Adverse drug reactions
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
20 likes•3,299 views
Adverse drug reactions can be categorized as Type A or Type B reactions. Type A reactions are exaggerated pharmacological responses caused by factors like dosage or interactions with other drugs. Type B reactions are unpredictable and bizarre, caused by mechanisms like immune reactions, genetics, or formation of reactive metabolites. It is important for healthcare providers to monitor for adverse drug reactions using pharmacovigilance programs in order to prevent harm, understand the causes of reactions, and update drug information and labeling.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
History and progress of pharmacovigilance
About the history and progression of pharmacovigilance (monitoring of ADR's in phase 4 clinical trials/ post markrting surveillance )
Severity, seriousness, predictability and preventability assessment
This document discusses the assessment of severity and seriousness of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It defines severity as the intensity of a medical event, categorizing ADRs as mild, moderate or severe based on management steps. It also describes several classification scales for ADR severity, including one by Karch and Lasagna and the Modified Hartwig's and Siegel Scale. The document defines seriousness classification according to regulatory criteria. It then discusses preventability and predictability of ADRs, describing scales by Schumock and Thornton for preventability and the distinction between Type A and Type B reactions in terms of predictability.
Adverse drug reactions
detection methods of Adverse drug reactions, postal survey method, Reporting of Adverse drug reactions, Preventability assessment, predictability assessments
Adverse Drug Reactions
Types of adverse drug reactions,Monitoring of ADRs Detection of ADR, Reporting of ADR, Causality Assessment,Prevention of ADR, Terminologies of ADR
History of Pharmacovigilance
Concept of Pharmacovigilance, history and development of pharmacovigilance, WHO International drug monitoring programme, Pharmacovigilance programme of India
Causality assessment scale
The document summarizes the Causality Assessment Scale. It defines causality assessment as assessing the relationship between a drug treatment and adverse event. It describes various methods of causality assessment including expert judgment, algorithms like WHO-UMC and Naranjo scales. It provides examples of causality categories like certain, probable, possible using WHO scale and illustrates its terminology through cases of dechallenge and rechallenge.
Pharmacovigilance & Adverse drug reaction
This document discusses pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It begins by defining pharmacovigilance as the monitoring of drug safety, and describes how the thalidomide disaster in the 1960s prompted significant changes to drug safety systems worldwide. It then discusses various reasons for the need of pharmacovigilance like limited preclinical safety data and changing drug use patterns. The aims and methods of pharmacovigilance including spontaneous reporting, case studies, and periodic safety reports are summarized. It also provides an overview of the Pharmacovigilance Program of India and its goals of monitoring ADRs and ensuring drug benefits outweigh risks. Finally, it defines different types of ADRs and their
Pharmacovigilance
Pharmacovigilance AND ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS.
MONITORING REPORTING ROLE OF PHARMACIST.
CLASSIFICATION OF ADR. MECHANISM OF ADR
ROLE OF PHARMACIST IN MANAGING ADR. AUGMENTED, BIZZARE, CONTINOUS, DELAYED, END OF TREATMENT, ABCD, ABCDE.
Recommended
History and progress of pharmacovigilance
About the history and progression of pharmacovigilance (monitoring of ADR's in phase 4 clinical trials/ post markrting surveillance )
Severity, seriousness, predictability and preventability assessment
This document discusses the assessment of severity and seriousness of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It defines severity as the intensity of a medical event, categorizing ADRs as mild, moderate or severe based on management steps. It also describes several classification scales for ADR severity, including one by Karch and Lasagna and the Modified Hartwig's and Siegel Scale. The document defines seriousness classification according to regulatory criteria. It then discusses preventability and predictability of ADRs, describing scales by Schumock and Thornton for preventability and the distinction between Type A and Type B reactions in terms of predictability.
Adverse drug reactions
detection methods of Adverse drug reactions, postal survey method, Reporting of Adverse drug reactions, Preventability assessment, predictability assessments
Adverse Drug Reactions
Types of adverse drug reactions,Monitoring of ADRs Detection of ADR, Reporting of ADR, Causality Assessment,Prevention of ADR, Terminologies of ADR
History of Pharmacovigilance
Concept of Pharmacovigilance, history and development of pharmacovigilance, WHO International drug monitoring programme, Pharmacovigilance programme of India
Causality assessment scale
The document summarizes the Causality Assessment Scale. It defines causality assessment as assessing the relationship between a drug treatment and adverse event. It describes various methods of causality assessment including expert judgment, algorithms like WHO-UMC and Naranjo scales. It provides examples of causality categories like certain, probable, possible using WHO scale and illustrates its terminology through cases of dechallenge and rechallenge.
Pharmacovigilance & Adverse drug reaction
This document discusses pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It begins by defining pharmacovigilance as the monitoring of drug safety, and describes how the thalidomide disaster in the 1960s prompted significant changes to drug safety systems worldwide. It then discusses various reasons for the need of pharmacovigilance like limited preclinical safety data and changing drug use patterns. The aims and methods of pharmacovigilance including spontaneous reporting, case studies, and periodic safety reports are summarized. It also provides an overview of the Pharmacovigilance Program of India and its goals of monitoring ADRs and ensuring drug benefits outweigh risks. Finally, it defines different types of ADRs and their
Pharmacovigilance
Pharmacovigilance AND ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS.
MONITORING REPORTING ROLE OF PHARMACIST.
CLASSIFICATION OF ADR. MECHANISM OF ADR
ROLE OF PHARMACIST IN MANAGING ADR. AUGMENTED, BIZZARE, CONTINOUS, DELAYED, END OF TREATMENT, ABCD, ABCDE.
Detection, reporting and management of adverse events
This document discusses adverse drug reactions (ADRs), including definitions, classifications, detection, reporting, and management. It notes that ADRs are a major clinical problem that can cause suffering and increased healthcare costs. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring and reporting ADRs to improve patient safety. Pharmacists can play an important role by monitoring high-risk patients and drugs, educating on ADR reporting, and assisting in the detection and assessment of ADRs. Timely reporting of ADRs is crucial to help prevent human suffering and unnecessary costs from drug-related injuries.
Causality assessment scales
The document discusses severity assessment of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It describes several scales used to assess the causality and severity of ADRs, including:
- The WHO-UMC Causality Assessment Scale which categorizes ADR causality as certain, probable, possible, unlikely, conditional/unclassified, or unassessable.
- Scales that categorize ADR severity as mild, moderate, severe or lethal based on factors like treatment required and effects on hospitalization.
- The Naranjo Algorithm/ADR Probability Scale which assigns a probability score to determine if an ADR is definite, probable, possible, or doubtful based on responses to 10 questions.
