRA PALACE

80. AL-HAMBRA PALACE GRANADA
TODAY

81. WOMEN OF AL-ANDALUS: POET
WALLADA (L) & LUBNA (R)

82. STUDENTS & TEACHER AT GREAT
LIBRARY OF CORDOBA

83. ECONOMY OF CALIPHATE OF
CORDOBA
• 7 MILLION PEOPLE
• 450,000 PEOPLE LIVED IN CITY OF CORDOBA
• ETHNIC DIVERSITY IN 929 AD:
+ 50% MUSLIM, BUT INCREASING WITH
CONVERSIONS OF VISIGOTHS.
+ 10% OF MUSLIMS, ARAB MUSLIMS, AT TOP
OF SOCIAL PYRAMID
+ 30% POPULATION WERE CHRISTIANS INCL.
MUSLIMS WHO HAD CONVERTED ( “MOZARABS”)
+ 10% JEWS ACCORDED HIGH STATUS (BANKERS
& MERCHANTS WITH TRADING LINKS)

84. 1492 & THE END OF AL-ANDALUS.
SURRENDER OF GRANADA

85. 1492: EXPULSION OF MORISCOS

86. 1492 EDICT OF EXPULSION OF JEWS &
ARABS FROM SPAIN READ OUT IN
GRANADA SYNAGOGUE

87. 1492: EXPULSION OF THE MOORS
FROM SPAIN

88. DOUGLAS MURRAY: “THE STRANGE
DEATH OF EUROPE: IMMIGRATION,
IDENTITY,ISLAM”

89. POINTS MADE IN MURRAY’S BOOK (1)
1. WHAT HAS JUST BEEN A HOME TO EUROPEANS
IS NOW A “HOME TO THE WORLD”. PAKISTANIS
ARE MENTIONED.
2. EUROPEAN CIVILISATION IS BEING SWEPT
AWAY BY “UNWORTHY PEOPLE”
3. PEOPLE “ OF ERITREA AND AFGHANISTAN “
WILL BECOME “INTERMINGLED” WITH
EUROPEANS
4. “ WE CANNOT BECOME CHINESE OR INDIAN
BUT WE ARE EXPECTED TO BELIEVE THAT THEY
CAN BECOME EUROPEAN.”

90. POINTS MADE IN MURRAY’S BOOK (2)
5. THERE IS NOW A STRUGGLE BETWEEN THE
NATION STATES OF EUROPE AND THE
EUROPEAN UNION EG: BREXIT.
6. AS A “ JADED AND DYING CULTURE” EUROPE
CANNOT BECOME A “HOME FOR THE
WORLD.”
7. EUROPEAN CULTURE CANNOT SURVIVE THE
INFLOW OF MIGRANTS.

91. EUROPEANS EMIGRATE TO THE
AMERICAS 1846 -1932
• 1846 -1932 EUROPE WAS A DANGEROUS PLACE
OF GRINDING POVERTY, A WORLD WAR,
PERSECUTION OF MINORITIES, & HUMAN
RIGHTS VIOLATIONS.
• 53.8 MILLION EUROPEANS ESCAPED TO THE
AMERICAS, 34.2 MILLION TO NORTH AMERICA.
• LOOK AT THE SURNAMES OF AMERICA’S
LEADERS TODAY EG: THE TRUMPF FAMILY CAME
FROM A SMALL GERMAN VILLAGE

92. S.S. “FRISIA” HAMBURG – NEW
YORK.1871 CARRIED 24,500
STEERAGE & 5000 CABIN MIGRANTS

93. NUMBER OF NON-EUROPEAN
REFUGEES INTO EUROPE
• 2008 225 000
• 2009 224 000
• 2010 259 000
• 2011 309 000
• 2012 335 000
• 2013 431 000
• 2014 627 000
• 2015 1320 000
• 2016 1300 000
• 2017 706 000
• 2018 141 000 ?
• TOTAL (2008-2018) 5,897,000
(SOURCE: UNHCR)

94. LAMPEDUSA ISLAND, ITALY.
POLICE DEALING WITH RECENT
REFUGEES FROM TUNISIA

95. THE FACTS ON THE MUSLIM
POPULATION OF EUROPE IN 2016
COUNTRY NUMBER (M.) % OF POPULATION
FRANCE 5.7 MILL. 8.8 %
GERMANY 5.0 MILL. 6.1 %
U.K. 4.1 MILL. 6.3 %
ITALY 2.9 MILL. 4.8 %
NETHERLANDS 1.2 MILL. 7.1 % .
SPAIN 1.2 MILL. 2.6 %
TOTAL EUROPE 25.8 MILL. 4.9 %
SOURCE: PEW RESEARCH CENTRE.

96. UNFAVOURABLE VIEWS OF MUSLIMS
IN THEIR COUNTRY: EUROPE
COUNTRY % OF TOTAL POPULATION
HUNGARY 72%
ITALY 69%
POLAND 66%
GREECE 65%
SPAIN 50%
NETHERLANDS 35%
SWEDEN 35%
FRANCE 29%
GERMANY 29%
U.K. 28%
SOURCE: PEW RESEARCH CENTRE

97. REBUILDING THE HEARTLAND OF
ISLAM
• TOTAL COST OF REBUILDING & REHABILITATING
ECONOMIC, POLITICAL & SOCIAL STRUCTURE - $5 –
$8 TRILLION OVER 20 YEARS, AS ESTIMATED BY I.M.F.
• RETURN OF REFUGEES TO THEIR HOMELANDS: 10
MILLION SYRIANS
• ELIMINATING TERRORISM.
• USING OIL REVENUES TO SUPPLEMENT COSTS
• EUROPE HAS AT LEAST 5 MILLION SKILLED
PROFESSIONAL & TECHNICAL PEOPLE WITH MUSLIM
BACKGROUNDS
• EUROPE & ISRAEL ESTABLISH THEMSELVES AT THE
LEADING EDGE OF REBUILDING & REHABILITATION

