Aerosols are dispersions of fine particles or liquid droplets in a gas. They are pressurized dosage forms with advantages like direct delivery to affected areas and maintaining sterility. However, they are also costly with some propellants being toxic.
Aerosols are classified as space sprays, surface coats, or foams based on particle size. They contain propellants like CFCs, HFCs, or hydrocarbons to expel the product. Aerosol containers have four parts - a container, valve, actuator, and dip tube. Valves control product delivery as spray, mist, or foam. Packaging involves cold or pressure filling the container with concentrate and propellant. Aerosols are
Aerosol , components for aerosol formulation by mariomakhter@yahoo.commariomS7
Aerosol are the products that depend on the power of a compressed or liquefied gas to expel the contents from the container. Aerosols are termed also pressurized package.
study Content about Aerosol Formulation and Packaging.
If you want to increase your knowledge and want to crack pharma related exam so please contact on below links:-
1. Join Facebook Group :- Target Pharmacy Competitive Exam
Group ( Public Group )
2. Like My Page :- #DeepakJoshi
Aerosol , components for aerosol formulation by mariomakhter@yahoo.commariomS7
Aerosol are the products that depend on the power of a compressed or liquefied gas to expel the contents from the container. Aerosols are termed also pressurized package.
study Content about Aerosol Formulation and Packaging.
If you want to increase your knowledge and want to crack pharma related exam so please contact on below links:-
1. Join Facebook Group :- Target Pharmacy Competitive Exam
Group ( Public Group )
2. Like My Page :- #DeepakJoshi
Plant layout of capsules contains the defination, types, layout of hard and soft gelatin capsule and the environmental condition concluding with the references.
I Omkar B. Tipugade , M-Pharm, Sem 4th , Department of Pharmaceutics , Shree Santkrupa College Of Pharmacy, Ghogaon. Today I published the hard gelatin & Soft Gelatin Capsule in brief .
Pharmaceutical Aerosols: Definition, propellants, containers, valves, types of aerosol systems; formulation and manufacture of aerosols; Evaluation of aerosols; Quality control and stability studies
These are the sterile preparation intended to administered other than intestinal route to bypass first pass metabolism and directly goes to systemic circulation.
These preparation give quick onset of action and site specific activity.
Suitable for drugs which are inactive in GIT environment.
Can be given unconscious or vomiting or diarrheal patient.
These are the sterile preparation intended to administered other than intestinal route to bypass first pass metabolism and directly goes to systemic circulation.
These preparation give quick onset of action and site specific activity.
Suitable for drugs which are inactive in GIT environment.
Can be given unconscious or vomiting or diarrheal patient.
Description of Construction, Working and Application of Pharmaceutical Machin...Makrani Shaharukh
Description of Construction, Working and Application of Pharmaceutical Machinery Such as Rotary Tablet Machine, Fluidized Bed Coater, Fluid Energy Mill and Humidifier.
Plant layout of capsules contains the defination, types, layout of hard and soft gelatin capsule and the environmental condition concluding with the references.
I Omkar B. Tipugade , M-Pharm, Sem 4th , Department of Pharmaceutics , Shree Santkrupa College Of Pharmacy, Ghogaon. Today I published the hard gelatin & Soft Gelatin Capsule in brief .
Pharmaceutical Aerosols: Definition, propellants, containers, valves, types of aerosol systems; formulation and manufacture of aerosols; Evaluation of aerosols; Quality control and stability studies
These are the sterile preparation intended to administered other than intestinal route to bypass first pass metabolism and directly goes to systemic circulation.
These preparation give quick onset of action and site specific activity.
Suitable for drugs which are inactive in GIT environment.
Can be given unconscious or vomiting or diarrheal patient.
These are the sterile preparation intended to administered other than intestinal route to bypass first pass metabolism and directly goes to systemic circulation.
These preparation give quick onset of action and site specific activity.
Suitable for drugs which are inactive in GIT environment.
Can be given unconscious or vomiting or diarrheal patient.
Description of Construction, Working and Application of Pharmaceutical Machin...Makrani Shaharukh
Description of Construction, Working and Application of Pharmaceutical Machinery Such as Rotary Tablet Machine, Fluidized Bed Coater, Fluid Energy Mill and Humidifier.
While choosing the right rubber calender is important, learning to operate it smartly to avoid these 8 common calendering defects is equally key for your success with this machine.
Aeroso spray products (Pharmaceutical technology and genetical engineering)Silvia Shomba
well I don't like to make this type of presentation and i kinda felt super boring... It is described elaborately every single things... during presentation I felt lyk I was just reading not presenting anything... but it would be helpful for students like us to know this topic properly... and this presentation I made according to my course teachers' requirement.. so u guys can give it a shot and don't hesitate to tell me abt my lacking... thank u
This presentation of aerosols tries to give some bit of infomartion about it which includes its introduction, history, advanatges and disadvantages along with quality testing and techniques. It includes some information about manufacturing and formaulation of aerosols that may help to know. It also having some key points about aerosols to remember.
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology of lungs
Advantage and disadvantage of Pulmonary Drug Delivery system.
Aerosols , propellants & container types.
Current technologies for pulmonary drug delivery.
New technologies for pulmonary drug delivery.
Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Aerosols & PDDS.
Pulmonary drug delivery is primarily used to treat conditions of the airways, delivering locally acting drugs directly to their site of action.
Delivery of anti-asthmatic and other locally acting drugs directly to their site of action reduces the dose needed to produce a pharmacological effect, while the low concentrations in the systemic circulation may also reduce side-effects.