Introduction to Adverse Drug Reactions
An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an undesirable effect of a drug that occurs at normal dosages during normal use. ADRs can occur after a single dose or prolonged administration and may be beneficial or harmful effects. Major causes of ADRs include drug-drug and drug-food interactions that can alter pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. ADRs are classified as Type A-E with Types A and B being dose-related and idiosyncratic reactions respectively. Over 2 million serious ADRs occur yearly in the US, resulting in 100,000 deaths making ADRs a leading cause of death. Troglitazone was withdrawn from the market in 2000 due to idiosyncratic
Establishment of Pharmacovigilance Programme
1. Pharmacovigilance
2. Pathway of PvPI
3. Establishment of PV Programme
in Hospital
4. Establishment of PV Programme
in Industry
5. Contract Research Organization
6. Establishment a National Programme
Causality Assessment ADR.pdf
This document discusses different methods for assessing the causality of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It describes three main types of methods: 1) Expert opinion or clinical judgment methods like the WHO causality assessment scale, 2) Algorithmic methods like the Naranjo scale that use questionnaires and scoring systems, 3) Probabilistic or Bayesian methods that calculate the probability of drug causation based on prior probabilities. The WHO scale and Naranjo scale are discussed in detail as examples of each method.
Pharmacovigilance and role of pharmacist
Reporting of ADRs, Management of, Definition, aim, and scope of Pharmacovigilance, Role of pharmacist in pharmacovigilance
Detection and Reporting of Adverse Reaction
This document discusses pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reaction reporting. It covers several topics: methods of detecting ADRs like pre-marketing safety evaluation, post-marketing surveillance, and causality assessment; communicating ADR information to health professionals; and methods for reporting ADRs like spontaneous reporting and standardized case report forms. The key aspects of ADR reporting include who should report, what to report, and where to send reports for evaluation. Accurate documentation of patient information, suspected drugs, and reactions is important for assessment.
WHO international drug monitoring programme.pptx
The WHO International Drug Monitoring Program was established in 1963 in response to the thalidomide disaster. It aims to collect reports of adverse drug reactions from member countries. The program has grown from 10 founding members to 143 member countries currently. Countries submit individual case safety reports to the global Vigibase database managed by the Uppsala Monitoring Centre in Sweden, a WHO collaborating center. The program identifies new safety issues, facilitates information exchange between countries, and provides tools and training to support pharmacovigilance systems globally.
Adverse drug reactions
This document discusses adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It begins by defining ADRs according to the WHO as any unintended and noxious response to a drug. It then provides a brief history of notable ADR events. The document goes on to classify ADRs based on factors like onset, type of reaction, and severity. It describes each type of reaction with examples. Finally, it discusses other drug-related concepts like side effects, toxicity, dependence, and teratogenicity.
5ee1 adverse drug reaction
The document discusses adverse drug reactions (ADRs), defining them as unintended harmful effects that occur from drugs used for treatment or diagnosis. It classifies ADRs into different types based on predictability (Type A/predictable vs. Type B/unpredictable) and timing (Type C associated with long-term use, Type D delayed effects, Type E withdrawal effects). It also discusses hypersensitivity reactions, drug abuse/dependence, teratogenicity, photosensitivity, iatrogenic disease, and effects on oral tissues like dry mouth, aphthous ulcers, and teeth discoloration.
Adverse drug reactions
This document discusses adverse drug reactions (ADRs), including definitions, classifications, mechanisms, and predisposing factors. It defines an ADR as an unintended, harmful reaction to a medication. ADRs are classified based on factors like type (dose-related vs unpredictable), timing (onset), and individual susceptibility. The mechanisms of different ADR types are explained in terms of pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic factors. Polypharmacy, multiple diseases, age, drug properties, and genetics can predispose patients to ADRs.
Pharmacovigilance
This document discusses pharmacovigilance, which involves monitoring the safety of drugs after they have been approved. It defines pharmacovigilance and explains why it is needed given limitations of clinical trials. It describes types of adverse drug reactions and how they are classified. It outlines the goals and processes of pharmacovigilance programs, including reporting adverse reactions, conducting causality assessments, and submitting periodic safety update reports. The overall aim is to ensure safe and effective use of medicines through continual monitoring and regulatory action.
WHO International Drug Monitoring Program
The WHO International Drug Monitoring Program was established in 1963 in response to the thalidomide disaster. It currently has 143 member countries that submit adverse drug reaction reports to the global pharmacovigilance database VigiBase managed by the Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC) as a WHO collaborating center. The UMC analyzes VigiBase data to identify new safety signals, conducts research, and provides tools and training to support member countries' pharmacovigilance activities. The overall goals are to identify unknown adverse drug reactions and ensure medicines are used safely worldwide.
1.2 Importance of safety monitoring of Medicine.pptx
This document discusses the importance of monitoring medicine safety after drugs receive marketing approval. It notes that while drugs are tested on limited populations before approval, they are then used by much larger and more diverse populations. Close monitoring of medicine effectiveness and safety under real-world conditions is necessary to identify expected and unexpected adverse reactions. Effective pharmacovigilance requires collaboration between government agencies, the pharmaceutical industry, healthcare providers, patients, and others to establish comprehensive monitoring systems.
Medication history Interview
This document discusses medication history, which involves identifying and documenting a patient's current and past medications, allergies, and other medication-related information. It is an important part of pharmaceutical care that provides a starting point for medication reconciliation and review. The goals of a medication history include gaining information on prescription/nonprescription medications, perceived benefits/side effects, medication allergies/intolerances, and identifying potential medication problems. The document outlines the components, sources, aspects, and steps involved in conducting a thorough medication history interview.
CIOMS (1).pptx
This presentation gives a brief knowledge of CIOMS, its history, missions and collaborations of CIOMS. This presentation also contains CIOMS organizational structure, detailed knowledge of CIOMS Former and Present Working Groups. This will also guide about CIOMS form, its reporting and details to be filled while reporting an ADR.
Adverse drug reaction monitoring and reporting
This document discusses types of adverse drug reactions and factors influencing them. It describes types A-E reactions, which include augmented, bizarre, chemical, delayed and end of treatment reactions. Polypharmacy, age, drug characteristics, gender, race and genetic factors can influence susceptibility. Detection methods include pre-marketing studies, post-marketing surveillance, underreporting and communicating reactions. Healthcare professionals should monitor high-risk patients and gather information to assess causality between drugs and adverse events. Underreporting is common due to various barriers but can be addressed through improved reporting systems and education.
Pharmacovigilance and Method of ADR reporting
The document discusses pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting in India. It provides information on the national pharmacovigilance program, including who can report ADRs, how to report them, and the benefits of reporting. It describes the ADR reporting process and forms for healthcare professionals and consumers. It also discusses other vigilance programs in India related to medical devices, vaccines, blood products, and several research projects conducted with these programs.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance
Organization and objectives of ICH, expedited reporting, ICSR, PSURs, post approval expedited reporting, pharmacovigilance Planning, good clinical practices
DRUG UTILIZATION EVALUATION
Drug use evaluation (DUE) is a quality improvement process that reviews prescribing patterns to promote appropriate drug use. It involves identifying a drug or therapeutic area, developing criteria and standards, collecting data, evaluating results, providing feedback, and implementing interventions. The process then reevaluates drug use and revises the DUE program as needed. The presented document outlines the 11 steps of a DUE process focusing on monitoring renal function during aminoglycoside therapy.
