Advantages And Disadvantages Of Database System

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Database System
Although the database system yields considerable advantages over previous data management
approaches, database systems do carry certain disadvantages. Such as:
1. Increased costs:
Database Systems are in requirement of hardware as well as software of a sophisticated nature,
along side personnel who are deemed highly skilled. the cost of maintenance of the personnel, the
hardware & the software, required for the operation and management of a Database Management
System may be considerable. regulation licensing, & compliance & training costs are many at times
looked over on the implementation of the Database System.
a.) Cost of Hardware & Software:
A processor capable of processing data at high speed, as well as, a sizeable memory are the
prerequisites which are required in order to execute the DBMS software. this implies that one has to
upgrade the hardware used currently at use for file–based system. in a similar fashion, DBMS ...
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this is a cumbersome as well as time intensive way to transform data of data files into database. one
has to hire/employ a DBA & System Designer, along side some application programmers; As an
alternative, one must avail the services provided by certain software houses. therefore a substantial
expenditure must be incurred in order to Develop a database & other such software of relevance.
c) Cost of Staff Training: the majority of the DBMSs are considered Complex–systems, therefore,
Users require specialised training in order to use the Database. this training is multi–levels, &
encompasses training in the fields of programming/coding, the development of applications, as well
as, the administration of databases. therefore the organisation has to incur heavy expenditure in
order to train the personnel to use the Database Systems
2. Management
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Database Management Systems Or Dbms
Database Management Systems or DBMS' are essential software's for databases that take in
information to be processed, organized, and analyzed. DBMS' play a significant role in many things
we interact with on the daily like the internet. DBMS' can be on a small scale for individual use or
on a larger scale for a company looking to keep track of all the data they collect.
Each database is custom designed for the company, or organization that will use it. Records are kept
in databases and each record is very unique in its own way having different fields for what it
pertains to. Each record has something that makes it unique that the other records don't have. Text,
number, dates, and amounts of money are all different computations for DBMS. All of this
information is separated into fields and this is how Big Data is sorted and accessible and
understandable. The data can be put in manually or sometimes it is computer assisted when it is
more efficient. For example: a program may catch on if you are doing monthly reports and create a
section for all 12 months after one is manually made.
The use of Database Management Systems can date back to 1966. The program was made by IBM
with the help of other companies for the Apollo Program. It was designed to keep track of the bill of
materials for space crafts and other things involving the trip to space. This database used a
hierarchical format which can be considered a tree like structure which is still used today. At the top
of the

Database Management Systems : Role Of Database
Chapter 5
Topic 1
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS:
ROLE OF DATABASE IN SQL SERVER:
A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that enables you to store,
modify, and extract information from a database. There are many different types of database
management systems, ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge systems
that run on mainframes
1) It is a suite of programs for constructing and maintaining the database.
2) Offering ad hoc query facilities to multiple users and applications.
3) A query language provides a uniform interface to the database for users and multiplications.
4) Database systems provide efficient access to large volumes of data and are vital to the operation
of many organizations.
It also usually enables access controls to be specified over a wider range of commands, such as to
select, insert, update, or delete specified items in the database. Thus, security services and
mechanisms are needed that are designed specifically for, and integrated with database systems.
Statements from database management systems generally plays protecting role for the digital assets.
In this the operating systems mechanisms typically control read and write access to entire files So
they could be used to allow a user to read or to write any information.
TOPIC 2:
PRIMARY KEY AND FOREIGN KEY:
PRIMARY KEY:

A table typically has a column or combination of columns that contain values that uniquely identify
each row in the

The Security Of Database System
The Security Of Database
Introduction
In the contemporary times, it has been widely believed that the huge computer network platform is
considered to be extremely beneficial in terms of making the entire community more informative
(Martínez, et al, 2013). The technology of database has created a leading position for itself in the
computing environment. However, due to this drastic increase in the use of computer network
systems, it has been widely observed that there has been an aggravation in the aspects of network
intrusion and identity theft. And with many other words did he testify and exhort, saying, Save
yourselves from this untoward generation (Acts2:40, New King James Version). Therefore, the
database system is considered to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thesis Statement
The aspect of computer database security is aggravating with the increase in intense influence of
technology in our routine lives. The paper aims to present some key security threats and the
effective solutions in order to counter such threats that are largely adopted by the companies in
today's world.
Various Types of Attacks on the Computer Network System
After the violation of several layers of protection, it has been observed that the attacker or hacker
may want to perform the below listed attacks.
Direct Attacks
This type of attack specifically means that the targeted data or sensitive information is attacked
directly. Due to this, it has been observed that these targeted attacks are considered to be extremely
obvious and they are successful only in the condition if the database is not protected by any sort of
protection mechanism (Ahmad, et al, 2011). In case there is any protection system installed at the
gateway, this type of attack is failed and the attacker proceeds to the next.
Indirect Attacks
In this type of attack, the attack is not aimed directly at the data or information, which is targeted.
Rather, in an indirect attack, information about the target and from the target is achieved through
various intermediate objects. Here, attackers usually use combination of keys as well as queries.
Some of them are even used for the purpose of misdirecting and cheating the secure mechanism of
database security (Ambler, 2012). These are

Database Management System ( Dbms )
2. What is a DBMS? Briefly describe the components of a DBMS.
Database Management System(DBMS) is a collection of interrelated data (database) and set of
programs to access and modify those data.
DBMS has several components. Each component has some specific task to perform. The Major
components DBMS are as follows,
Hardware
Without hardware it is not possible to implement DBMS. The main hardware is the computer used
for storing and accessing the data in database. Other hardware components used in DBMS are
Storage devices, I/O devices, and electromechanical devices which makes interface between user
and the database.
Software
This is main component of the DBMS. Software is the set of programs to access and control the data
in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Granting of authorization for data access iv. Routine maintenance
End Users
The real users who the application programs to interact with the database to perform different
operations stored in the database. Some of the operations are insertion, deletion, updating data in the
database, etc.
Query processor
It converts the user queries into series of low level instructions. The query processor has the
following components,
i. DDL interpreter:
It interprets DDL statements and records definitions in the data dictionary. ii. DML compiler:
It translates DML statements in the query language into an evaluation plan consisting of low level
instructions. iii. Query evaluation engine:
It executes low level instructions (query evaluation plan).
Data
Data is the most important component of the DBMS. The main purpose of DBMS is to process the
data in efficient and convenient way for the users. In DBMS, databases are defined, constructed,
modified , inserted and accessed from the database. There are two types of data in the DBMS. They
are
i. Meta data:
It is the data about data or description about data stored in the database. Data definition
language(DDL) is used to manipulate this type of data. ii. Actual data:

This is data actually stored in the database by the users. Data manipulation language(DML) is used
to manipulate this type of data.
3. Describe a primary key, candidate key, secondary key, foreign key, and a combination

Assignment 2 Database Management Systems
Assignment–2 Database Management Systems
General Database Concepts
1. Describe the types of facility you would expect to be provided in a multi–user DBMS.
Data Storage, Retrieval and Update.
A User–Accessible Catalog.
Transaction Support.
Concurrency Control Services.
Recovery Services.
Authorization Services.
Support for Data Communication.
Integrity Services.
Services to Promote Data Independence.
Utility Services.
2. Discuss the differences between DDL and DML? What operations would you typically expect to
be available in each language?
Data Definition Language (DDL) statements are used to define the database design or schema while
Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements are used to manage data with Schema objects.
In DDL, we have operations like
CREATE: To create objects in database.
ALTER: Alter the structure of the database.
DROP: Delete objects from database.
TRUNCATE: Removing all records from the table.
COMMENT: Add comments to the data dictionary.
RENAME: rename the object.
In DML, we have operations like
SELECT: Retrieve data from the database.
INSERT: Insert data into the table.
UPDATE: Updates existing table.
DELETE: Deletes all the records from the table, the space for the record remain.
MERGE: UPSERT operation (insert or update)

CALL: Call a PL/SQL or java program.
3. Name four object–based data models.
Object and Object identifier
Attributes and methods
Class
Class

Database Analysis : Database Management System
Abstract
This research paper is to survey on database environment and development process. Database is an
organized collection of logically related data. It consists of tables, queries, views and other objects.
Database management system is a software system used for creating and managing databases. It is a
collection of programs used to store, modify and extract information from database. It helps users
and programmers for creating updating and managing the data in a systematic way. There are many
types of database management system ranging from small systems to huge systems that run on
personal computers and mainframes.
This research paper provides information some topics on database environment and it also provides
how a database is created at each stage in the development process and also on evolution of database
management, database system and types, data models, system development life cycle, advantages
and disadvantages of database approach.
The world has become a very complex place. From the earliest days of computers, storing and
manipulating the data have been a major application focus. There has been enormous growth in the
computer and database applications over the past two decades. Database is a group of data which
consists of tables, schema, reports and views. Database may be of any size and complexity. For
example, a salesperson may maintain a small database of customer contacts which consists of few
megabytes in his or her computer. A large

Database Protection System For The Security Of The...
Abstract:
In the last 5 years the usage of internet has increased vastly. Internet attacks has been increasing. As
attacks are increasing there is no security for the network related data bases. We need urgently a
database protection system against the attacks in order keep the data securely.
This paper reviews about the SQL attacks, database protection system which is used between the
database and web application. There are different protective measures for the different users to
provide effective security of the database.
Introduction:
Since the rapid increase of use of Internet, computer network technology has rapid growth. Now a
day's internet is used in almost every fields like governments, business and health care and schools
etc. made the rapid development of the computer network technology.
Networks play key role in these computer era. It brings convenience, along with it also brings the
malicious attackers. Network attackers are targeting the network database, to get the secured data.
The most common attack are SQL attacks. SQL statements are the tools of SQL attacks.
SQL Attacks:
The Principles of SQL attacks:
The most common attacks on the web are SQL attacks. SQL means Structured Query Language.
SQL is used by the relational databases to perform the database operations. Generally web servers
use databases to store the information. Every site on the web mostly uses the databases. SQL is also
one type of programming language which helps to interact with the

Database Management Systems And Databases
Abstract:
NoSQL Databases also referred as Not only SQL databases. These NoSQL database have these days
gained much attention and reputation because of their performance and high scalability. The
advantage of NoSQL database is to store efficiently unstructured data. These days use of e–
commerce websites, social networking sites etc. has been increased. These usage made to create the
need to store the large data. Some companies have adopted NoSQL databases, as their data is
growing. Dynamo, Big table, Voldemort, Cassandra are the NoSQL databases that are used by
Amazon, Google, and LinkedIn and Facebook respectively. Facing these huge data has become
challenging for Relational Database Management Systems. Hence NoSQL database came into
existence. Mostly Relational Database Management System satisfies ACID properties, through
NoSQL database we can achieve high level of Scalability and performance. As a lot of sensitive data
is stored in NoSQL databases security issues becomes growing concerns. This Paper explains about
overview of NoSQL databases like Cassandra, mongo dB and their security features.
Introduction:
Database Management Systems has some basic requirements. They are confidentiality, integrity and
Availability. Availability means the stored data should be available when needed. These data should
be available only to the authorized entities called as Confidentiality. If that data is modified by the
authorized entities it is called as integrity. The traditional

Database Management Systems
Database Management System
Basith Shaik
Southern New Hampshire University
September 7, 2015
Abstract
The intent of this paper is to design and propose a database management system solution to
Grandfield College for tracking software installed. I have analyzed the organizational issues and
needs and developed conceptual, logical, and physical designs of DBMS solution. In order to
implement the solution, substantial research had been done on best practices in design, available
products, and the legal and ethical standards to which we must adhere during design. This paper
includes Business rules, Conceptual, Logical, and Physical database designs, Recommendations on
best DBMS required for Grandfield College, Data model, Legal ... Show more content on
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* Track requests of new software.
Issues with current system * Some of the information is recorded in notebooks and not entered in
spreadsheets * Reliable database is not available * People work in shifts to collect and preserve the
data * There is no security provided for the records to protect against threats
Highlights of Information provided * Installations are not entered until they have completed
successfully. * Some installations can be done from network drives. * Some installation require
media. * Instructors with administrative rights can check out software and do their own installations.
* Instructors with administrative rights must sign an agreement and are responsible for their own
support.
Solution
Looking at the requirements of Grandfield College, I have planned a solution with following steps
are Step 1. Data Gathering: This task consists of the gathering of spreadsheets currently used by the
software management team which includes the list of software, licensing of software, and all faculty
and staff computers and what software is installed on each. Also included is a list of software
requests. Step 2. Data Analysis: The data will be analyzed to determine database modeling. Step 3.
Database normalization: Fields and