98. A FINAL STATEMENT (1)
MURRAY WRITES: “ THE RESULT WAS THAT WHAT
HAD BEEN EUROPE – THE HOME OF THE
EUROPEAN PEOPLES – GRADUALLY BECAME
HOME FOR THE ENTIRE WORLD. THE PLACES
THAT HAD BEEN EUROPEAN GRADUALLY
BECAME A HOME FOR THE ENTIRE WORLD. THE
PLACES THAT HAD BEEN EUROPEAN GRADUALLY
BECAME SOMEWHERE ELSE. SO PLACES
DOMINATED BY PAKISTANI IMMIGRATION
RESEMBLED PAKISTAN IN EVERYTHING BUT
THEIR LOCATION.”

99. A FINAL STATEMENT (2)
SECOND LAST PARAGRAPH OF HITLER’S “MEIN
KAMPF”:
“ A STATE WHICH IN THIS AGE OF RACIAL
POISONING DEDICATES ITSELF TO THE CARE
OF ITS BEST RACIAL ELEMENTS MUST SOME
DAY BECOME LORD OF THE EARTH”

100. NUCLEAR WAR IN ISLAM’S
HEARTLAND? THE ALTERNATIVE? THE
SAND TURNED TO GLASS (TRINITITE)

101. LECTURE 4: THE FIRST CRUSADE

102. THE SELJUK TURKS

103. BATTLE OF MANZIKERT AUGUST 1071.
SELJUKS BREAK THE BYZANTINE
ARMY

104. AL-NIZAMIYYA UNIVERSITY:
BAGHDAD. EST.1072. SELJUKS

105. MAYHEM IN EUROPE 1000-1088.
“TRUCE OF GOD” BROKEN BY
WARLORDS

106. POPE URBAN II: PEACEMAKER.
INHERITS A DYSFUNCTIONAL HOLY
ROMAN EMPIRE

107. 1088: THE POPE’S GRAND UNIFYING
MISSION. JERUSALEM (FROM MOUNT
OF OLIVES)

108. DELEGATES FROM BYZANTINE
EMPEROR PLEAD FOR HELP TO STOP
SELJUK INVASION OF EMPIRE

109. ISSUES OF JUS AD BELLUM & BELLUM
SACRUM

110. SAINT AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO ON
BELLUM SACRUM (HOLY WAR)
“ THEY WHO HAVE WAGED WAR IN OBEDIENCE
TO THE DIVINE COMMAND, OR IN
CONFORMITY WITH HIS LAWS, HAVE
REPRESENTED IN THEIR PERSONS THE PUBLIC
JUSTICE OR THE WISDOM OF GOVERNMENT,
AND IN THE CAPACITY HAVE PUT TO DEATH
WICKED MEN, SUCH PERSONS HAVE BY NO
MEANS VIOLATED THE COMMANDMENT,
‘THOU SHALT NOT KILL”.

111. THE PEOPLE’S CRUSADE. PETER THE
HERMIT EXHORTS HIS ILLITERATE,
SUPERSTITIOUS PEASANT FOLLOWERS

112. ROUTE TAKEN BY PEOPLE’S CRUSADE
(BLUE LINE) TO KILLING GROUNDS IN
NICAEA

113. FIRST CRUSADE: CHRISTMAS IN
KASTORIA & COMMANDEERED ALL
LIVESTOCK FOR FOOD, WINTER GRAIN

114. MASSACRE OF PEOPLE’S CRUSADE BY
SELJUK TURKS OUTSIDE NICAEA

115. A MEDIEVAL KNIGHT IN ARMOUR

116. HEAVY CAVALRY KNIGHT ON A
DESTRIER (WARHORSE)

117. FINANCING A KNIGHT TO GO FROM
BLOIS TO JERUSALEM (A$ 2019)
HORSES
1 X DESTRIER (WAR HORSE) $ 40,000
2 X RIDING HORSES $ 10,000
FOOD & WINE
GOOD GASCON WINE $1,000
DRIED FRUIT, RICE & SPICES $1,000
CHICKENS $1,000
OATS FOR HORSES $2,000
ARMOUR
FULL MILANESE ARMOUR&LANCES $8,000
CHAIN MAIL & CUIRASS $6,500
WEAPONS
SWORD $1,000
LANCE $1,500
BATTLE AXE $1,000
TOTAL COSTS OF FITTING OUT KNIGHT $73,000

118. FINANCING KNIGHT’S ENTOURAGE
SIX MEN AT ARMS (INFANTRY OR BOWMEN)
$30,000
2 SERVANTS
$8,000
TOTAL OF NOBLE/KNIGHT & VASSALS
$111,000
COST OF TRANSPORT TO HOLY LAND (ESTIMATE)
$15,000
GRAND TOTAL
$ 126,000
AVERAGE EARNINGS FROM 150 ACRE FARMLAND IN A GOOD SEASON: $700,000
COST OF RUNNING 150 ACRE FARMLAND: $350,000
PROFIT AVAILABLE $350,000 *
* ALLOWS KNIGHT ENTOURAGE ABOUT 2 YEARS CRUSADING

119. ROUTES OF FIRST CRUSADE ARMIES:
RAYMOND, COUNT OF BLOIS &
ROBERT, COUNT OF FLANDERS

120. COMPOSITION OF FIRST CRUSADE
SETTING OUT IN HIGH SUMMER,
1096.
• TOTAL NUMBER IN CRUSADE: 40,000
• NON-COMBATANTS (SERVICES): 8,000
• TRAINED CAVALRY: 5,000
• NOBLEMEN (SENIOR/JUNIOR): 4,500
• INFANTRY (VARIOUS ARMS): 27,000

