This document discusses advanced finishing processes including abrasive flow machining (AFM), magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF), and magnetorheological abrasive finishing. It focuses on describing the AFM and MAF processes. For AFM, it covers the process mechanisms, equipment types, process parameters and monitoring, applications in industries like aerospace and automotive, advantages, and limitations. For MAF, it describes the process principles, magnetic abrasive mixes, types of MAF, experimental setup and results, advantages in producing nanoscale finishes with few defects, and applications in non-ferromagnetic materials and precision components.
Tool design for Non-Conventional Machining.aman1312
The document discusses design parameters for tools used in non-conventional machining processes such as ultrasonic machining and electro-chemical machining. It provides physical parameters for ultrasonic machining including abrasive size, vibration frequency and amplitude, tool materials, and horn design considerations. It also outlines process parameters for electro-chemical machining including working gap, overcut, feed rate, electrode materials, power supply specifications, electrolyte materials and flow rate. The document reviews several research papers on tool design for these non-conventional machining processes and their objectives and conclusions.
This presentation contain discription about Fine finishing process of complex shape material which cannot be finished by normal processess. three type of finishing process has been described they are Abrasive flow machining, MAgnetic Abrasive Finishing, Magneto Rheological abrasive finishing.
The document discusses magneto rheological finishing (MRF), a fine finishing process that uses magneto rheological fluid to remove material from brittle materials. MRF was developed in 1988 and commercialized in 1996. It relies on carbonyl iron particles and abrasives in a carrier fluid that form chains when exposed to a magnetic field, allowing for controlled removal of material. The document outlines the components of MR fluid, parameters that affect the polishing forces and material removal rate, advantages, and applications for finishing optical lenses and other precision surfaces to nanometer levels of smoothness without damage.
The document discusses two advanced fine finishing processes: abrasive flow machining (AFM) and magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF). It provides details on the process, principles, equipment, parameters, applications and advantages of AFM, which can achieve surface finishes down to 50 nm. AFM is widely used in aerospace, automotive and medical industries to improve surfaces. The document also introduces magnetic abrasive finishing, which uses magnetic fields to control abrasive particles and achieve high-precision finishing of complex internal surfaces down to the nanometer range.
Turbo-Abrasive Machining in the Continuous Flow Environment Dr Michael Massarsky. Turbo-Finish Corporation, 917 518 8205 michael@turbofinish.com
turbofinish.wordpress.com
Abrasive flow machining (AFM) is a method developed in the 1960s to polish, deburr, and finish intricate internal surfaces and passages. There are three main types of AFM: one-way, two-way, and orbital. AFM uses an abrasive media that is extruded through the workpiece to remove material and produce a very smooth surface down to Ra of 50nm. Key advantages include simultaneously deburring, radiusing, and polishing, and producing uniform results. AFM is widely used in aerospace, automotive, medical, and mold industries to improve surfaces, reduce friction, eliminate imperfections, and extend component life. Research aims to further improve monitoring and control of
Tf 3rd sme international machining conference-rev a-Dave Davidson
This document summarizes a technical paper presented at the 3rd International Machining & Grinding Conference in 1999. The paper introduces Turbo-Abrasive Machining (TAM) and Turbo-Polishing as loose abrasive processes that can efficiently condition surfaces and edges of complex rotating and non-rotating components. TAM uses high-speed rotation of parts in an abrasive fluidized bed to remove burrs and refine surfaces rapidly in single-piece operations. It is presented as an automated alternative to labor-intensive manual deburring that can produce uniform finishes on parts too large or complex for conventional methods. Test results show TAM significantly improves surfaces and increases fatigue life over traditional techniques.
Tool design for Non-Conventional Machining.aman1312
The document discusses design parameters for tools used in non-conventional machining processes such as ultrasonic machining and electro-chemical machining. It provides physical parameters for ultrasonic machining including abrasive size, vibration frequency and amplitude, tool materials, and horn design considerations. It also outlines process parameters for electro-chemical machining including working gap, overcut, feed rate, electrode materials, power supply specifications, electrolyte materials and flow rate. The document reviews several research papers on tool design for these non-conventional machining processes and their objectives and conclusions.
This presentation contain discription about Fine finishing process of complex shape material which cannot be finished by normal processess. three type of finishing process has been described they are Abrasive flow machining, MAgnetic Abrasive Finishing, Magneto Rheological abrasive finishing.
The document discusses magneto rheological finishing (MRF), a fine finishing process that uses magneto rheological fluid to remove material from brittle materials. MRF was developed in 1988 and commercialized in 1996. It relies on carbonyl iron particles and abrasives in a carrier fluid that form chains when exposed to a magnetic field, allowing for controlled removal of material. The document outlines the components of MR fluid, parameters that affect the polishing forces and material removal rate, advantages, and applications for finishing optical lenses and other precision surfaces to nanometer levels of smoothness without damage.