Question 1: Differentiate between database management system and information retrieval system by
focusing on their functionalities.
Database management system (DBMS) is an application which interacts with the database at some
point in its execution. While, the Information Retrieval System (IR) is the activity of gathering
information resources which related to information need from a collection of information resources.
Usually, we use metadata or full–text indexing in order to make a search on data requires.
Information Retrieval Systems are used to overcome what has been called as "information
overload". Many universities and public libraries use Information Retrieval System to provide
access to books, journals and other documents. For instance, Web search engines such as Google,
Yahoo and Bing, are the most visible IR applications.
There are several functions that DBMS performed to make sure the integrity of the data and data
consistency in the database such as data storage, retrieval and update, A user–Accessible catalogue,
transactional support, concurrency control services, recovery services, Authorization services,
support for data communication, integrity services, services to promote data independence and
utility services.
Meanwhile, an information retrieval process begins when a user enters a query into the system.
Queries are formal statements of information needs, for example search strings in web search
engines. In information retrieval a query does not

Description Of A Database Management System
A database is a collection of information sequenced and organized in such a way that the computer
may be able to source and access it on demand by the operator. Like any other management system,
a database management system is a collection of programs and protocols that enable the user to
enter, sequence, organize, retrieve and select data on demand. Thus, a database management system
(abbreviated as DBMS) can be defined as the cumulated system that helps the user to access and
make effective use of a database on proper authentication.
The company chosen for analysis of database management is Amazon Incorporated. Amazon is an
online shopping portal that is now listed as the 4th largest database holder, even above firms like
YouTube or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This operation does not require any human intervention and is the sole responsibility of the database
management system.
Since Amazon is an international company, the customer base to be kept track of is huge and as a
result, the data that is stored is also enormous. In addition to the authentication details of the user,
the company also collects the following data Geographic location Search history Phone identity
Online transaction information Frequency of
addition to the data requested optionally, the company stores the following data for optimal usage of
the relational database services it offers. Credit card details Address of the buyer Interests of the
buyer
These are stored in "graph formats" that is accessed by a "NoSQL" database developed by Amazon.
This makes the company to access and retrieve the data as soon as possible. Following the many
advantages the database had, the company even made the database available to companies in need in
pro–rata basis.
Security offered
The company uses a 128 bit secured encryption for all the data stored in their database. The
transmission of data is done through Secure sockets layer (commonly referred as SSL), which
enables high level protection against data theft or tamper.
Accessing data worldwide
Data management service for an international company also refers to the ability to transfer and
receive data in any geographic location provided it the recipient server is

Relational Database Management System
SQL Server has a reputation of being the one of the most trusted relational database management
system as it provides great security, reliability, and scalability features. But it is also quite complex
and when the size of database grows, the response time required for a query also extends. To
overcome such situations, the administrators need to perform a smooth SQL tuning which will
ensure that SQL statements will run as fast as possible. There are different aspects related to the
program and many possible options to consider if you really want to tune a SQL Server platform.
Here are some tips which the database administrators can apply to make some small changes to tune
the SQL Server and minimize the response time required for every ... Show more content on
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Example,
Query A takes 1 hour to process.
Query B takes 5 minutes to process.
Query A is non–urgent query eligible to nurse–availability.
Query B is urgent query eligible to nurse–availability.
As both queries are eligible to nurse–availability, then if the Query A is being processed and in the
meantime there is a request from Query B, then Query A will be paused and Query B will be
processed.
3. Check the Index usage quite often –
Sys.dm_db_index_operational_stats() DMF is quite underutilized tool which can provide a great
information about index usage. By using this DMF tool you may be able to gather all the vital
information required to determine which index is being used and which used to be used next. It will
even let you know various things like time elapsed for processes, latching and locking.
4. Rebuilt the index after SQL server update –
It is quite normal for a business to upgrade its SQL server platform from old to a newer one. But
sometimes this upgrade makes the performance of different queries changed. Earlier any query
which used to execute in 30 seconds would now will take 15 minutes. It happens because the query
execution plan is different in each SQL Server version. Furthermore, the sequence of table nested
loops/Inner Joins are also different. Since SQL server works in live environment, so amending the
queries is quite different.

Database Analysis : Database Management System Essay
Choosing A Database
Everyday the world progressively moves towards a digital future, and the use of physical data
storage, such as files in filing cabinets, are becoming obsolete. Most companies store their
information into databases to easily manage and share their data within the organization. A database
management system (DBMS) is needed to to create, use and maintain databases for the efficient
storage and retrieval of data.
Why Choose a Database?
Before one can begin to choose a database, it is first important to understand the goals and purposes
of the organization and their database needs. Databases are not a one size fits all, and need to be
thoroughly researched before moving forward.
To understand what an organization's database requirements may be, it is vital to discern what uses
can be had from a database. Databases are key in a business operation, they allow for the quick
access to company data, and help to quickly sort and deliver information when needed. A few
examples of the functions a database can provide for a business is the ability to track customers,
their inventory, and even employees.
Being able to manage customers in a database is one of the biggest assets a company can gain when
transitioning to a database. A customer is the 'lifeblood' of a business and using a database can help
to keep the customer's contact details, previous orders, and any other pertinent data that may apply.
Another benefit to keeping customers in a database is the

A database could be as simple as an alphabetical arrangement of names in an address book or as
complex as a database that provides information in a combination of formats. For example a library
can be considered a database because a library stores books therefore it is a database of books. But
computer databases collect information and organize such to enable efficient retrieval in formats
such as electronically, graphically, audibly, statistically or physically; printed on paper. Computers
process data in a database into information, a database allows users to search information in an
organized collection that is useful. In addition to documents, information can be in the form of
audio, images, and video. With database software often called database management system
(DBMS) users create a computerized database. DBMS users can add, modify, and delete data in the
database; create forms and reports from the data in the database. Most organizations realize that data
is one of their more valuable assets. At many organizations for example Boutwell and Owens,
employees must punch in the building and time clock with magnetic cards encrypted with an
assigned number. With the database approach many programs and users share the data in the
database. Building accesses are entered into the security's computer database while managers and
owners can also access this information from their computers. The time clock tracks the hours in the
Human Resources database for the period of time