Adverse drug reactions ppt
Adverse drug reactions ppt, mcqs in Pharmacology, Pharmacology mcqs, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodymanics, Drug development, Drug resistance, Autonomic nervous system pharmacology, Central nervous system pharmacology, Digestive pharmacology, Antifungal drugs, Antiviral drugs, Antibiotics, Chemotherapy, Respiratory, Renal, Reproductive system, Anthelmintics, cardiovascular pharmacology
Adverse drug reactions
The document discusses the history of adverse drug reactions and defines an adverse drug reaction. It describes several important incidents that increased awareness and regulation of drug safety, such as reactions to sulfanilamide in 1937 which led to the establishment of the FDA. It also discusses the thalidomide incident in the 1960s and the teratogenic effects it caused. The document estimates the incidence of adverse drug reactions for hospital inpatients and admissions. It examines various types of adverse drug reactions and factors that can influence them.
More Related Content
What's hot
Detection, reporting and management of adverse events
This document discusses adverse drug reactions (ADRs), including definitions, classifications, detection, reporting, and management. It notes that ADRs are a major clinical problem that can cause suffering and increased healthcare costs. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring and reporting ADRs to improve patient safety. Pharmacists can play an important role by monitoring high-risk patients and drugs, educating on ADR reporting, and assisting in the detection and assessment of ADRs. Timely reporting of ADRs is crucial to help prevent human suffering and unnecessary costs from drug-related injuries.
Causality assessment scales
The document discusses severity assessment of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It describes several scales used to assess the causality and severity of ADRs, including:
- The WHO-UMC Causality Assessment Scale which categorizes ADR causality as certain, probable, possible, unlikely, conditional/unclassified, or unassessable.
- Scales that categorize ADR severity as mild, moderate, severe or lethal based on factors like treatment required and effects on hospitalization.
- The Naranjo Algorithm/ADR Probability Scale which assigns a probability score to determine if an ADR is definite, probable, possible, or doubtful based on responses to 10 questions.
Introduction to Adverse Drug Reactions
An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an undesirable effect of a drug that occurs at normal dosages during normal use. ADRs can occur after a single dose or prolonged administration and may be beneficial or harmful effects. Major causes of ADRs include drug-drug and drug-food interactions that can alter pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. ADRs are classified as Type A-E with Types A and B being dose-related and idiosyncratic reactions respectively. Over 2 million serious ADRs occur yearly in the US, resulting in 100,000 deaths making ADRs a leading cause of death. Troglitazone was withdrawn from the market in 2000 due to idiosyncratic
Establishment of Pharmacovigilance Programme
1. Pharmacovigilance
2. Pathway of PvPI
3. Establishment of PV Programme
in Hospital
4. Establishment of PV Programme
in Industry
5. Contract Research Organization
6. Establishment a National Programme
Causality Assessment ADR.pdf
This document discusses different methods for assessing the causality of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It describes three main types of methods: 1) Expert opinion or clinical judgment methods like the WHO causality assessment scale, 2) Algorithmic methods like the Naranjo scale that use questionnaires and scoring systems, 3) Probabilistic or Bayesian methods that calculate the probability of drug causation based on prior probabilities. The WHO scale and Naranjo scale are discussed in detail as examples of each method.
Pharmacovigilance and role of pharmacist
Reporting of ADRs, Management of, Definition, aim, and scope of Pharmacovigilance, Role of pharmacist in pharmacovigilance
Detection and Reporting of Adverse Reaction
This document discusses pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reaction reporting. It covers several topics: methods of detecting ADRs like pre-marketing safety evaluation, post-marketing surveillance, and causality assessment; communicating ADR information to health professionals; and methods for reporting ADRs like spontaneous reporting and standardized case report forms. The key aspects of ADR reporting include who should report, what to report, and where to send reports for evaluation. Accurate documentation of patient information, suspected drugs, and reactions is important for assessment.
WHO international drug monitoring programme.pptx
The WHO International Drug Monitoring Program was established in 1963 in response to the thalidomide disaster. It aims to collect reports of adverse drug reactions from member countries. The program has grown from 10 founding members to 143 member countries currently. Countries submit individual case safety reports to the global Vigibase database managed by the Uppsala Monitoring Centre in Sweden, a WHO collaborating center. The program identifies new safety issues, facilitates information exchange between countries, and provides tools and training to support pharmacovigilance systems globally.
Adverse drug reactions
This document discusses adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It begins by defining ADRs according to the WHO as any unintended and noxious response to a drug. It then provides a brief history of notable ADR events. The document goes on to classify ADRs based on factors like onset, type of reaction, and severity. It describes each type of reaction with examples. Finally, it discusses other drug-related concepts like side effects, toxicity, dependence, and teratogenicity.
5ee1 adverse drug reaction
The document discusses adverse drug reactions (ADRs), defining them as unintended harmful effects that occur from drugs used for treatment or diagnosis. It classifies ADRs into different types based on predictability (Type A/predictable vs. Type B/unpredictable) and timing (Type C associated with long-term use, Type D delayed effects, Type E withdrawal effects). It also discusses hypersensitivity reactions, drug abuse/dependence, teratogenicity, photosensitivity, iatrogenic disease, and effects on oral tissues like dry mouth, aphthous ulcers, and teeth discoloration.
Adverse drug reactions
This document discusses adverse drug reactions (ADRs), including definitions, classifications, mechanisms, and predisposing factors. It defines an ADR as an unintended, harmful reaction to a medication. ADRs are classified based on factors like type (dose-related vs unpredictable), timing (onset), and individual susceptibility. The mechanisms of different ADR types are explained in terms of pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic factors. Polypharmacy, multiple diseases, age, drug properties, and genetics can predispose patients to ADRs.
Pharmacovigilance
This document discusses pharmacovigilance, which involves monitoring the safety of drugs after they have been approved. It defines pharmacovigilance and explains why it is needed given limitations of clinical trials. It describes types of adverse drug reactions and how they are classified. It outlines the goals and processes of pharmacovigilance programs, including reporting adverse reactions, conducting causality assessments, and submitting periodic safety update reports. The overall aim is to ensure safe and effective use of medicines through continual monitoring and regulatory action.
WHO International Drug Monitoring Program
The WHO International Drug Monitoring Program was established in 1963 in response to the thalidomide disaster. It currently has 143 member countries that submit adverse drug reaction reports to the global pharmacovigilance database VigiBase managed by the Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC) as a WHO collaborating center. The UMC analyzes VigiBase data to identify new safety signals, conducts research, and provides tools and training to support member countries' pharmacovigilance activities. The overall goals are to identify unknown adverse drug reactions and ensure medicines are used safely worldwide.
1.2 Importance of safety monitoring of Medicine.pptx
This document discusses the importance of monitoring medicine safety after drugs receive marketing approval. It notes that while drugs are tested on limited populations before approval, they are then used by much larger and more diverse populations. Close monitoring of medicine effectiveness and safety under real-world conditions is necessary to identify expected and unexpected adverse reactions. Effective pharmacovigilance requires collaboration between government agencies, the pharmaceutical industry, healthcare providers, patients, and others to establish comprehensive monitoring systems.