121. CRUSADERS ARRIVE AT
CONSTANTINOPLE MARCH/MAY 1097
“ BUT WE DID NOT TRY TO ENTER THE CITY
BECAUSE IT WAS NOT AGREEABLE TO THE
EMPEROR ( FOR HE FEARED THAT POSSIBLY
WE WOULD PLOT SOME HARM TO HIM).
THEREFORE IT WAS NECESSARY FOR US TO
BUY OUR DAILY SUPPLIES OUTSIDE THE
WALLS…WE WERE NOT ALLOWED TO ENTER
THE CITY EXCEPT AT THE RATE OF FIVE OR SIX
EACH HOUR.” ( FULCHER OF CHARTRES)

122. CRUSADERS vs. SELJUK TURKS
NICEAEA. 1097

123. ANNA COMNENA –DAUGHTER OF
EMPEROR ALEXIUS OF BYZANTIUM
“ THERE WAS, IF NOTHING ELSE, THE QUESTION
OF THEIR BRUTALITY. AT THE FALL OF NICAEA,
ANNA COMNENA WROTE: ‘ SO THE FRANKS
WON A GLORIOUS VICTORY. THEY IMPALED
THE HEADS OF MANY TURKS ON THE ENDS
OF THEIR SPEARS AND CARRIED THESE BACK
LIKE STANDARDS, SO THAT THE INFIDEL
MIGHT NOT BE SO EAGER FOR BATTLE IN THE
FUTURE.”

124. FIRST CRUSADE INFANTRY & LIGHT
CAVALRY

125. BATTLE OF DORYLAEUM (I JULY 1097)
CRUSADERS vs. SELJUK TURKS
• JULY 1: TURKS,DAWN ATTACK OF CRUSADER CAMP, WITH 7000 HORSE
ARCHERS: HIGH NON-COMBATANT & INFANTRY CASUALTIES.
• ARMOURED KNIGHTS COUNTER-ATTACKED.
TURKISH ARCHERS KILLED 2000 HORSES (MOSTLY DESTRIERS)
• CRUSADERS OUTFLANK TURKS, BREAK THEIR ATTACK, AND DESTROY
ENCAMPMENT. CAPTURE TURKISH WAR CHEST OF COINS & SILVER.
• MORE HORSES (RIDING) NOW DYING FROM FLEAS, TICKS, SUNSTROKE &
OVERWORK
• 40% OF HORSES NOW DEAD. ONLY 800 COULD BE FIELDED
• RAYMOND, COUNT OF BLOIS, AND OTHERS SICK & DYING OF “BLOODY
FLUX”
• PASSING THROUGH CAPPADOCIA, OCTOBER 1097, CRUSADERS WERE
HARRIED ALL THE WAY BY TURKISH HORSE ARCHERS, WHICH
RESTRICTED FORAGING PARTIES & INCREASED FOOD SCARCITY

126. HOW DID THE CRUSADERS SURVIVE
PERPETUAL HUNGER ?
NATURAL APPETITE & HUNGER SUPPRESSANTS
CHICKWEED
DANDELION
STINGING NETTLE
VARIOUS STINGING NETTLES
BURDOCK
PARSLEY
(ALL FOUND DURING FORAGING FOR FOOD)

127. HOW DID CRUSADERS DEVELOP SUCH
MURDEROUS RAGES IN THE
MASSACRES THEY PERPETRATED ?AMANITA MUSCARIA – “MAGIC MUSHROOM”
• HALLUCINOGENIC PROPERTIES & ENTHEOGEN USED BY
VIKINGS & BARBARIAN TRIBES OF NORTHERN EUROPE.
• IN VIKINGS IT IS SAID TO HAVE BEEN USED TO INDUCE
BERSERKER RAGES IN BATTLE (EG: SHIELD BITING).
WOULD REQUIRE CONDITIONING DURING TRAINING.
• MODERN TIMES GERMAN S.S. TROOPS FED
METHAMPHETAMINES & CONDITIONED. WENT ON
KILLING SPREES (GAUDI). ALSO KNOWN AS “DRUNK WITH
MURDER”
• IN THESE MENTAL STATES THE SOLDIER REVERTED TO HIS
BARBARIAN ANTECEDENTS, & CHRISTIANITY WAS
FORGOTTEN: EVEN AS HE SHOUTED; “GOD WILLS IT!”

128. THE MAGIC MUSHROOM

129. THE SIEGE & MASSACRE OF ANTIOCH
22 OCTOBER 1097 – 3 JUNE 1098

130. THE MASSACRE OF ANTIOCH
“ THE CITY ITSELF WAS A SCENE OF BLOOD & FIRE.
MEN, WOMEN AND CHILDREN TRIED TO FLEE
THROUGH THE MUDDY ALLEYWAYS, BUT THE
KNIGHTS TRACKED THEM DOWN EASILY AND
SLAUGHTERED THEM ON THE SPOT. THE LAST
SURVIVORS ‘ CRIES OF HORROR WERE
GRADUALLY EXTINGUISHED, SOON TO BE
REPLACED BY THE OFF-KEY SINGING OF
DRUNKEN FRANKISH PLUNDERERS. SMOKE ROSE
FROM MANY BURNING HOUSES . BY MIDDAY A
VEIL OF MOURNING ENVELOPED THE CITY.”