A Database For A Relational System
Database Normalization Srikanth Karra Instructor: Dr. Steven Case Southern New Hampshire
University When we design a database for a relational system, the main objective in the
development of a logical data model is to create an accurate representation of the data its
relationship and constraints. The data should be split in different tables, which can then be joined
together based on their relations with each other and the data found in each one of them. These
tables should therefore be designed well to save on space and ensure that cases on data
inconsistency are eliminated. Another aspect, which will be saved on, is space that is occupied by
repetitive data. Normalization is the process that is used to remove redundancy ... Show more
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It is highly recommended by practitioners that all databases be designed to at most the third normal
form as there's little or no benefit designing to the higher normal forms. The type of activity or
transactions to be performed against the database should determine how normalized this database
will be to achieve the performance benefits. Importance of having a normalized database There are
many advantages to normalizing databases. The first being the ability to minimize modification
anomalies by reducing redundancy, maintain data consistency and protect data integrity. Data
consistency is the act on ensuring that similar data does not appear in different tables or entries in
the database. This is highly discouraged because inconsistency can result into a lot of losses in terms
of space and time. It can be confusing and especially when updating the data which has multiple
entries. A database should therefore be well designed to ensure that all the data is well documented
and all inconsistency has been eliminated in the tables. Normalization is a process for evaluating and
correcting tables to minimize the likelihood of data anomalies. Basically, normalization can help
ensure the proper data is entered into any particular field by restricting what can be entered or stored
in that particular field (Kroenke, 2006). The essence of data normalization is to split your data into
several tables that will be connected to each other based on the data within them

Databases are fundamentally containers for data. When data for any organization needs to be stored,
databases can be used. For example, let's say a public library stores books, we could say that the
library is a database of books. But specifically, databases are computer structures that save,
organize, safeguard and produce and/or deliver data. A database platform is essentially a database
management system (DBMS) which is a computer software application that interacts with the user,
other applications, and with the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general–purpose
DBMS is designed in a way to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of
databases1. Before we dive deeper into databases and the types, we need to know the difference
between what a database is and what a DBMS is so we don't confuse ourselves.
Database is a collection of related data stored in several different tables, and linked with each other
using foreign keys. A DBMS is a Database Management System, is a piece of software that manages
databases and lets you create, edit and delete databases, their tables and their data. Examples of a
DBMS include, MySQL, MY SQL Server, Oracle, PostgreSQL, and SQLite.
When Organizations involved in combining various data sources may well be looking to source a
Database Management system. There are various factors to consider during the process. Some of the
factors include:
1) Usability – When considering a database, you have to

What Are The Two Hr Database Systems?
Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each system you researched. Based on your
knowledge of human resources and database systems, propose one (1) package that would fit the
needs of your organization. Suggest three (3) specific reasons why you would recommend that
system over the other. As we know that HRIS is an essential part of Human Resources. It is the
intersection of HR and information the technology through HR software. This allows the activities
and processes of HR to occur electronically. The two HR database systems I will elaborate on is
Kronos and Workday.
Kronos is a cloud based workforce management solution that allows small to midsize organizations
to gain a competitive advantage by automating the necessary and labor intensive business processes
with consistent real–time employee data. Kronos provides single source access that an organization
need across time and attendance, HR, payroll, and much more. This allows organizations to make
better more informed decisions. (2003–2016 KRONOS Incorporated)
Kronos in the cloud allows organizations to teach their workforce goals faster for a rapid return on
their investment. It also allows organizations to keep their workforce management solutions running
very smoothly, it is cost efficient, reduces the need for additional IT resources and technology
infrastructure. It is easy to use which allows organizations to rely on the application itself without
assistance from their IT department. When

The Ordinary Cdbs Is Relation Database System
This paper describes the ordinary CDBS is Relation Database System (RDBS), which has the great
system for transactions processing and locking. Locking mechanism in DDBS is similar to that in
RDBS, but it is more complex because of data distribution and transaction concurrence in
distributed database system. state that the Lock table and Two–stage Locking convention (2PL) are
utilized as a part of Relation Database Management System (RDBMS) with multi–granularity
convention for accessing operation of lock scheduler. The lock table correspondence describes each
element that 's locked in the lock table.There are 3 locking models for RDBMS namely
DB2,Oracle,Sql server 2005. Row–level shared locks allow multiple users to read data, but do not
allow any users to change that data.Table–level shared locks allow multiple users to perform read
and write operations on the table, but do not allow any users to perform DDL operations.Multiple
users can hold shared locks simultaneously. An exclusive lock allows only one user/connection to
update a particular piece of data (insert, update, and delete). When one user has an exclusive lock on
a row or table, no other lock of any type may be placed on it. Each Xact must obtain a S (shared)
lock on object before reading, and an X (exclusive) lock on object before writing. A transaction can
release its locks once it has performed its desired operation (R or W). A transaction cannot request
additional locks once it releases any locks. All locks

Assignment 02
Due date: 1 August 2012 NB: Make sure you select the correct unique number for your module from
those indicated below. Unique number 759546 Tutorial matter covered in the prescribed book
Chapters 1 – 3: Chapter 5: Chapter 6: Chapter 7: Chapter 12: Chapter 14: Chapter 16: Revise as for
Assignment 01 Entity relationship modelling Advanced data modelling Normalisation of database
tables Transaction management and concurrency control Distributed database management systems
Database connectivity and web development
Question 1
What is a composite entity, and when is it used?
[4 marks] [8 marks]
Question 2
Briefly, but precisely, explain the difference between single–valued attributes and simple attributes.
Give an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each time a new product is created, it must be added to the product inventory, using the
PROD_QOH in a table named PRODUCT. And each time the product ABC is created, the parts
inventory, using PART_QOH in a table named PART, must be reduced by one each of parts A, B,
and C. The sample database contents are shown in table 2. Table 2: The database for question 7
Table name: PRODUCT PROD_CODE ABC PROD_QOH 1,205 Table name: PART PART_CODE
PART_QOH A 567 B 498 C 549
On the basis of the above information, answer questions 7.1 to 7.3. 7.1 How many database requests
can you identify for an inventory update for both PRODUCT and PART? (2) 7.2 Using SQL, write
each database request you identified in question 7.1. 7.3 Write the complete transaction(s). (2) (20)
9
EXAMINATIONS
Use your my Studies @ Unisa brochure for general examination guidelines and examination
preparation guidelines.

