The document provides information about a database management system (DBMS) assignment submitted by a student named Shivam Tripathi. It includes 3 questions and answers about DBMS. Question 1 defines DBMS and discusses its advantages like improved data sharing, security, and integration as well as disadvantages like increased costs, management complexity, and frequent upgrade cycles. Question 2 lists the key components of DBMS such as software, data, procedures, query processors, and reporting. Question 3 discusses the various types of DBMS users including database administrators, end users, system analysts, designers, application programmers, and casual users.

1. LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
ACADEMIC TASK – CA1
Mittal School of Business (MSOB). Faculty: Neha Dogra
Course Code: CAP 200 . Section: Q1915
Date of Allotment: 09-14- 2021 Date of Submission: 09-21- 2021
Course Title: Database Management System
Bachelor of Business Administration
(Information Technology)
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
PHAGWARA, PUNJAB
Submitted By :
Name of student: Shivam Tripathi
Registration Number: 11900954

2. Q1. Explain DBMS and Its advantages and disadvantages.
Ans – A database is a collection of related data which represents some
aspect of the real world. A database system is designed to be built and
populated with data for a certain task
The Database Management System (DBMS) is defined as a software
system that allows the user to define, create and maintain the database and
provide control access to the data.
It is a collection of programs used for managing data and simultaneously it
supports different types of users to create, manage, retrieve, update and
store information.
Advantage of DBMS
1. Improved data sharing:
The DBMS helps create an environment in which end users have better
access to more and better-managed data.
Such access makes it possible for end users to respond quickly to changes
in their environment.
2. Improved data security:
The more users access the data, the greater the risks of data security
breaches. Corporations invest considerable amounts of time, effort, and
money to ensure that corporate data are used properly.
A DBMS provides a framework for better enforcement of data privacy and
security policies.
3. Better data integration:
Wider access to well-managed data promotes an integrated view of the
organization’s operations and a clearer view of the big picture.
It becomes much easier to see how actions in one segment of the company
affect other segments.
4. Minimized data inconsistency:
Data inconsistency exists when different versions of the same data appear in
different places.

3. For example, data inconsistency exists when a company’s sales department
stores a sales representative’s name as “Bill Brown” and the company’s
personnel department stores that same person’s name as “William G.
Brown,” or when the company’s regional sales office shows the price of a
product as $45.95 and its national sales office shows the same product’s
price as $43.95.
The probability of data inconsistency is greatly reduced in a properly
designed database.
5. Improved data access:
The DBMS makes it possible to produce quick answers to ad hoc queries.
From a database perspective, a query is a specific request issued to the
DBMS for data manipulation—for example, to read or update the data.
Simply put, a query is a question, and an ad hoc query is a spur-of-the-
moment question.
The DBMS sends back an answer (called the query result set) to the
application.
For example, end users
Improved decision making:
Better-managed data and improved data access make it possible to
generate better-quality information, on which better decisions are based.
The quality of the information generated depends on the quality of the
underlying data.
Data quality is a comprehensive approach to promoting the accuracy,
validity, and timeliness of the data. While the DBMS does not guarantee
data quality, it provides a framework to facilitate data quality initiatives.
Increased end-user productivity
The availability of data, combined with the tools that transform data into
usable information, empowers end users to make quick, informed decisions
that can make the difference between success and failure in the global
economy.

4. Disadvantage of DBMS
1. Increased costs:
Database systems require sophisticated hardware and software and highly
skilled personnel.
The cost of maintaining the hardware, software, and personnel required to
operate and manage a database system can be substantial. Training,
licensing, and regulation compliance costs are often overlooked when
database systems are implemented.
2. Management complexity:
Database systems interface with many different technologies and have a
significant impact on a company’s resources and culture.
The changes introduced by the adoption of a database system must be
properly managed to ensure that they help advance the company’s
objectives. Given the fact that database systems hold crucial company data
that are accessed from multiple sources, security issues must be assessed
constantly.
3. Maintaining currency:
To maximize the efficiency of the database system, you must keep your
system current.
Therefore, you must perform frequent updates and apply the latest patches
and security measures to all components.
Because database technology advances rapidly, personnel training costs
tend to be significant. Vendor dependence.
Given the heavy investment in technology and personnel training,
companies might be reluctant to change database vendors.
4. Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles:
DBMS vendors frequently upgrade their products by adding new
functionality. Such new features often come bundled in new upgrade
versions of the software.
Some of these versions require hardware upgrades. Not only do the
upgrades themselves cost money, but it also costs money to train database
users and administrators to properly use and manage the new features