131. THE TAKING OF JERUSALEM (1)

132. THE TAKING OF JERUSALEM (2)
DEFENCES AGAINST CRUSADERS
• CRUSADERS ARRIVED FROM VERY COLD FEBRUARY, 1099. BUT MAIN
FORCE JUNE 7
• HIGH & THICK FORTIFICATIONS SHELTERING ARAB CAVALRY & SUDANESE
ARCHERS
• CRUSADERS AT EXTREMITIES OF HUNGER & THIRST. SOME CAMP
FOLLOWERS/CRUSADERS DYING OF THIRST.
• THIRST HAD IMMOBILISED HORSES CATTLE
• WATERHOLES FEEDING MOAT & OLIVE CROPS WERE POISONED
• EGYPTIAN ARMY MOBILISED TO DEFEND JERUSALEM
• IN AN ECSTACY (MAGIC MUSHROOMS AGAIN?) & URGED ON BY PRIESTS
MANY TRIED TO SCALE SHEER WALLS OF THE CITY.
• NO TIMBER FOR SIEGE TOWERS. HAD TO BE IMPORTED FROM SAMARIA
BY CAMELS
• CRUSADERS COULD ONLY MUSTER 1200 CAVALRY ( OUT OF 5000 AT
START: 24%) AND 11,000 INFANTRY (OUT OF 27,000 ORIGINALS BUT
REINFORCED BY ABOUT 20,000 ON THE WAY: 23% OVERALL)

133. THE TAKING OF JERUSALEM (3)
(JULY)SIEGE TOWERS MT. SION & EAST
END OF NORTH WALL + MINING

134. 15 JULY. LETHOLD OF TOURNAI
FORCES A BRIDGE ACROSS NORTH
WALL.CRUSADERS ENTER JERUSALEM

135. 22 JULY 1099: GODFREY OF
BOUILLON MADE RULER OF
JERUSALEM

136. 1099: THE ABBASID CALIPHATE NOW
IN DISARRAY
• ABBASID LEADERSHIP IN BAGHDAD CHANGED 8
TIMES IN 30 MONTHS.
• THE SOLDIERS WERE USELESS:
“ THOUSANDS OF THEM ROAMED THE STREETS
AIMLESSLY, OFTEN DRUNK. TO PROTECT
THEMSELVES AGAINST CONSEQUENT
DEPREDATIONS, THE CITIZENS HAD TAKEN TO
BLOCKING ACCESS TO THE RESIDENTIAL
QUARTERS EVERY NIGHT, ERECTING HEAVY
BARRIERS OF WOOD & IRON.” ( AMIN
MAALOUF)

137. LECTURE 5. THE TEMPLARS

138. CRUSADERS’ STRUGGLE FOR
SURVIVAL: 1100 - 1102
• RULER OF JERUSALEM, GODFREY OF BOUILLON, DIES.
• BALDWIN I, HIS BROTHER CROWNED KING
• CRUSADER ARMY DEFENDING JERUSALEM,ITS JUDAEN
HILLS, JAFFA,ARSUF, CAESAREA, HAIFA & PART GALILEE,
WAS NOW 300 KNIGHTS & ABOUT 300 OTHER RANKS.
• RULE OF GODFREY MARKED BY DEBAUCHERY OF
“CRUSADERS” LEFT BEHIND & MADE WORSE BY FLOODS
OF UNARMED & VULNERABLE PILGRIMS WHO BECAME A
BURDEN ON THE JERUSALEM GARRISON .
• NO FRONTIERS ATTRACTED TURKISH RAIDERS, LOCAL
WARLORDS BENT ON REVENGE & EGYPTIAN ARMIES.

139. KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM 1102

140. MAP OF CRUSADER CASTLES IN HOLY
LAND AROUND 1200 AD

141. OUTREMER IN 1135

142. WHOLE MUSLIM WORLD NOW
MOBILISED AGAINST CRUSADERS,
BUT SAVED BY WESTERN SHIPPING

143. INCOMPETENT MILITARY LEADERSHIP
LEADS TO HIGH ATTRITION OF “THE
FEW”: MAY 1102
“ THEN INDEED SINCE THIS WAS THE PLACE AND
OCCASION TO SHOW VALOUR, THE FRANKS
HASTILY PLUNGED AMONGST THE ARABS. AND
BECAUSE OUR KNIGHTS NUMBERED NO MORE
THAN TWO HUNDRED THEY WERE
SURROUNDED BY TWENTY THOUSAND. OUR
MEN WERE SO SERIOUSLY HEMMED IN BY THE
PRESSURE OF THE GENTILES (I.E. MUSLIMS)
THAT THE GREATER PART OF THEM WERE SLAIN
IN THE SPACE OF AN HOUR. THE REST BECAUSE
THEY COULD NOT STAND A STRAIN OF THIS KIND
TURNED TO FLIGHT.” (FULCHER C.)

144. BATTLE OF AGER SANGUINIS 1119: A
TURNING POINT IN THE CRUSADES

145. 1120: KING BALDWIN II GIVES
PERMISSION TO ESTABLISH “POOR
KNIGHTS” TO PROTECT PILGRIMS

146. BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX CREATES
ORDER’S 79 RULES BASED ON VITA
ACTIVA (“NEW MACCABEES”)
EXAMPLES OF RULES LAID DOWN BY BERNARD:
• SOLDIER MONKS OF AUGUSTINE/CISTERCIAN
• PRAYER TIMES ROTE LEARNED: LITTLE OFFICE
• MEALTIMES WITH BIBLE READINGS: JOSHUA/
MACCABEES VERY POPULAR.
• WINE AT MEALS. MEAT 3 TIMES PER WEEK
• ONLY TEMPLAR MORTIFICATION WAS HIS MILITARY
SERVICE
• WOMEN WERE ANATHEMA IN TEMPLAR LIVES
• INSPIRATION TO COME FROM CONQUEST IN “THE
NAME OF THE LORD”