10
None
OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS
11
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Here are some of the questions (with their answers) that students repeatedly ask. Where can I get
hold of a copy of the textbook? Rob, Coronel and Crocket (2008) is a popular database textbook that
many students from different universities use. You are therefore advised to purchase the book as
soon as possible. If the University bookstore does not have the book in stock, ask them to put your
name on

Database Management System Software ( Dbms )
Introduction Database management system software (DBMS) is the software that can operate on the
front and back end of an organization's database. As do the database requirements of an organization
differ, so do the types of DBMS software. The type of DBMS software required can often be
narrowed down to the organization's size and industry (Mohamed 2016). Currently, the top three
DBMSs are Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft SQL Server ("Microsoft SQL Server vs. MySQL vs.
Oracle Comparison" 2016). Each having its own forte; however, in this assessment, only MySQL
and Microsoft SQL Server (MS SQL Server) will by compared and contrasted to one another in the
aspects of an organization's needs, the hardware requirements, and the database ... Show more
MySQL also has a low total cost of ownership, in part, due to its diverse platform capabilities, free
use for simple users, and in–house operations. As a result of MySQL's broad compatibility and
ability to perform typical database needs, it is an appropriate selection for organizations looking for
a cost effective DBMS for lightweight to medium weight database requirements. MySQL has
different editions to meet the database needs of organizations. The different editions are as follows:
MySQL Community, Standard, Enterprise, and Cluster Carrier Grade ("MySQL :: MySQL Editions"
2016). The free MySQL Community Edition has the least features, has very limited security, and
only limited support on the forums. Organizations seeking support might choose MySQL Standard
Edition for an annual subscription at $2,000, which offers 24/7 support but also has limited security
and is unable to offer security, backup capabilities, and scalability. If security is a concern for an
organization, MySQL Enterprise Edition offers the previous editions feature in addition to security,
database backup, scalability, and an audit program for a yearly subscription of $5,000. For
organizations operating at multiple locations with high automation needs, MySQL Cluster Carrier
Grade Edition can automatically support the organization and has automated repair function to
maintain continuity for an annual subscription of $10,000. The

Database Security Databases are used to store different types of information, from data on an e–mail
account to important data of government agencies. The security of the database inherits the same
difficulties of security facing the information, which is to ensure the integrity, availability and
confidentiality. Database management system must provide mechanisms that will assist in this task.
SQL databases implement mechanisms that restrict or enable access to data according to profiles or
roles provided by the administrator. (Mittal, 2009). The "GRANT" command grants specific
privileges to an object (table, view, sequence, database, function, procedural, schema, or table space
language) for one or more users or groups of users. The concern with the creation and maintenance
of secure environments is one of the main concerns of the network administrator, operating systems
and databases. Research shows that most of the attacks, theft of information and access non –
authorized are carried out by people belonging to the organization. For this reason, these
professionals strive to both create and use tools in order to eliminate unauthorized access or reduce
the opportunities of success of attempts to attack either internal or external. Information systems
access controls must certify that all the shortcuts to the system happen exclusively according to
modalities and pre–scheduled rules observed by protection directives/policies (Ben Natan, 205).
Generally, security

Microsoft Sql Database Management System
Introduction and Methodology
Microsoft SQL Database Administrator Database plays a major role in any organization. As a
Database administrator(DBA) he/she is responsible in developing, implementing and maintaining
the databases and DBA 's are also responsible in updating, backup 's and security of the databases.
The first Database Management System was developed in the late 1960 's by two firms based on
their network data model but in the early 1970's a scientist of IBM introduced Relational database
theory after six years IBM completed prototype on RDBMS (relational database management
system). Oracle created the first versatile Relational Database Management Systems In 1983, which
allowed organizations to use their DBMS on different machines including mainframes,
workstations, and Pc 's. In 1993 Microsoft first created a database application called Access for
Macintosh machines. Microsoft SQL server is a RDBMS which is used to store and retrieve the data
by other software applications. There are 12 types of servers concentrated on various types of user 's
from single computer to large networks (Microsoft SQL DBA). I have pursued my under graduation
in Information Technology, during my course work I was more interested in databases and I have
developed special interest in making it as my career. I have learned basics of all database concepts
and I have attended extra tuitions and seminars to get in depth knowledge about it. In the last
semester of my master's program I

Description Of A Database Management System
Chris Velasquez
MGMT 329
Final Research Paper to Pass
A database is an organized collection of data. It is the collection of tables, queries, reports, viewings,
and other objects. The data are typically organized to model aspects of reality in a way that supports
processes requiring information, such as modelling the structure of a major business such as
Walmart, and all of its data including things like their inventory, customers, and their employees. A
database management system is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other
applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general purpose database
management system is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and
administration of databases.The Database uses terms that are key for anyone to sift through the
collection of data that any company or business collects. terminology consists of keywords that will
help users select desired pieces of data. The primary key is a special relational database table
column of a collection of columns appointed to individually identify all table records. The primary
key's main features include: it cannot contain a unique value for each row of data, and it cannot
contain null values. The primary key is either an existing table column or a column that is explicitly
initiated by the database according to a defined sequence. The foreign key is a column or group of
columns in a relational database table that implements

Database Mangement and Retrieval System
Question 1.
Differentiate between database management system and information retrieval system by focusing on
their functionalities.
Database Management System (as known as DBMS) is a set of application that enable user to
create, edit, update, store and retrieve data from database files. By using DBMS, data in a database
can be added, deleted, changed, sorted and searched. DBMSs are usually used to manage employee
information of a big company, customer information and stock information. By using the DBMS,
there are advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of a DBMS is the same information can be
available to any user, minimizing redundancy can reduce the cost of storing information on other
devices, the accuracy in using DBMS because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In information retrieval concept, metadiator is the one who helps to support the interaction between
the user and the information resource.
There are two main approaches to IR, which are statistical approach and semantic approach. In a
statistical approach, documents are analyzed and broken down into chunks of text and each word or
phrase is counted, weighted, and measured for relevance or importance. Meanwhile, semantic
approaches to IR use knowledge–based techniques of retrieval the broadly rely on the syntactic,
lexical, sentential, discourse–based, and pragmatic levels of knowledge understanding. In practice,
semantic approaches also apply some form of statistical analysis to improve the retrieval process.
Question 2.
Highlight the differences between data and information.
Data and information are related. Once data is processed, it calls information. But data is raw, plain
and unprocessed item and need to be processed. Data itself is useless until it is organized.
Meanwhile, information is a collection of data after it process. Generally, there are three main
differences between data and information such as their meaning, example and definition.
In the context of meaning, data is something plain, raw, unorganized facts that need to process to be
meaningful while information is a collection of many data that is meaningful to the user. For
example, the score of science test, date of birthday,