Medication history Interview
This document discusses medication history, which involves identifying and documenting a patient's current and past medications, allergies, and other medication-related information. It is an important part of pharmaceutical care that provides a starting point for medication reconciliation and review. The goals of a medication history include gaining information on prescription/nonprescription medications, perceived benefits/side effects, medication allergies/intolerances, and identifying potential medication problems. The document outlines the components, sources, aspects, and steps involved in conducting a thorough medication history interview.
CIOMS (1).pptx
This presentation gives a brief knowledge of CIOMS, its history, missions and collaborations of CIOMS. This presentation also contains CIOMS organizational structure, detailed knowledge of CIOMS Former and Present Working Groups. This will also guide about CIOMS form, its reporting and details to be filled while reporting an ADR.
Adverse drug reaction monitoring and reporting
This document discusses types of adverse drug reactions and factors influencing them. It describes types A-E reactions, which include augmented, bizarre, chemical, delayed and end of treatment reactions. Polypharmacy, age, drug characteristics, gender, race and genetic factors can influence susceptibility. Detection methods include pre-marketing studies, post-marketing surveillance, underreporting and communicating reactions. Healthcare professionals should monitor high-risk patients and gather information to assess causality between drugs and adverse events. Underreporting is common due to various barriers but can be addressed through improved reporting systems and education.
Pharmacovigilance and Method of ADR reporting
The document discusses pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting in India. It provides information on the national pharmacovigilance program, including who can report ADRs, how to report them, and the benefits of reporting. It describes the ADR reporting process and forms for healthcare professionals and consumers. It also discusses other vigilance programs in India related to medical devices, vaccines, blood products, and several research projects conducted with these programs.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance
Organization and objectives of ICH, expedited reporting, ICSR, PSURs, post approval expedited reporting, pharmacovigilance Planning, good clinical practices
DRUG UTILIZATION EVALUATION
Drug use evaluation (DUE) is a quality improvement process that reviews prescribing patterns to promote appropriate drug use. It involves identifying a drug or therapeutic area, developing criteria and standards, collecting data, evaluating results, providing feedback, and implementing interventions. The process then reevaluates drug use and revises the DUE program as needed. The presented document outlines the 11 steps of a DUE process focusing on monitoring renal function during aminoglycoside therapy.
What's hot (20)
Detection, reporting and management of adverse events
Detection, reporting and management of adverse events
1.2 Importance of safety monitoring of Medicine.pptx
1.2 Importance of safety monitoring of Medicine.pptx
Viewers also liked
Adverse drug reactions ppt
Adverse drug reactions ppt, mcqs in Pharmacology, Pharmacology mcqs, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodymanics, Drug development, Drug resistance, Autonomic nervous system pharmacology, Central nervous system pharmacology, Digestive pharmacology, Antifungal drugs, Antiviral drugs, Antibiotics, Chemotherapy, Respiratory, Renal, Reproductive system, Anthelmintics, cardiovascular pharmacology
Adverse drug reactions
The document discusses the history of adverse drug reactions and defines an adverse drug reaction. It describes several important incidents that increased awareness and regulation of drug safety, such as reactions to sulfanilamide in 1937 which led to the establishment of the FDA. It also discusses the thalidomide incident in the 1960s and the teratogenic effects it caused. The document estimates the incidence of adverse drug reactions for hospital inpatients and admissions. It examines various types of adverse drug reactions and factors that can influence them.
Adverse drug reactions
This document provides definitions and classifications of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It defines key terms like adverse event, adverse drug reaction, and adverse drug event. It then discusses various classification schemes for ADRs based on factors like onset, type of reaction, severity, and more. Different types of ADRs are explained like Type A, B, C reactions as well as side effects, drug dependence, withdrawal reactions and more, along with examples. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of definitions and classifications related to ADRs.
Adverse drug reactions attributed to genetic differences
Genetic differences between individuals can lead to variability in responses to drugs and adverse drug reactions. Some key points:
- About 30% of adverse drug reactions may be due to genetic polymorphisms affecting drug metabolism. Enzymes like CYP2D6 play an important role.
- Genes can impact how the body processes and breaks down drugs (pharmacokinetics) and how drugs interact with receptors (pharmacodynamics).
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms are variations in DNA sequences that can alter protein structure and drug responses. They have been linked to prolonged muscle relaxation after cholinergic drugs and hemolytic anemia from antimalarial drugs.
Adverse drugeffects
Detecting and managing adverse drug reactions is important for patient safety. Adverse drug reactions can range from mild to life-threatening. Common causes include dose-related toxicity, drug-drug interactions, hypersensitivity reactions, and idiosyncratic reactions. Nurses play a key role in monitoring patients, recognizing signs and symptoms of adverse reactions, reporting them immediately, and managing the situation under a physician's guidance. Timely reporting helps increase understanding of medication risks and improve safe use.
Adverse Drug Reaction
1) Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are unwanted or harmful effects experienced after taking a medication. They can range from mild to severe or lethal. The elderly, very young, and those taking multiple medications are most at risk.
2) ADRs are classified into 6 types based on their mechanism and predictability. Type A reactions are dose-dependent and common, while Type B reactions are unpredictable.
3) Common symptoms of ADRs include skin irritation, nausea, vomiting, and breathing problems. Suspected ADRs should be reported to the National Coordinating Centre to be monitored and help ensure safe medication use in India.
Adverse drug reactions
This document defines and discusses adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It begins by defining an ADR as an unwanted, uncomfortable or dangerous effect from a drug. ADRs can occur due to known side effects or previously unrecognized effects. The document then defines an ADR more specifically as a noxious and unintended response to a medication. It notes that the incidence and severity of ADRs varies depending on patient characteristics like age as well as drug factors like dosage. It describes three main types of ADRs - dose-related, allergic, and idiosyncratic reactions. The document concludes by discussing signs and symptoms of ADRs and providing some examples of mild, moderate, severe and lethal classifications.
Adverse drug reactions
Naranjo
WHO-UMC
Bayesian:
Bayesian
Expert Opinion:
CIOMS
Most commonly used:
Naranjo
WHO-UMC
Naranjo Causality Assessment Scale
Criteria Score
1. Previous conclusive reports on this reaction 0
1. Previous conclusive reports on this reaction +1
2. The adverse event appeared after the suspected drug was administered. +2
3. The adverse reaction improved when the drug was discontinued or a specific antagonist was administered. +1
4. The adverse reaction reappeared when the drug was readministered. +2
5. Alternative causes that could solely have
Using side effects for drug target identification
The document discusses using drug side effects to identify potential drug targets. It describes how similar drugs often share targets, and analyzing side effect profiles can help predict these shared targets. The author and others compiled a database of drug side effects through text mining package inserts and validating the results. They used this database to find similarities between side effect profiles of different drugs and infer potential shared targets. Experimental validation found many predicted drug-drug pairs did indeed bind to or show activity against the same targets. Going forward, the author hopes to directly link side effects to targets and enable more direct target prediction.