147. THE CISTERCIAN ORDER OF MONKS
• FORMED IN 1098, WITH THE STRONG SUPPORT
OF BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, THE PATRON OF
THE TEMPLARS.
• THEIR PRINCIPAL MISSION WAS TO FOLLOW
CLOSELY THE STRICT RULE OF SAINT BENEDICT:
MANUAL LABOUR, CULTURE & TECHNOLOGY.
• FAMILIES SUPPORTING TEMPLARS ALSO
ASSOCIATED WITH CISTERCIANS: CLOSE
CONNECTION BETWEEN MONASTRIES &
TEMPLAR HOUSES & COMMANDERIES

148. THE TEMPLAR LANDED FAMILIES:
BURGUNDY(23), CHAMPAGNE & BRIE
(19) & LANGUEDOC/PROVENCE (38)

149. LA FORTRESSE de MELLO

150. TEMPLAR COMMANDERIE NEAR
VIENNE – FOR SALE

151. SIGNIFICANCE OF FAMILY
CONNECTIONS IN THE TEMPLAR
ORDER
“ NOR DO THE ABOVE- MENTIONED QUALIFICATIONS
DIMINISH THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FACT THAT THE
ORDER HAD FIXED ITSELF PERMANENTLY IN THE
COLLECTIVE MEMORY OF A LARGE NUMBER OF
FAMILIES & KIN-GROUPS WHO ASSOCIATED CLOSELY
WITH JERUSALEM & THE HOLY LAND CRUSADES. THE
COMBINATION OF SUPPORT FOR THE ORDER WITH A
STRONG & ACTIVE COMMITMENT TO CRUSADING
WAS UNDOUBTEDLY THE MOST STRIKING FEATURE
OF TEMPLAR FAMILIES, BEARING IN MIND THAT ONLY
A FRACTION OF THE KNIGHTS & NOBLES OF FRANCE
JOINED THE ORDER OF THE TEMPLE & ONLY A
MINORITY WENT ON CRUSADE.”

152. ESQUIRE CLEANING A KNIGHT’S
ARMOUR. ONE MORE STEP IN THE
TRAINING OF A KNIGHT

153. THE TEMPLAR KNIGHT IN FULL
ARMOUR

154. TEMPLAR CASTLE BUILDERS
PREPARING A FORTIFIED TOWER

155. OLD ACRE. HEADQUARTERS OF THE
TEMPLARS

156. PART OF THE TUNNEL CITY BUILT BY
TEMPLARS UNDER OLD ACRE CITY

157. MOAT AT BELVOIR FORTRESS,
JORDAN,1168 (1400 GOLD BESANTS =
$200,000). BASALT STONE BLOCKS

158. THE TEMPLARS’ BUSINESS MODEL
• FRANCE’S MAIN SOURCE OF WEALTH WAS AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION.
• CRUSADING COSTS WERE HIGH (KNIGHT: $350,000 OFF I50
ACRES (IN A GOOD YEAR) GIVES 2 TO 3 YEARS’CRUSADING
- IF KNIGHT SURVIVES!
• TEMPLARS OFFERRED SAFE PASSAGE OVER DANGEROUS
ROUTES TO & FROM (MURDER,ROBBERY, HOSTAGE
TAKING)
• TEMPLARS OFFERRED BANKING SERVICES, INCL. WEALTH
MANAGEMENT OF ESTATES ETC.
• TEMPLARS WERE PROPERTY DEVELOPERS EG: DECEASED
ESTATES.
• BY 13TH CENTURY TEMPLARS MANAGED ROYAL TREASURY.

159. TEMPLARS’ ESCORTS OF PILGRIMS

160. TEMPLARS’ BANKING: CLIENT
WEALTH IN STRONG-BOX TO BANK IN
TEMPLAR COMMANDERIE

161. TEMPLAR CIPHER USED IN
INTERNATIONAL BANKING BASED ON
TEMPLAR EMBLEM

162. INSTRUMENTS OF BUSINESS USED IN
BANKING (COLLATERAL ETC.)
• CANON LAW PROHIBITED THE CHARGING OF
INTEREST ON LOANS.
• THE BUSINESS INSTRUMENTS USED WERE
RELATED TO SALES, PLEDGES, LEASES &
EXCHANGES ON LANDED PROPERTY:
MANSES, CASALES, HONORES,FORTIFIED
DWELLINGS, VILLAGES, FIEFS & LORDSHIPS,
RENTS, TITHES, RIGHTS &PRIVELEGES, SERFS
&SERVILE FAMILIES, HOUSES, MILLS & VICTUALS