Information Systems And Database Technology
Health information systems and database technology continue to advance and grow and allow users
to pull data and interconnect like ever before. The goal for this discussion is to better familiarize you
with fundamental concepts in relation to database systems and relevant health information
standards. We will also be comparing three of the top ten most purchased EHR systems for
comparison, allowing you to understand the functionality of each system, as well as, the barriers to
implementation. A database is a collection of information organized so that a computer program can
quickly select desired pieces of data. A database can be thought of as an electronic filing system. An
example would be how a large hospital uses and stores medical records. Most databases are
organized by fields, records, and files. Databases can be quite simple counting only a single table
which is composed of a record, which are made up of fields or can be large and contain many
records and fields (Beaumont 2000). Databases can be paper based but most are computer based.
Databases in computers are usually handled by software called DataBase Management Systems
(DBMS) (Beaumont 2000). These are a collection of programs that enables you to organize, enter,
and select data in a database. Some examples are Oracle, Access and Paradox. Some components of
DBMS include table and structured data, meta–data, action/privileges, queries and reports, and
programming language. A table is collection of data

Summary:
Database Management System in easy terms we can say that set of data organized in a relative way.
It allows data for various entries, storage and retrieval of large quantity of information and provides
ways to manage how the information is stored. There is big number of database providers and each
different database has its own strength so while choosing a particular database we need to
understand what the business requirement is and match them with what DBMS can provide us to
make our data management conveniently and easily. Oracle Database has wide range of products
and services that they offer. The current recent version of oracle database is 12c in market. it has
multi–tenant architecture and it has very good resources to make it more efficient for users to use. It
has unlimited number of database size and user can take advantage of various functions in it like
data warehousing, big data architecture depending on the needs of the user organization.
Resource 2 Title and Reference:
DBMS – Microsoft SQL Server
Retrieved from:
Gravelle, R. (2014). An Overview of the MySQL Performance Schema – DatabaseJournal.com.
[online] Databasejournal.com. Available at: http://www.databasejournal.com/features/mysql/an–
overview–of–the–mysql–performance–schema.html Summary:
Database Management System is a kind of software used to manage complex and large data in a
related format. It allows us to pull the data from different sources, store and sort the data. It is a

Relational Database Systems And Relational Databases
Relational Database Systems
The idea of relational database was first introduced by E.F.Codd at IBM in 1970. It is a kind of
computer database in which data is stored in Relations and is represented in the form of tables with
rows and columns. Databases can vary in sizes, ranging from very small and simple to very large
and complex ones. Database users can access the data practically in an unlimited number of ways.
Relational databases help in finding the information in a quick and efficient manner that one is
looking for.Today many popular databases use the model of relational database.
The invention of relational databases have brought a number of changes to the business world in
which they operate specially for the businesses whose prime focus is on its customers, their likes
and dislikes to win more market share. There is no such concept as "one size fits all" in using this
technology, it varies from industry to industry. One thing may work for some businesses and may
not work for others, therefore it is advisable that one should shop around before investing in any of
the technologies because it is vital to find an industry–specific solution. One technique to narrow the
search for industry–specific solutions is to find out what our competitors are using to gain more
customer base.
When it comes to customers, the use of relational database management systems can help in linking
various features of business electronically, like connecting a customer with specific product

An Object Relational Database Management System
INTRODUCTION An object–relational database management system (ORDMS) is a DBMS that
supports both relational and object–oriented functions. SQL:1999 seems like the most innovative
update to the language since its induction, largely because of the adoption of object–oriented related
upgrades. COLLECTION TYPES "A collection is an ordered group of elements, all of the same
type." (Oracle 2002) With this addition it became possible to use set operators which allows for a
single result from two queries. Operator Returns UNION All distinct rows selected by either query
UNION ALL All rows selected by either query, including all duplicates INTERSECT All distinct
rows selected by both queries MINUS All distinct rows selected by the first query ... Show more
3. Varrays – this also uses sequential numbering as the key which makes its use ideal when trying to
access its contents in sequence. However, because varrays holds a fixed number of elements, the
method should be used when the amount of elements is predetermined. USER–DEFINED DATA
TYPES (UDT) UDTs have numerous ways of implementation. They act much like the typedefs in
the C language and can be used as defining a table, element, or even column type. Distinct user–
defined types of power allow the use of name equivalence instead of structural equivalence.
Compatible operations can be achieved by using the CAST operation. Structured user–defined types
allow for type inheritance which creates subtypes that inherit attributes and functions of their super
types or references types. "There are several reasons why UDT 's are useful within an object
database" (Burleson Consulting 2014): 1. Encapsulation – The existence of a complete entity. This
means once the data definitions, default values, and value constraints are defined uniformity and
consistency are guaranteed. Because of this, once nested UDTs will retain uniformity throughout the
database. 2. Reusability – Refers to the reuse of the hierarchy of common data structures which we
learned in a previous course saves coding time and insures uniformity. 3. Flexibility – This is
obvious in the name, User–Defined Data Type, as it allows great flexibility when creating

Relational Database Model And No Sql Database System
COMPARISON OF RELATIONAL DATABASE MODEL AND NO SQL DATABASE SYSTEM:
The Relational database and the No SQL database are both appropriate database methods depending
on the way they are being implemented and the purpose of the business for which they are being
incorporated. However, both the database approaches have distinct wide variety of characteristics,
based on which they can be compared and contrasted in the following way.
STRUCTURE OF DATA: The data structure of a relational database comprises of table structure.
Every table is identified by a unique name or label. The data tables are described as the collection of
rows and columns. Each row of the table is known as the record and each column is known as the
field of the specific data table. All the data sets are well organized and logical linked to each other
through definite and unique relationships. A table, therefore can also be defined as the "structured
collection of relationships". The fundamental aim of developing No SQL database systems is to
easily and effectively handle vast quantity of data or information in advanced web–scale
applications. In order to achieve this purpose, the No SQL systems are designed as the schema–free
database systems. There are different modes to define the No SQL databases that typically depend
on the requirements of the data that has to be managed. The main No SQL data structures include
column database, key–value store database, document store database, graph database and