Identification of drug targets from side-effect similarity
This document discusses a method for identifying potential drug targets by analyzing similarities between drugs' side effect profiles. The researchers compiled a database of drug side effects through text mining of package inserts and validation. They then created a network of drug-drug similarities based on their side effect profiles and predicted shared targets for similar drugs. Validation experiments confirmed targets for 11 of 20 predicted drug pairs through in vitro assays and 9 of 9 through cell assays, demonstrating the ability to discover new drug functions and potential drug repositioning opportunities through analysis of side effect data.
Automation Extraction of Side Effect Information from Consumer drug reviews
The project was about the text mining and information extraction from the social media. The objectives were to develop an information extraction method to extract the side effect information of the psychotropic drugs from the social media (www.webmd.com) and to compare these extracted side effects with the ones listed in www.fda.gov.
Proteinbindingofdrug 150217022700-conversion-gate02
The document discusses protein drug binding, including the mechanisms and classes. It describes how drugs can bind to plasma proteins like albumin and blood cells like hemoglobin. The types of bonds involved in binding are described, such as hydrogen bonds. Factors that influence protein binding like drug properties, protein concentrations, and disease states are outlined. The significance of protein binding on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination is explained. Protein binding can impact drug action by inactivating the drug if not enough free drug is present at receptor sites.
Breast feeding
The document discusses the benefits of breastfeeding for both mother and baby. It outlines that breast milk provides optimal nutrition for growth and protects against infection. The document also describes the anatomy and physiology of breastfeeding, including the hormones and reflexes that produce and eject milk. Finally, it provides guidance on proper breastfeeding techniques like positioning, attachment and managing common issues.
Systems Pharmacology 3: Predicting drug side effects
SEP-L1000 is a machine learning webapp to predict drugs / small molecules side effects based on L1000 transcritomics Signature, structure similarity & morphological profiles.
Bioavailability
The document discusses bioavailability and bioequivalence. It defines bioavailability as the rate and extent to which an active drug reaches systemic circulation. Bioavailability can be assessed using pharmacokinetic methods like blood analysis and urinary excretion data or pharmacodynamic methods like measuring pharmacological response. Key pharmacokinetic parameters include Cmax, Tmax, and AUC. Bioequivalence means that two products do not show a significant difference in absorption rate or extent. Single-dose bioequivalence studies evaluate products meant for single doses, while multiple-dose studies are needed for special dosage forms and regimens. Two dosage forms are considered bioequivalent if their rates and extents of absorption do not significantly differ.
Drug addiction
This document discusses drug addiction and the role of dopamine. It notes that all abused drugs increase dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. While initial hypotheses suggested tolerance and dependence were due to changes in opiate receptor levels, it is now understood that physical dependence involves separate opioid mechanisms. Dopamine is implicated in both "liking" and "wanting" drug rewards, and different dopamine pathways in the nucleus accumbens are involved in each. Stress and environmental factors can also influence drug addiction by increasing dopamine levels and sensitizing dopamine responses.
Overview Of Pharmacodynamics 04.15.09
The document provides an overview of pharmacodynamics, which is how drugs act on the body. It discusses drug receptor interactions including agonists that activate receptors, antagonists that block receptors, and partial agonists that partially activate receptors. It also covers non-receptor mechanisms of drug action such as effects on enzymes. The time and dose responses of drugs are described, as well as factors affecting drug activity like absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
Adverse drug reaction causality assessment
Adverse drug reaction causality assessmentChulalongkorn Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group
The document discusses various methods used for causality assessment of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), including algorithms. It outlines several algorithms such as the Karch & Lasagna, Begaud, Jones, Kramer, Naranjo, WHO-UMC, Thai, CIOMS/RUCAM, and ALDEN algorithms. Each algorithm has advantages and limitations. While the Naranjo algorithm is simple and brief, its dependability and validity are not confirmed for all populations. The WHO-UMC criteria are intended as a convenient tool for individual case reports but have limitations. Specific algorithms like CIOMS/RUCAM and ALDEN are used for certain ADRs. The best algorithm depends on the type ofProtein binding
PROTEIN BINDING, FACTOR AFFECTING PROTEIN BINDING, KINETICS OF PROTEIN BINDING, AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PROTEIN BINDING
Viewers also liked (20)
Adverse drug reactions attributed to genetic differences
Adverse drug reactions attributed to genetic differences
Identification of drug targets from side-effect similarity
Identification of drug targets from side-effect similarity
Automation Extraction of Side Effect Information from Consumer drug reviews
Automation Extraction of Side Effect Information from Consumer drug reviews
Proteinbindingofdrug 150217022700-conversion-gate02
Proteinbindingofdrug 150217022700-conversion-gate02
Systems Pharmacology 3: Predicting drug side effects
Systems Pharmacology 3: Predicting drug side effects
Similar to Adverse drug reactions
adverse drug reaction.ppt
The document discusses adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It defines ADRs as unintended harmful effects that occur at normal doses used for treatment or diagnosis. It notes that certain groups like the elderly, children, and immunosuppressed individuals are more susceptible to ADRs. ADRs can be classified based on severity, onset, and type. Type A reactions are predictable and dose-dependent while Type B are unpredictable and immune-mediated. The document also discusses classifications like chronic, delayed, and withdrawal reactions. It emphasizes the importance of pharmacovigilance in monitoring ADRs.
Adverse drug effects
This document discusses adverse drug effects including classification, severity, and types such as side effects, toxicity, idiosyncrasy, allergy, dependence, withdrawal, teratogenicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and drug-induced diseases. It classifies adverse drug reactions into types A through E based on factors like pharmacological action and duration of use. It also defines terms like side effects, toxicity, idiosyncrasy, allergy, dependence, withdrawal reactions and discusses various organ-specific drug induced diseases.
Adverse drug monitoring
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) can occur when taking medications and include any harmful, unintended effects. ADRs are classified based on factors like onset, severity, mechanism and type. Common types include Type A reactions which are predictable and dose-dependent, Type B which are unpredictable immune reactions, and allergic reactions classified as Type I-IV. Monitoring and reporting of ADRs is important for patient safety and involves considering factors affecting reactions, clinical significance, and prevention through rational drug use and monitoring.
ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS.pdf
This document defines and classifies adverse drug reactions and drug-related harms. It discusses predictable and unpredictable reactions, side effects versus adverse effects, and different types of reactions including hypersensitivity, idiosyncrasy, toxicity and dependence. It also covers teratogenicity, pharmacovigilance, and methods for monitoring and reporting adverse drug reactions.
Drug idiosyncrasy
This document discusses drug idiosyncrasy and adverse drug reactions. It defines drug idiosyncrasy as an abnormal genetic response to a drug in some individuals. Idiosyncratic reactions are non-dose related and unpredictable. The document categorizes and classifies different types of adverse drug reactions and discusses methods of detection, including pre-marketing clinical trials and post-marketing surveillance. It emphasizes the importance of reporting suspected adverse drug reactions to help prevent future harm.
ADRs (VK)
This document defines adverse drug reactions and discusses their epidemiology and risk factors. It states that adverse drug reactions are any unintended and harmful responses to a medication. It notes that 4% of hospital admissions, 1 in 1000 deaths in medical wards, and 10-20% of inpatients experience adverse drug reactions. Risk factors include simultaneous use of multiple drugs, advanced age, pregnancy, breastfeeding, hereditary factors, and disease states. Common culprit medications are anti-coagulants, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, antihypertensives, antibiotics, diuretics and insulin.