163. CONSEQUENCES TO TEMPLARS OF
FRANCE BEING IN HOCK TO
TEMPLARS: PHILIP IV;ALSO CHINON

164. TEMPLARS AS HISTORICALLY UNIQUE
MILITARY CLAN IN THE SPECIAL
FORCES CATEGORY: ARMY OF GOD

165. SALADIN ORDERS BEHEADING OF
TEMPLARS & HOSPITALLERS: BATTLE
OF HATTIN

166. ACRE: THE LAST STAND OF THE
TEMPLARS IN THE HOLY LAND. 1291

167. DEFENCE OF THE WALLS OF ACRE:
1291

168. PHILIP IV ORDERS ARREST OF 15,000
TEMPLAR KNIGHTS & LOWER RANKS
& HANDOVER TO INQUISTION

169. TEMPLAR CAPTIVE BEING TORTURED
ON RACK, FOR CONFESSION

170. EXECUTION OF JACQUES DE MOLAY:
GRAND MASTER GIVES HIS CURSE

171. QUADRANGLE,TOMAR CASTLE,
PORTUGAL: A SANCTUARY

172. PORTUGAL’S ORDER OF CHRIST:
FORMERLY ORDER OF THE TEMPLE:
CREATORS OF PORTUGUESE EMPIRE

173. LECTURE 6: THE FOURTH CRUSADE &
THE END OF OUTREMER. 1192 - 1291

174. C. TYERMAN’S THOUGHTS ON THE
4TH CRUSADE (1202 – 1204)
“ THE CRUSADE THAT FOLLOWED, KNOWN AS THE FOURTH
CRUSADE (1202 – 4), HAS BECOME ONE OF THE MOST
CONTROVERSIAL ‘WARS OF THE CROSS’. ‘THERE WAS
NEVER A GREATER CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY THAN THE
FOURTH CRUSADE’ (S. RUNCIMAN. ‘A HISTORY OF THE
CRUSADES)…MODERN OUTRAGE HAS BEEN GROUNDED
ON REVULSION AT THE SACKING, LOOTING AND BURNING
OF THE OLDEST SURVIVING TREASURE HOUSE OF
CHRISTIANITY AND CLASSICAL LEARNING, AND AT THE
MASSACRE OF CIVILIAN CO-RELIGIONISTS BY MEN
CLAIMING TO BE FIGHTING FOR CHRIST, THE HYPOCRISY
OF THE CONQUERORS MATCHED ONLY BY THE
INCALCULABLE DAMAGE THEY CAUSED…THE FATAL
SHATTERING OF A BASTION OF CHRISTIANITY… “

175. AMIN MALOUF’S THOUGHTS ON THE
CRUSADES
“ AT THE TIME OF THE CRUSADES, THE ARAB WORLD,
FROM SPAIN TO IRAQ, WAS STILL THE INTELLECTUAL
& MATERIAL REPOSITORY OF THE PLANET’S MOST
ADVANCED CIVILISATION. AFTERWARDS, THE CENTRE
OF WORLD HISTORY SHIFTED DECISIVELY TO THE
WEST. IS THERE A CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP
HERE? CAN WE GO SO FAR AS TO CLAIM THAT THE
CRUSADES MARKED THE BEGINNING OF THE RISE OF
WESTERN EUROPE - WHICH WOULD GRADUALLY
COME TO DOMINATE THE WORLD - & SOUNDED THE
DEATH KNELL OF ARAB CIVILISATION.”

176. CHRONICLER IBN JUBYR’S THOUGHTS
ON THE CRUSADERS IN SYRIA
“ UPON LEAVING TIBNIN (NEAR TYRE) WE PASSED
THROUGH AN UNBROKEN SKEIN OF FARMS &
VILLAGES WHOSE LANDS WERE EFFICIENTLY
CULTIVATED. THE INHABITANTS WERE ALL MUSLIMS,
BUT THEY LIVE IN COMFORT WITH THE FRANJ – MAY
GOD PRESERVE US FROM TEMPTATION…NOW, DOUBT
INVESTS THE HEART OF A GREAT NUMBER OF THESE
MEN WHEN THEY COMPARE THEIR LOT TO THAT OF
THEIR BROTHERS LIVING IN MUSLIM TERRITORY.
INDEED THE LATTER SUFFER FROM THE INJUSTICE OF
THEIR CORELIGIONISTS , WHEREAS THE FRANJ ACT
WITH EQUITY.”

177. A WATER GARDEN OUTSIDE A
CRUSADER FORTIFICATION, TODAY

178. TRADE ROUTES DEVELOPED BY
CRUSADES BETWEEN EUROPE & EAST

179. EVENTS LEADING UP TO THE FALL OF
ACRE & THE END OF OUTREMER
“ QALAWUN ( THE NEW MAMLUK SULTAN)
HESITATED NO LONGER. HE ASSEMBLED HIS
EMIRS & ANNOUNCED HIS DECISION TO PUT
AN END ONCE & FOR ALL TO THE FRANKISH
OCCUPATION THAT HAD DRAGGED ON FOR
SO LONG. PREPARATIONS BEGAN
IMMEDIATELY. VASSALS WERE CONVOKED
FROM THE FOUR CORNERS OF THE
SULTANATE TO TAKE PART IN THE FINAL
BATTLE OF THE HOLY WAR.” (AMIN MALOUF)

180. HEAVY MANGONEL (AL MANSURI)
USED BY MAMLUKS IN SIEGES OF
KRAK DE CHEVALIER & ACRE

181. 146 LB. BOULDER USED BY THE
MANGONEL AL MANSOURI

182. THE CRUSADER CASTLE KRAK DE
CHEVALIERS

183. ORIGINS OF THE 4TH CRUSADE IN
EUROPEAN WARS FROM 1202
• ANGLO-NORMAN WAR (1202 – 1204) WITH
FRANCE, BRITTANY & THE HOUSE OF
LUSIGNAN vs. ENGLAND
• ANGLO-FRENCH WAR (1202-1214) WITH
FRANCE vs. ENGLAND
• LOON WAR (1203-1206) WITH HOLLAND,
ENGLAND & WALES vs. HOUSE OF LOON,
FRANCE,STAUFEN, FLANDERS, LIMBERG,
BRABANT, UTRECHT, & LIEGE.