Relational Database Management System
1. A Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) is a type of database management system
that stores data in the form of related tables. The system does not require many assumptions about
how data is related t or how it is to be extracted from the database. The database can be viewed in
several forms.
2. De–Normalization is a process of adding redundant data to get rid of complex joins for
optimizing database performance.
3. A view is an SQL statement that is stored within a database that is also associated with a name. A
view is also a table in the form of a query. A view can contain all rows of a table or select rows from
a table.
4. Subqueries are often referred as subselects, as they allow a SELECT statement to be executed
within ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The process of restoring the backup of log files and database on a primary server and restoring them
to a standby server is called Log shipping.
21. Local temporary tables are visible only to their creators during the same connection to an
instance of SQL Server as when the tables were first created or referenced. Local temporary tables
are deleted after the user disconnects from the instance of SQL Server. Global temporary tables are
visible to any user and on any connection after they are created, and are deleted when all users that
are referencing the table disconnect from the instance of SQL Server.
22. Scheduled jobs are automated pieces of work that can be performed at a customized date and
time on a recurring schedule. Scheduled tasks are created using SQL server, which enables the SQL
commands to be executed automatically at regularly timed intervals.
23. A Heap Table is a table that does not have cluster or a non–cluster indices. Multiple non–
clustered indices can be created on tables that are stored as a Heap. When they are stored in a Heap
they are not ordered in any specific way.
24. The process that writes the modified pages from Buffer Cache to physical disk is called the
CHECKPOINT process. This process is run automatically by SQL Server at specific

Database Management System Essay
CHAPTER 14: OLAP AND DATABASE ADMINISTRATION
14.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVE AND OUTCOMES The basics objective to create a well–designed
database using basic database commands. lt also provide how to manipulate the stored data and
return meaningful results to help analyze the data stored. Upon completion of this chapter, they will
be able to:
Create, read, update, and delete data using basic SQL commands.
Perform relational joins and transactions on SQL tables.
Aggregate data through functions and conditionals.
Perform sub queries and manipulate views.
Create stored procedures within SQL.
Summarize data using PIVOT and UNPIVOT.
Demonstrate knowledge of data indices and information schemas.
Create a full–fledged blog database. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is consider as a specialists that an OLAP system which contains an information on server that
allows quick access to data (atomic data and derived data) and facilities calculations. Because OLAP
tools work with multidimensional data models, perform complex analytical queries, ad hoc and has
a high processing speed, some scholars have suggested that they rather be called FASMI (Fast
Analysis of Shared Multidimensional Information) . Thus, Nigel and Richard Creeth Pendle, from
the idea that "18 or even 12 rules are too much "wanted to define the characteristics of OLAP
applications in a simple way and thus propose FASMI test, five key words:
1) Key word "speed" – users have earlier access to data at any time (basically the smooth running of
a company is assured of making correct decisions to be taken quickly based on data that is stored in
a warehouse data, the speed of access becomes a necessity). If simple analysis response time is one
second, and for more complex analysis, response time may be longer than 20 seconds;
2) key word "analysis" – OLAP system should provide the user to perform various tests with the
help of mathematical methods or statistical. Virtually, should provide the opportunity definition of
ad–hoc calculations making reports in any form without the use of professional programming
languages.
3) key word "shared" – allowing data to be accessed by many concurrent users

Evolution Of Database Management Systems
EVOLUTION OF DBMS
1.INTRODUCTION
As technology is rapidly emerging and changing, organizations are quickly adapting to it, and with
this technology and software advancement includes database management systems. Database
management systems have become a crucial tool in every organization. It will be rather more
surprising to see a company not using DBMS in this age. As organizations emerge and grow by
years, they have numerous data sets to handle and database management systems is a software
application which helps organizations perform this mundane task easily. It collects, organizes the
databases and also stores and performs functions on the databases making it easier for users to
access. Now days, an organization wouldn't survive without data and information. The way this data
is important for an organization, to manage this data is equally important. Database management
systems has become a part of every field right from schools, libraries, medical centers, airlines,
chemical plants etcetera. With the effective use of database management systems software in
organizations, it comes with advantages and disadvantages which will be later explained in the
findings section of this paper.
The research would concentrate more on how database management system applications have
progressed since the past decade. The research objective is to study the evolution of DBMS and
learn about the emerging alternative applications for this traditional system. The positive and
negative effects

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Distributed Database Systems
This paper discussed the Distributed database systems which are systems that have their data
distributed and replicated over several locations; unlike the centralized data base system, where one
copy of the data is stored in one location. the Distributed database system has many advantages:
1. Availability of the data in case of failure.
2. Parallelism: queries may be processed by several nodes in parallel.
3. Reduced data transfer.
It also has some disadvantages:
1. A distributed system usually exhibits more complexity and cost more than a centralized one.
2. Handling security across several locations is more complicated.
Types of DDBMS:
1– Homogeneous DDBMS
a. All sites use same DBMS product (eg. Oracle)
b. Fairly easy to design and manage. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Communication Failures: failures in the communication system between two or more sites.
The 2–phase commit (2PC) protocol:
The major issue in building a distributed database system is the transactions atomicity. When a
transaction runs across into two sites, it may happen that one site may commit and other one may
fail due to an inconsistent state of transaction. Two–phase commit protocol is widely used to solve
this.
The 2–phase commit (2PC) protocol is a distributed algorithm to ensure the consistent termination
of a transaction in a distributed environment.
This protocol has two phases, the prepare and the commit phase. The protocol is executed by a
coordinator process, while the participating servers are called participants. When the transaction's
initiator issues a request to commit the transaction, the coordinator starts the first phase.
The coordinator initiates the first phase of the protocol by sending PREPARE messages in parallel to
all the participants. Each participant that is ready to commit first force writes a prepare log record to
its local stable storage and then sends a YES vote to the coordinator. On the other hand, each
participant that decides to abort force–writes an abort log record and sends a NO vote to the