Adverse drug reactions
An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an unintended effect of a medication. Common types include Type A reactions which are dose-dependent and predictable, and Type B reactions which are unpredictable and sometimes life-threatening like anaphylaxis. Factors causing ADRs include patient factors like age and genetics as well as drug factors. Manifestations can affect various organs. Pharmacovigilance aims to monitor ADRs to educate clinicians and regulate drug use to reduce harm.
ADR
This document discusses adverse drug reactions (ADRs), defined as any noxious change suspected to be caused by a drug. It provides definitions of key terms like adverse event and adverse drug event. It also categorizes different types of ADRs based on factors like onset, reaction type, severity, and more. Examples are given for each category to illustrate different types of ADRs like augmented, bizarre, chemical, delayed, and others. The document discusses concepts like side effects, secondary effects, toxic effects, intolerance, idiosyncrasy, drug allergy, and more.
Adverse drug reaction.pptx
An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an unintended harmful reaction to a drug that occurs at normal doses. ADRs can be predictable (Type A) or unpredictable (Type B) reactions. Type A reactions are dose-dependent and caused by exaggerated pharmacology, while Type B reactions are unpredictable and unrelated to the drug's action. ADRs are also classified based on severity from minor to lethal. Photosensitivity reactions can be phototoxic or photoallergic, and some drugs have potential to cause mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, or hypersensitivity reactions.
Adverse drug reaction
1. An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is defined by the WHO as any unintended and harmful response to a drug that occurs at normal dosages.
2. ADRs are common, occurring in 5-30% of hospitalized patients and 3% of hospital admissions. They are more common in the elderly, young, and those taking multiple drugs.
3. ADRs can range from mild to severe or life-threatening. They can occur immediately after drug administration or after prolonged use. Common causes of ADRs include dose-related effects, allergic reactions, and idiosyncratic responses.
Adverse drug reaction sjk
This document defines adverse drug reactions and discusses their types, causes, manifestations, and prevention. It provides classifications of ADRs including Type A predictable reactions related to the drug's pharmacological effects and Type B unpredictable reactions like allergies. The document outlines various organ-specific ADRs and roles of pharmacists in monitoring ADRs. It emphasizes the importance of pharmacovigilance in detecting, understanding, and preventing adverse drug effects.
Adverse Drug reaction (1).pptx
This document discusses adverse drug reactions (ADRs), defining them as adverse events with a causal link to a drug. It provides a detailed classification of ADRs based on factors like onset, type of reaction, severity and more. Some key types discussed include Type A, B, C reactions as well as idiosyncrasy, drug allergy and drug dependence. Methods for detecting drug interactions like spontaneous reporting and record linkage studies are also summarized. The document emphasizes the importance of ADR reporting and management to ensure drug safety.
Adverse Drug Reaction and Drug Interaction_PHARMACY PRACTICE
ADVERSE DRUG REACTION,TYPES OF ADR,REPORTING OF ADR
DRUG INTERACTION,FOOD DRUG INTERACTION,DRUG DRUG INTERACTION
Important for pharmacy students
ADR-RDP-2023.pdf
This document discusses adverse drug reactions and pharmacovigilance. It defines an adverse drug reaction as an unwanted change caused by a drug at normal doses that requires treatment or a dose decrease. Adverse drug events are untoward occurrences during treatment that are not necessarily caused by the treatment. The document classifies adverse drug reactions into types A, B, C, D and E based on factors like dose, time of onset, and mechanism. It also discusses preventing adverse drug effects through appropriate use and monitoring for new symptoms after starting treatment. Pharmacovigilance aims to detect, understand and prevent adverse drug reactions through postmarketing surveillance.
Adverse drug reaction.pptx
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are unintended harmful effects of drugs that occur at normal doses used for treatment. ADRs can be classified in various ways including by onset, type of reaction, severity, and more. Common types of ADRs include type A reactions which are augmented or exaggerated pharmacological effects, type B reactions which are unpredictable and bizarre, and type C reactions which are dose-independent and related to the chemical structure of the drug. ADRs range from minor to lethal and understanding their causes and classifications is important for patient safety.
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) Introduction.pptx
This document discusses adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It defines ADRs as harmful and undesirable effects that occur during normal clinical use of a drug. ADRs are classified based on factors like onset, severity, type and predictability. Type A reactions are dose-dependent and common, while Type B are unpredictable and not dose-related. The document also discusses factors that can increase the risk of ADRs, like age, medical conditions, drug interactions and genetics. ADRs are an important clinical problem that increase health risks and costs of treatment. Careful classification and understanding of ADRs is needed to improve drug safety.
Adverse Drug Recation.pptx
Adverse Drug Recation-Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR): Any noxious change which is suspected to be due to a drug, occurs at doses normally used in man, requires treatment or decrease in dose or indicates caution in future use of the same drug.
Adverse drug interactions
Adverse drug reactions can occur from medication errors, adverse drug events, or adverse drug effects. Adverse drug reactions are unintended, noxious responses to a drug that occurs at normal dosages. They can be categorized as type A, augmented reactions that are dose-dependent and predictable, or type B, unpredictable reactions related to a patient's genotype. Pharmacovigilance programs monitor adverse drug reactions to improve drug safety. Side effects, intolerances, idiosyncrasies, allergies, abuse, addiction, habituation, and withdrawal reactions are specific types of adverse drug responses that can occur.
Adverse and toxic drug reactions
the topic include basic details on adverse drugs reaction their classification types of adverse drug reaction etc
FACTORS_MODIFYING_DRUG_ACTION.ppt
This document discusses factors that can modify drug action, including physiological factors like age, sex, and pregnancy. It also discusses pathological factors like diseases, genetic factors like genetic polymorphisms, and environmental factors like microsomal enzyme inducers. It describes different types of adverse drug reactions and interactions between drugs, as well as how drugs can produce dependence or toxicity.
Similar to Adverse drug reactions (20)
Adverse Drug Reaction and Drug Interaction_PHARMACY PRACTICE
Adverse Drug Reaction and Drug Interaction_PHARMACY PRACTICE
More from Gyanendra Raj Joshi
B pharm syllabus pu
The document outlines the curriculum for a Bachelor of Pharmacy program over four years. It includes the course objectives, duration, total credits required, enrollment criteria, course structure by semester, subjects covered, evaluation criteria. The curriculum aims to produce competent pharmacists through courses in pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacognosy, pharmaceutics, pharmacology, biochemistry etc. over eight semesters. A total of 160 credits are required, including 119 credits of theory, 35 credits of practicals and 6 credits for a project work.
14drugs acting on respiratory system expectorants, respiratory stimulants
This document discusses various drugs used for treating cough and facilitating removal of respiratory secretions. It describes antitussives/cough suppressants such as codeine, dextromethorphan and noscapine which act centrally to suppress cough reflex. It also discusses expectorants like potassium iodide, ammonium chloride and bromhexine which increase production or decrease viscosity of bronchial secretions to aid in coughing up mucus. The document provides details on mechanisms of action, uses, doses and side effects of these antitussive and expectorant drugs.