5. Q2. What are the various components of DBMS?
ANS- Components of DBMS
In order to facilitate these functions, DBMS has the following key
components:
Software. DBMS is primarily a software system that can be considered as a
management console or an interface to interact with and manage databases.
The interfacing also spreads across real-world physical systems that
contribute data to the backend databases. The OS, networking software,
and the hardware infrastructure is involved in creating, accessing, managing,
and processing the databases.
Data. DBMS contains operational data, access to database records and
metadata as a resource to perform the necessary functionality. The data
may include files with such as index files, administrative information, and
data dictionaries used to represent data flows, ownership, structure, and
relationships to other records or objects.
Procedures. While not a part of the DBMS software, procedures can be
considered as instructions on using DBMS. The documented guidelines
assist users in designing, modifying, managing, and processing databases.
Database languages. These are components of the DBMS used to access,
modify, store, and retrieve data items from databases; specify database
schema; control user access; and perform other associated database
management operations. Types of DBMS languages include Data Definition
Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML), Database Access
Language (DAL) and Data Control Language (DCL).
Query processor. As a fundamental component of the DBMS, the query
processor acts as an intermediary between users and the DBMS data
engine in order to communicate query requests. When users enter an
instruction in SQL language, the command is executed from the high-level
language instruction to a low-level language that the underlying machine can
understand and process to perform the appropriate DBMS functionality. In

6. addition to instruction parsing and translation, the query processor also
optimizes queries to ensure fast processing and accurate results.
Runtime database manager. A centralized management component of
DBMS that handles functionality associated with runtime data, which is
commonly used for context-based database access. This component checks
for user authorization to request the query; processes the approved queries;
devises an optimal strategy for query execution; supports concurrency so
that multiple users can simultaneously work on same databases; and
ensures integrity of data recorded into the databases.
Database manager. Unlike the runtime database manager that handles
queries and data at runtime, the database manager performs DBMS
functionality associated with the data within databases. Database manager
allows a set of commands to perform different DBMS operations that include
creating, deleting, backup, restoring, cloning, and other database
maintenance tasks. The database manager may also be used to update the
database with patches from vendors.
Database engine. This is the core software component within the DBMS
solution that performs the core functions associated with data storage and
retrieval. A database engine is also accessible via APIs that allow users or
apps to create, read, write, and delete records in databases.
Reporting. The report generator extracts useful information from DBMS files
and displays it in structured format based on defined specifications. This
information may be used for further analysis, decision making, or business
intelligence.

7. Q3. Discuss various DBMS users.
Ans - . Database users are categorized based up on their interaction with the
data base.
These are seven types of data base users in DBMS.
1. Database Administrator (DBA) :
Database Administrator (DBA) is a person/team who defines the
schema and also controls the 3 levels of database.
The DBA will then create a new account id and password for the
user if he/she need to access the data base.
DBA is also responsible for providing security to the data base and
he allows only the authorized users to access/modify the data
base.
• DBA also monitors the recovery and back up and provide
technical support.
• The DBA has a DBA account in the DBMS which called a
system or superuser account.
• DBA repairs damage caused due to hardware and/or
software failures.
2. Naive / Parametric End Users :
Parametric End Users are the unsophisticated who don’t have any
DBMS knowledge but they frequently use the data base
applications in their daily life to get the desired results.
For examples, Railway’s ticket booking users are naive users.
Clerks in any bank is a naive user because they don’t have any
DBMS knowledge but they still use the database and perform their
given task.
3. System Analyst :
System Analyst is a user who analyzes the requirements of
parametric end users. They check whether all the requirements of
end users are satisfied.
4. Sophisticated Users :
Sophisticated users can be engineers, scientists, business analyst,

8. who are familiar with the database. They can develop their own
data base applications according to their requirement. They don’t
write the program code but they interact the data base by writing
SQL queries directly through the query processor.
5. Data Base Designers :
Data Base Designers are the users who design the structure of
data base which includes tables, indexes, views, constraints,
triggers, stored procedures. He/she controls what data must be
stored and how the data items to be related.
6. Application Program :
Application Program are the back end programmers who writes the
code for the application programs. They are the computer
professionals. These programs could be written in Programming
languages such as Visual Basic, Developer, C, FORTRAN,
COBOL etc.
7. Casual Users / Temporary Users :
Casual Users are the users who occasionally use/access the data
base but each time when they access the data base they require
the new information, for example, Middle or higher level manager.