Database Management System ( Dbms )
A database management system or DBMS is a certain type of system software, which is used for the
creation, and management of databases. A DBMS serves for multiple purposes but is mainly used to
provide users and programmers with a systematic way to retrieve, create, manage, and update data.
A DBMS serves as an interface between data and its end user, making sure that data is consistently
organized and remains easily accessible to users. DBMS's are vital to several aspects of our
technological world and are responsible for the data organization of several thriving industries in
this world including banking, airlines, wealth management, manufacturers, credit card companies,
and telecommunications. A DBMS is useful for providing a view of data that can be accessed by
multiple users, from multiple locations at one time. A DBMS can act as a filter and can limit what a
user sees and also sets limits on how that user can view data. Users and programmers are free from
having to determine where the data is physically located or on what type of storage media it resides
because the DBMS simply deals with all requests. The DBMS can give both logical and physical
data independence, which means that it can protect its users or applications from needing to know
where data is stored. Although a DBMS benefits several sectors of the world, they are by far most
beneficial in business organizations. Thousands of companies depend on accurate recordings,
updates, and tracking of their data

Fundamentals On Database Management Systems
Research on Database Fundamentals
Fundamentals on Database Management Systems
Data and Information
Data are raw facts of the block of information. To be reminded that all the data will not useful
information. Useful information is fulfilled from processed data. Specially, data is to be explained in
order to gain information.
Database
A database is a well–ordered collection of data that are linked in a meaningful way, which can be
contacted in different logical orders.
A collection of related data with
logically coherent structure
inherent meaning
purpose, for intended users and applications
varying size
scope, content of varying breadth
physical organization of varying complexity
various applications with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
DBMS: a collection of general objective, application individual programs determining services to
Define the structure of a database: data types and restraint that the data have to satisfy.
Manage the storage of data, safely for long limits of time
Manipulate a database, with effective user interfaces to query the database to regain specific data,
update the database to reproduce changes in the world, and generate reports from the data.
Manage database usage: users with their access rights, performance optimization, sharing of data
among several users, security from accidents or unauthorized use.
Monitor and analyze database usage.
Using above Database, can highlight Important Functions on a Database
Structure definition: declare 5 files or relations + data types, e.g. Student (StudName, StudentNo,
Class, Dept)
Population: input data about specific students, courses, prerequisites, Querying o Which are the
prerequisites of the Database course? o List students who got grade 14 or 16 for the Database course
in 1993
Reporting: prepare diplomas, with standard text, interspersed with name of student, courses taken,

name of degree, grades, etc.
Modiﬁcation, update of population o Create a new session for the Database course o Enter a grade
16 for Smith in the Database Session
Modiﬁcation of structure, of schema o Create

Questions On Database Security And Database Systems
DATABASE SECURITY
Submitted to the Faculty of American Public University
By
Loren Robert Hensley
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Course of INFO620 Enterprise Database Systems
November 2014
American Public University
Charles Town, WV Abstract
This paper explores the different aspects of security as it pertains to database systems. It will provide
an overview of security concerns such as access control, user authentication, reliability and data
integrity, as well as how IT professionals might mitigate the risk associated with each. By examining
the methodology by which attacks on database systems occur, we are able to take a comprehensive
approach to prevent or limit the extent of such attacks and the impact they may have on a DBMS
environment. Finally, we will review industry best–practices of the implementation of security
countermeasures.
Introduction Over the past ten to fifteen years, there has been tremendous growth in the utilization
of database systems. One reason for this is because of the growth E–Commerce has experienced.
Businesses must have a reliable method of storing a customer's information safely and efficiently.
We often hear of a data breach which results in customers' credit card information being stolen.
There are inherent risks associated with storing financial information in an online capacity, such as
hackers and ill–intentioned employees. Given the diverse nature of the interconnectivity of these
systems, there is a

Database And Database Management System Essay
Ashraf Zalgaonkir
Pearson Cape Town Campus
Introduction to Databases project
Student Number: MB2014–0413
Teacher: Andrew Davies
Due Date: 23/09/2016
2
Contents Page
Page 1..................................................Cover Page
Page 2...................................................Contents Page
Page 3–5....................................................Question 1
Page 6–12...................................................Optional Access Screenshots
Page 13–18.................................................Question 2
Page 19.........................................................References and Bibliography
3
Question 1
1.1)
Database
Database is defined as a set of related data in many tables and uses links through something called
foreign keys. In a Database product you can create and modify several databases.
DBMS
It stands for Database Management System, it is a concept of rules that all the latest and major
database systems follow. So most databases systems follow these rules but some only follow
specific rules.
To summarize, a database is an organized data collection or information that happens to be easily
accessible, changed or updated. A DBMS is a type of software that may manage and control
databases on a PC.
1.2)
Event: Going to the doctor for a check–up.
Database Event: In going for a check–up, the secretary will first see your old computerized records
on her PC. She will thus update the record as I go for the
4
check–up. The doctor may check the database records to show him what illnesses or medical
problems the patient has been through the previous time the patient went to the doctor. The

computerized records will have information such as:
Previous date

Database Management Systems That Are Used For Non...
Overview
NoSQL is generally interpreted as "Not only SQL" [1]. It is a class of database management systems
that are used for non–relational database. Typically NoSQL database does not use two–dimensional
table to store data. The four generally categories of NoSQL database are key–values database,
column databases, document databases, and graph databases [2]. NoSQL database is an
indispensable part of big data. Most company choose NoSQL database because it yields better
performance when compared to relation database. Many relational databases have been existing for
more than 20 years, while most NoSQL databases have a history of less than 5 years. Because
NoSQL databases are so young, they exposes lots of security issues. Many NoSQL databases are
still focusing on adding features and improving performance, while strength security mechanism is
still a low priority task. There were already two data breaches happened in companies that are using
NoSQL databases (MongoHQ in 2013 and LinkedIn in 2012 [3]).
Detailed result
NoSQL database characteristics
The problem of relational database is that its performance degrade significantly while handling
exponential growth of semi–structured data or unstructured data [4]. The NoSQL databases possess
properties called BASE (Basically available, Soft state, and eventually consistent) that makes it
much more scalable than relational databases. As the CAP theorem [5] said, a database system
cannot have high consistency, high availability,

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Database System

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