184. OTHER FACTORS DRIVING THE 4TH
CRUSADE
• SINCE THE FIRST CRUSADES IN THE 11TH CENT. EUROPE’S POPULATION ROSE
FROM 20 MILLION TO 60 MILLION, WITH CONSTANTINOPLE TRADE HUB & KEY
FACTOR.
• RULER OF BYZANTIUM ISAAC OVERTHROWN BY RIVAL FAMILY& IMPRISONED.
• SON OF ISAAC CONVINCED MARQUIS BONIFACE OF MONTFERRAT TO LAUNCH A
CRUSADE TO RESTORE ISAAC FAMILY’S THRONE. ALSO FINANCIAL HELP + 10,000
BYZANTINE SOLDIERS.
• POPE INNOCENT III WISHED TO LEAD THE CRUSADE & OBTAINED SUPPORT OF
SOME NOBLE HOUSES.
• TITHING OF CHRISTIANS NOT POPULAR, & FUNDING FELL SHORT. GENERAL
ECONOMIC PROSPERITY MADE CRUSADING UNPOPULAR.
• VENETIANS(CONTROL OF MEDITERRANEAN) OVERCHARGED 51,000 SILVER
MARKS FOR 11,000 CRUSADERS (TWICE ANNUAL INCOME OF KING OF
ENGLAND)
• SECRET PLAN TO ATTACK CONSTANTINOPLE MADE BY CRUSADERS BUT NOT
INFORMING THE POPE UNTIL TOO LATE. HE THEN WROTE A LETTER REBUKING
CRUSADE LEADERS FOR ( “ INVADING OR VIOLATING THE LANDS OF THE
(BYZANTINE) CHRISTIANS.”)

185. VENETIAN NAVY WARSHIP

186. VENETIAN GALLEY USED IN
AMPHIBIOUS ASSAULT ON
CONSTANINOPLE

187. MAP OF CONSTANIOPLE AT THE TIME
OF THE 4TH CRUSADE

188. CONSTANTINOPLE FROM THE AIR
1200

189. CONSTANTINOPLE’S THEODOSIAN
WALL. 1200.

190. THE GALATA TOWER AT
CONSTANTINOPLE

191. THE GOLDEN HORN & HARBOUR
CHAIN. 1200

192. BREACHING THE WALL OF
CONSTANTINOPLE OPPOSITE PETRIA

193. INTERIOR OF HAGIA SOPHIA IN 1202
(WITHOUT ARABIC SCRIPTURE)

194. RELICS STOLEN BY CISTERCIAN ABBOT
MARTIN FOR EUROPE’S RELIC-
ADORATION MARKET
• 21 RELICS IDENTIFIED AS COMING FROM THE
SAINTS, JOHN THE BAPTIST, & JESUS CHRIST.
THE SAINTS ARE MOSTLY BODY PARTS (SOME
OF WHICH MAY BE ANIMAL BONES AFTER
FORENSIC STUDY)
• 18 RELICS OF NAMED MARTYRS
• 2 RELICS OF APOSTLES
• 3 RELICS OF BISHOPS
• 8 RELICS OF VIRGINS

195. STOLEN RELIC NO. 18. “FROM THE
TABLE ON WHICH CHRIST ATE
SUPPER” (THE GRAIL?)

196. MURDER, RAPE & PILLAGE OF
CONSTANTINOPLE BEGINS. 1202

197. 26 JANUARY 1204. CRUSADERS ONCE
AGAIN RAID CONSTANTINOPLE
“ NOW THAT IT (CONSTANTINOPLE) WAS THEIRS & THAT
THE CUSTOMARY 3 DAYS OF LOOTING WAS ALLOWED
THEM, THEY FELL UPON IT LIKE LOCUSTS. NEVER
SINCE THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS SOME CENTURIES
BEFORE, HAD EUROPE WITNESSED SUCH AN ORGY OF
BRUTALITY & VANDALISM; NEVER IN HISTORY HAD SO
MUCH BEAUTY, SO MUCH CRAFTSMANSHIP, BEEN
WANTONLY DESTROYED IN SO SHORT A SPACE OF
TIME…THE CROSS UPON WHICH THEY HAD SWORN
TO PASS THROUGH CHRISTIAN LANDS WITHOUT
BLOODSHED, TO TAKE ARMS ONLY AGAINST THE
HEATHEN & TO ABSTAIN FROM THE PLEASURES OF
THE FLESH UNTIL THEIR HOLY TASK WAS COMPLETE.”

198. VENICE TAKES OVER THE BYZANTINE
EMPIRE – THE SHATTERING OF
CHRISTENDOM IN THE EAST
1. VENICE TAKES OWNERSHIP OF 3/8TH OF
CONSTANTINOPLE & THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
2. VENICE GETS EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS TO TRADE WITHIN
THE EMPIRE.
3. VENICE TAKES CONTROL OF ALL IMPERIAL PORTS &
ISLANDS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN, OF SIGNIFICANCE
TO BYZANTIUM.
4. A FRANKISH PUPPET EMPEROR RULES THE OTHER
5/8TH OF BYZANTIUM.
5. THE FRANKISH EMPEROR RULES UNDER EUROPEAN
FEUDALISM - FRAGMENTS EMPIRE INTO HOSTILE
FACTIONS.

