The document outlines the essential capabilities of database management systems (DBMS) for database administrators, designers, and end users, and provides a historical perspective on database application evolution and the challenges of managing big data. It differentiates between databases and traditional file systems, elaborates on the roles of various types of end users, and discusses the responsibilities of database administrators. Additionally, it highlights key database concepts, types of actions involving databases, and contrasts DBMS with information retrieval systems.

1. We presented a list of capabilities that should be provided by the DBMS software to the DBA,
database designers, and end users to help them design, administer, and use a database. Then we
gave a brief historical perspective on the evolution of database applications. We pointed out the
recent rapid growth of the amounts and types of data that must be stored in databases, and we
discussed the emergence of new systems for handling "big data" applications. Finally, we
discussed the overhead costs of using a DBMS and discussed some situations in which it may not
be advantageous to use one. Define the following terms: data, database, DBMS, database
system, database catalog, program-data independence, user view, DBA, end user, canned
transaction, deductive database system, persistent object, meta-data, and transaction-processing
application. What four main types of actions involve databases? Briefly discuss each. Discuss
the main characteristics of the database approach and how it differs from traditional file systems.
What are the responsibilities of the DBA and the database designers? What are the different
types of database end users? Discuss the main activities of each. Discuss the capabilities that
should be provided by a DBMS. Discuss the differences between database systems and
information retrieval systems. Identify some informal queries and update operations that you
would expect to apply to the database shown in Figure 1.2. What is the difference between
controlled and uncontrolled redundancy? Illustrate with examples. Specify all the relationships
among the records of the database shown in Figure 1.2.
Solution
I.
Data: data is simply called as collection of objects.
Data base : data base is collection of information which is organised in so the information can be
accessed very easily.
Data base Management System: it is a computer software. it creates and manages database.it also
capture and analyses the data.
Data base System : it is a highlevel definition which relates the structure and relationship
between stored data.
Database catalog : database catalog consists of tables, views, synonyms, value ranges, indexes,
users, and user groups are stored.
program data independence: Data independence is the type of data transparency that matters for a
DBMS.
User View: It is some set screens which appears for a user to select a certain actiomn or option.
DBA: DBA refers to data base adminstrator he controls all the action with respect to data base.
End User: end user is a person he will use the product after it is developed fully.

2. Canned Transaction : It is a standard type of query and updates that have been carefully
programmed and tested.
deductive database: A deductive database is a database system that can make deductions (i.e.,
conclude additional facts) based on rules and facts.
Persistent objects: These are the fundamental logical units of data storage in a database.
Meta data: meta data is a data which provides the information of other data.
transaction processing Application: It is a piece of information which processes the data into
individual, indivisible operations called transactions which processes as an application.
II.
Four main type of process involve in data base:
1.hierarchial systems.
2.net work based model systems.
3.inverted file systems.
4. data base system.
III. characteristics of data base approach:
Represent Some Aspects of real world applications
A database represents some features of real world applications. Any change in the real world is
reflected in the database. If we have some changes in our real applications like railway
reservation system then it will be reflected in database too.
For example, let us take railway reservation system; we have in our mind some certain
applications of maintaining records of attendance, waiting list, train arrival and departure time,
certain day etc. related to each train.
Manages Information
A database always takes care of its information because information is always helpful for
whatever work we do. It manages all the information that is required to us. By managing
information using a database, we become more deliberated user of our data.
Easy Operation implementation
All the operations like insert, delete, update, search etc. are carried out in a flexible and easy
way. Database makes it very simple to implement these operations. A user with little knowledge
can perform these operations. This characteristic of database makes it more powerful.
Multiple views of database
Basically, a view is a subset of the database. A view is defined and devoted for a particular user
of the system. Different users of the system may have different views of the same system.
IV.
Database administrators uses softwares to store and organize data. The role may include capacity
planning, installation, configuration, database design, migration, performance monitoring,

3. security,troubleshooting, as well as backup and data recovery.
V.
Different types of end users are:
Casual end users - sometimes access the database, need different information each time
Naive or parametric end users - includes tellers, clerks, etc., are an important part of the
database of end-users, the main function of the user is rotated about the constant interrogation
and update the database
Sophisticated end users - includes engineers, scientists, business analyst, etc., used to their
complex requirements
Standalone users - maintain personal databases using ready-to-program packages, or provide
user interfaces based on menu-driven graphics.
VI.
Persistent Storage for Program Objects and Data Structures.
Controlling Redundancy.
Restricting Unauthorized Access.
Database Inferencing Using Deduction Rules.
Providing Multiple User Interfaces.
Representing Complex Relationships among Data.
VII.
Distinguish between IRS and DBMS:
1. One of the most distinguish features of DBMSs is that they offer
anadvanceDataModellingFacility(DMF) including DataDefinitonLanguage
andDataManipulationLanguage for modelling and manipulating data.IRSs do not offer an
advance DMF. Usually datamodelling in irs is restricted to classification of objects.
2. A major strength of the DataDefinitonLanguage of DBMS is the capability to define the
dataintegrity constraints.In IRSs such validation mechanisms are less developed.
3. DBMSs provides precise semantics.IRSs most of the time provides imprecise semantics.
4. DBMSs has structured data format.Wereas, IRSs is characterised by unstructured data format.
5. Query specification is complete in DBMS.In IRS query specification is incomplete.
6. Query language is artificial in DBMS.In IRS query language is near to natural language.