13drugs acting on respiratory system anti asthmatics
Asthma is a disease characterized by inflammation of the airways resulting in narrowing. It involves clinical symptoms like coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. The main drugs used to treat asthma are bronchodilators like salbutamol, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, and mast cell stabilizers. Salbutamol is a selective beta-2 agonist that works quickly to relax airways but has side effects like tremors. Corticosteroids reduce inflammation through various mechanisms but can cause fluid retention and weight gain. The document provides details on the mechanisms and use of these and other drugs in classifying and treating different types and severities of asthma.
12anticoagulants
Heparin is a powerful anticoagulant that acts indirectly by binding to antithrombin III and inactivating clotting factors. It can be given intravenously or subcutaneously. Heparin is used to treat and prevent conditions involving blood clots such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and arterial thromboembolism. Adverse effects include bleeding and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant that works by interfering with vitamin K dependent clotting factor synthesis in the liver. It is used long-term for conditions requiring anticoagulation like atrial fibrillation. Risks include bleeding and fetal harms
11hematinics
This document discusses hematinics, which are agents used to treat anemia and increase red blood cell counts or hemoglobin levels. It provides details on normal red blood cell production, the indications and adverse effects of oral and parenteral iron therapy, iron absorption and transport, and iron poisoning. It also covers folic acid sources and roles, causes of folate deficiency, and indications for folic acid supplementation. Finally, it discusses vitamin B12 structure and sources, pharmacokinetics, and nutritional deficiency.
10 anemia
This document discusses various types of anemia. It defines anemia as a reduction in hemoglobin levels and describes the most common causes as iron deficiency and nutritional deficiencies. Specific types discussed in detail include iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia caused by vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies, sickle cell anemia caused by an abnormal hemoglobin gene, thalassemias caused by genetic defects in hemoglobin production, and G6PD deficiency which affects the ability to prevent oxidative damage to red blood cells. The document covers epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, and treatments for each type.
9autacoids
This document discusses autacoids, which are naturally occurring chemical substances produced within the body and transported to other parts where they exert effects. Autacoids include decarboxylated amino acids like histamine and serotonin, polypeptides like angiotensin and vasopressin, and eicosanoids like prostaglandins. Histamine is an important inflammatory mediator derived from histidine. It is released from mast cells and basophils and acts through H1, H2, and H3 receptors. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter synthesized from tryptophan that acts through multiple receptor subtypes and is involved in various physiological processes like sleep, mood, and gastrointestinal motility.
8shock
Shock is defined as circulatory insufficiency that creates an imbalance between tissue oxygen supply and demand. It results in global tissue hypoperfusion and is classified into four categories: hypovolemic, cardiogenic, distributive, and obstructive shock. The body initiates compensatory responses to shock through autonomic stimulation and hormone release in an attempt to maintain perfusion pressure and oxygen delivery. However, these responses can lead to organ dysfunction if shock persists. Management of shock follows ABCDE principles of establishing airway, controlling breathing, optimizing circulation through fluid resuscitation and vasopressors, assuring adequate oxygen delivery, and achieving resuscitation endpoints. The specific causes and treatments of hypov
7 fluid, electrolyte balance
The document discusses fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance in the human body. It describes:
1) The distribution of body fluids between intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF), and the composition of each, including principal electrolytes.
2) Mechanisms of fluid movement such as diffusion, filtration, active transport, and osmosis.
3) Causes and types of fluid and electrolyte imbalances like dehydration, edema, and acid-base disturbances.
4) Systems that regulate acid-base balance including buffers, respiration, and the kidneys.
6anti hyperlipidemic drugs
Hyperlipidemia refers to elevated levels of lipids or lipoproteins in the blood. It is caused by disorders involving elevations of lipoproteins such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides. This puts one at risk for complications like atherosclerosis and pancreatitis. Treatment involves medications that lower LDL and triglyceride levels such as statins, resins, fibrates, and nicotinic acid. Each work by different mechanisms but commonly decrease lipid synthesis or increase lipid clearance to normalize lipid profiles and reduce cardiovascular risk. Side effects depend on the specific drug but may include gastrointestinal issues or myopathy.
5diuretics class
Diuretics work by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidney, which increases water excretion and urine output. They are classified based on their site of action along the nephron. Loop diuretics like furosemide act in the ascending loop of Henle. Thiazides such as hydrochlorothiazide act in the distal convoluted tubule. Potassium-sparing diuretics including spironolactone and amiloride act in the collecting duct. Each class of diuretic has distinct mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, and toxicities.
3arrythmia pharmacotherapy
Cardiac arrhythmia refers to an abnormal cardiac rhythm involving changes in rate or regularity. Common causes include physiological changes, valvular heart disease, ischemic heart disease, and cardiomyopathies. Clinical evaluation involves physical exam findings like abnormal pulse and palpitations, as well as ECG and lab tests. Mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis include disorders of impulse formation and conduction. Antiarrhythmic drugs work by affecting sodium, potassium, calcium, and adrenergic channels. First-line drugs include quinidine, procainamide, lidocaine, beta-blockers, amiodarone, verapamil, and lifestyle modifications. Treatment depends on whether the arrhythmia is life-threatening or affecting
2cardiac arrhytmia
Cardiac arrhythmia refers to abnormal cardiac rhythm involving changes in rate or regularity. Causes can be physiological due to autonomic nervous system changes or pathological factors like valvular heart disease, ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathies, or drug effects. Clinical evaluation involves physical exam findings like palpitations or abnormal pulse, and diagnostic tests like ECG, EP testing, or lab tests checking electrolyte levels. Arrhythmias occur via disorders of impulse formation, conduction, or a combination. They are described by rate, origin, pattern, and duration. Treatment involves antiarrhythmic drugs that alter automaticity, conduction velocity, or refractory periods.
1 drugs acting on cardiovascular system
This document discusses various classes of drugs acting on the cardiovascular system including cardiotonic drugs, antihypertensive drugs, antiarrhythmic drugs, and antianginal drugs. It provides details on mechanisms of action, indications, and side effects of specific drugs in these classes such as digitalis, alpha-methyl dopa, clonidine, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers. The document aims to comprehensively cover the pharmacology of commonly used cardiovascular drugs through detailed explanations of their properties and effects.
4 chf
Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. There are two main types: systolic, where the heart's pumping action is weakened, and diastolic, where the heart stiffens and does not relax properly. Compensatory responses like hypertrophy can initially help but eventually worsen the heart's function. Severity is classified from mild limitations to symptoms at rest. Common drugs used are diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and cardiac glycosides like digoxin which increase contractility by altering ion transport.
Pharmacology microsyllabus
This document outlines the pharmacology content for the cardiovascular, hematological, respiratory, and autonomic nervous systems. It includes sections on drugs for hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, hyperlipidemia, shock, hematinics, coagulation, antiplatelets, fibrinolytics, diuretics, antihistamines, H2 antagonists, prostaglandins, asthma, cough and respiratory stimulants. For each drug class, it describes the mechanism of action, uses, adverse effects, dosing, and pharmacokinetics of common representative drugs. The document provides a comprehensive overview of pharmacology topics related to these body systems.