199. THE 5TH CRUSADE TO THE HOLY LAND
1204 - 1229

200. THE CHILDREN’S CRUSADE 1212

201. FRENCH KING LOUIS IX’S CRUSADE TO
EGYPT. 1248

202. LOUIS IX’S CRUSADERS LAND IN
EGYPT. 1250

203. BATTLE OF AL-MANSURAH 1250.
CAPTURE OF LOUIS IX

204. LOUIS IX’S CRUSADE IN 1270 & DEATH
FROM DYSENTRY AT SIEGE OF TUNIS

205. EDWARD (I)( A.K.A. ‘LONGSHANKS’)
OF ENGLAND. LAST OF ROYALTY TO
CRUSADE.1271. FOR HIS REPUTATION

206. THE FALL OF ACRE. 12 MAY 1291.
THE LAST TEMPLAR STANDING

207. LECTURE 7: THE RECONQUESTA

208. CANTAR DE MIO CID

209. KING PELAGIUS OF ASTURIAS

210. SPAIN IN 800 AD

211. SATELLITE MAP OF ASTURIAS

212. SATELLITE MAP OF BASQUE-NAVARRE

213. SPAIN IN 900 AD

214. SATELLITE MAP OF GALICIA REGION
OF KINGDOM OF LEON

215. MONASTERY OF SAN MIGUEL DE
ESCALADA (LEON) 913 AD. FORMER
RESIDENCE OF LOCAL IMAM

216. VIMARA PERES HERO OF
RECONQUESTA OF PORTO

217. FRONTIER ZONE OF NORTHERN
SPANISH KINGDOMS. 800s AD

218. LIFE, LAW & ORDER IN THE FRONTIER
ZONE ( FRONTERA)
• DANGEROUS PLACES WITH ROVING BANDITS & WARLORDS.
HEAVILY MILITARISED CASTLES/TOWNS.
• TO INCENTIVISE SETTLEMENT BY SPANISH, THE PROCESS OF
REPOBLACION: EJECTION OF JEWS & MOORS FROM PROPERTIES,
WHO HAD NO MEANS OF LOBBYING THE MILITARY RULERS ON
ANY ASPECT OF DAILY LIFE, ESPECIALLY PROPERTY EG: IF
JEW/MUSLIM SLEPT WITH A CHRISTIAN WOMAN, HE WAS
EXECUTED.
• REST OF EUROPE ADOPTED ROMAN COMMON LAW.
• FRONTERA BEGAN LEGAL SYSTEM OF VISGOTH CUSTOMARY LAW
(BASED ON ANCIENT TRIBAL IDEOLOGY).
• FRONTERA LAW SEVERELY DISCRIMINATED AGAINST WOMEN. EG:
“CLOTHES WHICH BAD WOMEN WEAR WERE GREATLY TO BLAME”
FOR THE HARMING OF WOMEN & WOMEN COULD BE
SUMMONED TO COURT FOR “ MINGLING WITH MEN”

219. MOTHER/DAUGHTER HARVESTING IN
TASCUINUM SANITATIS (HEALTH
BOOK)

220. MEDIEVAL OPORTO RECONQUERED
IN 868 AD. KEY PORT SINCE ROMANS

221. PRINCESS TERESA OF LEON MARRIED
COUNT HENRY OF BURGUNDY

222. ALPHONSO OF LEON GIVES COUNTY
OF PORTUGAL TO HENRY OF
BURGUNDY AS DOWRY FOR TERESA

223. BRAGA (TEMPLAR H.Q. 1116)
CATHEDRAL SACRED ART MUSEUM

224. HUGUES DE PAYNS OF BURGUNDY
CO-FOUNDER OF TEMPLARS

225. ROYAL PALACE & CASTLE, GUIMARAES
ORIGINALLY BUILT BY TEMPLARS FOR
APHONSO I PROVINCE OF PORTUGAL

226. MOORISH POLISHED STONE ART
(MUSEU NACIONAL DE AZULEJO)
LISBON

227. SIEGE OF LISBON 1147
“ THEREUPON THE MEN OF COLOGNE & THE
FLEMINGS WHEN THEY SAW SO MANY
TEMPTATIONS OF GREED IN THE CITY…RUSHED
ABOUT HITHER & THITHER…THEY DROVE OUT
THE CITIZENS& TREATED THEM WITH
INSULTS…THEY SCATTERED CLOTHING &
UTENSILS, THEY INSULTED MAIDENS (RAPE OR
ATTEMPTED RAPE) …THEY EVEN SLEW THE
MOZARABIC BISHOP OF THE CITY AGAINST ALL
RIGHT & DECENCY , BY CUTTING HIS THROAT”

228. 929 AD. ABD al-RAHMAN DECLARES
CALIPHATE OF CORDOBA

229. 1037: KINGDOMS OPPOSING
CALIPHATE: LEON, CASTILE, NAVARRE,
BASQUE, BARCELONA & ARAGON

230. 34 MOORISH KINGDOMS AFTER
FITNA (CIVIL WAR) OF 1009 - 1031

231. THE ALMORAVIDS

232. BATTLE OF SAGRAJAS. 1086.

233. CISTERCIAN ABBOT ST. RAYMOND OF
FITERO. FOUNDER OF ORDER OF
CALTRAVA

234. KNIGHT OF THE ORDER OF SANTIAGO
ESTABLISHED BY PAPAL BULL 1171 AD

235. ESTABLISHMENT OF TEMPLARS IN
IBERIA: CASTLE AT COMMUNIDAD
VALENCIANA, SPAIN

236. KING’S SEAL, CHARTER OF CERAS,
CEDING 1/3RD PORTUGAL TO
TEMPLARS. WHY PORTUGRA-L ?

237. THE ALMOHADS

238. BATTLE OF LAS NAVAS DE TOLOSA.
(1212 AD). THE BEGINNING OF THE
END OF MOORISH SPAIN

239. SLOW GENOCIDE OF MOORS IN
GRANADA
( 1212 – 1492)

240. INQUISITION TRIALS TO WEED OUT
JEWS & MUSLIMS & DESCENDANTS
TO THIRD & FOURTH GENERATION

241. EXPULSION OF JEWS FROM
CHRISTIAN SPAIN (1492) DECREED BY
FERDINAND & ISABELLA

242. EXPULSION OF MOORS FROM
CHRISTIAN SPAIN (1492) DECREED BY
FERDINAND & ISABELLA