The drugs which are administered by pulmonary route are not only for lungs delivery but it goes to systemic circulation and produce the effect where it is desired through out the body. For Eg. A product containing ergotamine tartrate is available as an aerosolized dosage inhaler for the treatment of migraine & Volatile anesthetics, including, halothane, are also given via the pulmonary route.
Used for inhalation and topical aerosols .
Manufactured by impact extrusion process.
Light in weight, less fragile, Less incompatibility due to its seamless nature.
Greater resistance to corrosion .
Pure water and pure ethanol cause corrosion to Al containers.
Added resistance can be obtained by coating inside of the container with organic coating like phenolic , vinyl or epoxy and polyamide resins.
Aerosols Definition:
Aerosols: A system that depends on the power of a compressed gas or liquefied gas to expel the contents from the container with special valve system.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
Aerosol
1. contents:-
Definition, advantages and disadvantages
Classification of aerosols
Formulation of aerosols
Parts of an aerosol container
Packaging of aerosols
2. Definiton-
aerosols may be defined as dispersed phase system in which very fine
solid particles or liquid droplets gets dispersed in the gas which acts as
continuous phase . These are also called pressurised dosage form.
Advantages-
The medicament can be delivered directly to the affected area such as burnt skin and
wound. So it minimises the discomfort caused by mechanical or manual application.
Absence of air prevents oxidation of the product.
The hydrolysis of medicaments can be prevented
The sterility of the products can be maintained
The application of medicament is easier
Disadvantages-
Aerosols are costly preparations
Some of the propellants are very toxic
The cooling effect of highly volatile propellants may cause discomfort on injured skin
Lot of difficulties are faced in aerosol formulation when the drug is not suitable
3. Classificaton of aerosol:-
Aerosols may be classified as:
1)Space sprays: these are finely divided sprays having
particle size upto 50micron,e.g. insecticides,
disinfectants , and room deodorizers
2)Surface coats: these are also sprays but disperse
particles are coarse with sizes upto 200micron. They
produce a wet coat when sprayed on a surface e.g. hair
sprays, personal deodrants, powder sprays and topical
medicament sprays
Foam: these are produced by rapid expansion of
propellantsthrough an emulsion. Hence, the product
comes out in the form of foam or froth, e.g. shaving
cream or vaginal product
4. Formulation of aerosols:
An aerosol formulation basically consists of propellant and the medicaments to be
propelled
Propellant – the propellant generally is regarded as the heart of the aerosol package. In
addition the necessary force to expel the product, the propellant must act as a solvent and
dileunt and has much to do with the determining the characteristics of the product as it
leaves the container. Various chemical compounds have been used as aerosol propellants.
compounds useful as propellants can be classified as-
Liquefied gases- they have an advantage that the pressure within the container
remains constant, two types of liquefied gases are used:-
Chloroflurocarbons(CFC)-finds greater use since they are non-inflammable
e.g. propellant 11(trichloromonofluromethane), propellant12(dicholrodifluromethane).
Hydrocarbons(HC)- they are advantageous since they are less expensive than any of the
fluorocarbons and generally are environment acceptable.
Hydrochloroflurocarbons(HCFC)
Hydroflurocarbons(HFC)
Hydrocarbon ethers
Compressed gasses
Aerosol maybe of two types:-
Two phase system- this is employed in cases where the product is a solid insoluble in the
propellant or it is solid or liquid which dissolve in it. In the first case the solid is suspended in the
propellant, so that aerosol system will have one liquid phase and one gaseous phase above it
Three phase system- this system is employed in cases where the product is immiscible with
the propellant. The medicaments are dissolved in a liquid which does not mix with the liquefied
propellant.
5. Parts of an aerosol container:-
An aerosol container can be divided into four parts-
1)Container- in pharmaceutical aerosol packaging, the containers are made out of
metal(such as tin plated steel, aluminum and stainless steel) glass and plastic. These
containers can withstand high pressure.
2)Valves- the valves should be such that it can be easily opened and closed. It should also
deliver the content in the desired form. So three types of valves are used these nowadays:
i)continuous spray valve
ii)metering valve
iii)foam valve
By using continuous spray valve, the medicament is expelled continuously as long as the
pressure is applied on the actuator.
But by using metering valve, only a definite quantity of the medicament is expelled when the
actuator is pressed.
If the contents of the aerosol are required to come out in the form of a ball of foam, a foam
valve is used is used in this case.
3)Actuator- actuator is fitted on the valve stem. It helps in the easy opening and closing of the
valve whenever it is required. There are various types of actuators which can produce
spray, fine mist or foam.
4)Dip tubes- the dip-tubes are made from polyethylene or polypropylene. Dip tube is used for
the following purpose :
i)it conveys the liquid from the bottom of the container to the valve at the top.
ii)It prevents the propellant to come out
6. Packaging of aerosols:-
Cold filling process
Cool the product to -40F
Fill into the cooled container
Cool the propellant
Add the propellant to the product concentrate
Pressure-fill process
fill the container with product concentrate
Place the valve in its position by compression
Now introduce the propellant via valve
Applications of aerosol packaging:-
1) They are used for spray bandages and for application of drugs meant for topical use.
2) They are used for spray administration of drugs into various body cavities.
3) The are for administration of drugs such as local anesthetics, local antiseptic, local
analgesics, and anti-inflammatory drugs.
4) They are used to spray cosmetics preparations such as perfumes.
5) They are used to spray disinfectants, deodorizers and air sanitizers.