Drug information resources
This document provides information on drug information resources and how to evaluate them. It discusses primary sources like research studies, secondary sources like abstracts and indexes, and tertiary sources like textbooks. Primary sources provide the most current evidence but have a narrow scope, while tertiary sources have a broad scope but are often out of date. The document outlines strategies for selecting the best sources depending on the type of question, and how to critically evaluate clinical studies and other drug information.
Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacogenetics is the study of how genetic factors influence individual responses to drugs. It examines genetic determinants like transporters, metabolizing enzymes, and receptors that impact drug efficacy and safety. Genetic polymorphisms, or variations, can result in differences in drug metabolism and response. Pharmacogenetics aims to personalize medicine by classifying patients as slow or fast metabolizers to determine optimal dosages, develop new drug targets, and better understand drug interactions. While it promises more powerful and safer medicines, limitations include complex gene interactions, challenges in identifying small genetic variations, and potential ethical issues around cost and access.
Lecture pharmacology of calcium metabolism
This document summarizes calcium metabolism and drugs that affect it. Calcium is essential for muscle, nerve, cardiac and blood coagulation functions. Its absorption is facilitated by vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin, while drugs like bisphosphonates, estrogen, fluoride, and mithramycin regulate bone resorption and serum calcium levels. Vitamin D increases calcium absorption and reabsorption, while parathyroid hormone and calcitonin work in opposing manners to control calcium levels in blood and bones. Disorders of calcium regulation like hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism are also discussed.
Lecture 1 anti viral agents
This document provides information on antiviral drugs, including their mechanisms of action and examples of major drugs used to treat different viral infections. It discusses how antiviral drugs work by blocking viral penetration, inhibiting viral DNA or RNA polymerase, or inhibiting reverse transcriptase. Major antiviral drugs mentioned include acyclovir, ganciclovir, foscarnet for herpes viruses, amantadine and rimantadine for influenza, entecavir and adefovir for hepatitis B, and various nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors as well as protease inhibitors for HIV. The document also reviews the adverse effects and guidelines for use of these various antiviral agents.
More from Gyanendra Raj Joshi (20)
14drugs acting on respiratory system expectorants, respiratory stimulants
14drugs acting on respiratory system expectorants, respiratory stimulants
13drugs acting on respiratory system anti asthmatics
13drugs acting on respiratory system anti asthmatics
Recently uploaded
Efficacy of Avartana Sneha in Ayurveda
Avartana Sneha is a unique method of Preparation of Sneha Kalpana in Ayurveda, mainly it is indicated for the Vataja rogas.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...chandankumarsmartiso
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel With 100% Satisfaction
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic Approach
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Basavarajeeyam - Ayurvedic heritage book of Andhra pradesh
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
STIs may cause PID. For the both disease, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can be a solution.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptx
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Swisschem Dermacare has mentioned the List of The Best Antifungal Soap In India 2022. All of these soaps are trusted by various Dermatology Experts.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Recently uploaded (20)
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic Approach
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic Approach
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
Muscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Muscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
Basavarajeeyam - Ayurvedic heritage book of Andhra pradesh
Basavarajeeyam - Ayurvedic heritage book of Andhra pradesh
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
Adverse drug reactions
- 1. Adverse Drug Reactions Dr. Gyanendra Raj Joshi PharmD, RPh
- 3. Adverse Drug Reaction • WHO definition: – A response to a drug which is noxious, unintended and occurs at doses used in man for prophylaxis, diagnosis or therapy.
- 4. • UK Commission on Human Medicines: – An unwanted or harmful reaction experienced after the administration of a drug or combination of drugs under normal conditions of use and suspected to be related to the drug.
- 5. Predisposing factors • • • • • Multiple drug therapy Age Gender Concomitant disease Race and genetic polymorphism
- 7. Classification • • • • • • • Type A ( Augmented) Type B ( Bizarre) Type C ( Chronic) Type D ( Delayed ) Type E ( End of use ) Type F ( Therapeutic Failure ) Type G ( Genetic /Genomic)
- 8. Type A reactions • Exaggerated pharmacological response • Excessive : Anticoagulants • Unwanted : TCAs • Withdrawal : Clonidine • Delayed : Diethylstilbestrol
- 9. Mechanisms of Type A reactions 1. Pharmaceutical causes : – Quantity of drug – Quality of drug – Release characters
- 10. 2. Pharmacokinetic causes : a. Absorption – Dosage – GI motility – First pass metabolism – Nature of gastric contents – Disease – Concomitant drugs
- 11. b. Distribution: – Regional blood flow – Plasma protein binding – Tissue binding c. Elimination : – Reduced elimination – Increased elimination – Drug Metabolism – Drug Excretion
- 13. Mechanism of Type B Reactions 1. Pharmaceutical Causes : – Degradation products – Non-drug components (excipients ) – Synthetic by- products 2. Pharmacokinetic Causes : – Bioactivation to reactive metabolites • • • Tacrine: hepatotoxicity Clozapine : agranulocytosis Halothane : hepatotoxicity
- 14. 3. Pharmacodynamic causes : a. Immunological b. Genetic c. Teratogenic
- 15. Immunological mechanisms Reaction Immunological mechanism Clinical manifestation Drugs Type I IgE mediated •Anaphylaxis Penicillin Type II Humoral (Antibody dependent Cytotoxic) IgG /IgM •Hemolysis •Thrombocytopenia Methyl Dopa Type III Arthus reaction Humoral Immune Complex mediated IgG/IgM •Serum sickness •Acute Glomerulonephritis •SLE •Vasculitis Streptokinase Type IV Delayed Cell mediated injury T cells •Skin eruptions •Steven Johnsons syndrome •Contact dermatitis •Delayed tuberculin test Amoxicillin
- 16. Genetic mechanisms • G6PD deficiency • N-acetyltransferase activity
- 17. Teratogenic mechanisms • Fertilization and implantation (upto 17 days) • Organogenesis (18-55) • Growth and development (56 onwards ) • • • • • • Thalidomide Phenytoin Warfarin Valproic acid Vit A derivatives Tetracyclines
- 19. Pregnancy category of drugs • • • • • A B C D X
- 20. Comparison between Type A and Type B Basis Type A Type B Pharmacologically predictable Yes No Dose dependent Yes No Incidence High Low Morbidity High Low Mortality Low High Management Dose adjustment Stop drug
- 21. Detecting ADRs • Causal attributes : – Time sequence – Withdrawal or reintroducing – Established pharmacology and toxicology • Degrees of conviction: – – – – – Definite Probable Possible Conditional Doubtful
- 22. Pharmacovigilance • Science and activities relating to the detection , assessment , understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug related problems. • Activities : – Post marketing surveillance /ADR monitoring – Dissemination of ADR data – Changes in labeling
- 23. Prevention of ADRs • • • • • • • Avoid inappropriate use Rational use of drugs Past medication history Past medical history Drug interactions Correct route and method Lab tests
- 24. ???