The document discusses two advanced fine finishing processes: abrasive flow machining (AFM) and magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF). It provides details on the process, principles, equipment, parameters, applications and advantages of AFM, which can achieve surface finishes down to 50 nm. AFM is widely used in aerospace, automotive and medical industries to improve surfaces. The document also introduces magnetic abrasive finishing, which uses magnetic fields to control abrasive particles and achieve high-precision finishing of complex internal surfaces down to the nanometer range.
Turbo-Abrasive Machining in the Continuous Flow Environment Dr Michael Massarsky. Turbo-Finish Corporation, 917 518 8205 michael@turbofinish.com
turbofinish.wordpress.com
Abrasive flow machining (AFM) is a method developed in the 1960s to polish, deburr, and finish intricate internal surfaces and passages. There are three main types of AFM: one-way, two-way, and orbital. AFM uses an abrasive media that is extruded through the workpiece to remove material and produce a very smooth surface down to Ra of 50nm. Key advantages include simultaneously deburring, radiusing, and polishing, and producing uniform results. AFM is widely used in aerospace, automotive, medical, and mold industries to improve surfaces, reduce friction, eliminate imperfections, and extend component life. Research aims to further improve monitoring and control of
Tf 3rd sme international machining conference-rev a-Dave Davidson
This document summarizes a technical paper presented at the 3rd International Machining & Grinding Conference in 1999. The paper introduces Turbo-Abrasive Machining (TAM) and Turbo-Polishing as loose abrasive processes that can efficiently condition surfaces and edges of complex rotating and non-rotating components. TAM uses high-speed rotation of parts in an abrasive fluidized bed to remove burrs and refine surfaces rapidly in single-piece operations. It is presented as an automated alternative to labor-intensive manual deburring that can produce uniform finishes on parts too large or complex for conventional methods. Test results show TAM significantly improves surfaces and increases fatigue life over traditional techniques.
Turbo abrasive machining tech paper - 2016Dave Davidson
INTRODUCTION: Turbo-Finish technology (also referred to as Turbo-Abrasive Machining) is a dry, high-speed spindle finishing process that utilizes abrasive fluidized bed technology, and high speed part rotation to develop extremely rapid and uniform edge and surface conditioning on aerospace, automotive and industrial parts. Polishing, deburring and edge radiusing are accomplished anywhere that the media can access. This finishing technology can develop isotropic surface finishes s while developing consistent round edges on any exposed sharp edged features.
This document describes Turbo-Abrasive Machining (TAM), a mechanical deburring and finishing process that uses fluidized abrasive materials. TAM was originally developed for aerospace engine components but can also finish other rotational and non-rotational parts. TAM provides advantages over manual deburring by automating the finishing process. It produces isotropic surfaces through multidirectional abrasive contact and can improve part properties through residual compressive stress and skewness correction. The process involves suspending abrasive grains in a fluidized bed and rotating parts to interface surfaces and edges with the abrasive grains.
This document discusses several advanced nano finishing processes including abrasive flow machining, chemo mechanical polishing, magnetic abrasive finishing, magneto rheological finishing, and magneto rheological abrasive flow finishing. It provides details on the working principles, process parameters, advantages, limitations and applications of abrasive flow machining and chemo mechanical polishing. Abrasive flow machining uses a semisolid abrasive media to remove small amounts of material from surfaces. Chemo mechanical polishing combines chemical etching with mechanical polishing to smooth and planarize surfaces.
Abrasive flow machining is a finishing process that uses a viscous abrasive media to deburr and polish complex internal surfaces and passages. It can produce a smooth surface finish on difficult to access areas and remove burrs from holes and intersecting passages. The process involves extruding an abrasive media containing abrasive particles mixed in a viscoelastic polymer through fixtures surrounding the workpiece under pressure. This allows the media to flow through holes and passages to abrade away imperfections. Abrasive flow machining is commonly used in the aerospace, automotive, die and mold industries to improve surfaces, reduce wear and extend component life.
Magnetic abrasive finishing is a machining process where the tooling allowance is remove by media wi th both magnetic and abrasive properties,with a magnetic f ield acting as a binder of a grain. Such machining falls into the category of erosion by abrasive suspension and lend itself to the finishing of any type of surface . The possibility of finishing complex surfaces is a spec ial benefit of this machining. Magnetic abrasive fi nishing process is most suitable for obtaining quality fini sh on metallic and non-metallic surfaces. Magnetic abrasive finishing used for complicated product finishing & Roughness and tolerance band achieved that is diffi cult using conventional machine process. The product dimension al requirement easily possible with taking trial wi th MAF parameters.
Chemical machining (ChM) is a process that uses chemicals to remove material from a workpiece. It involves masking areas not to be etched, then immersing or spraying the workpiece with a corrosive chemical etchant. ChM provides advantages like weight reduction, stress-free material removal, and low tooling costs. The process involves part preparation through masking, etching with chemicals, mask removal, and finishing. Precise shapes can be produced using photoresist masks and photoetching. ChM finds applications for aerospace, electronics, and other precision parts.
3 d surface finishing using magnetorheological finishingPankaj Kumar Singh
The document discusses 3D surface finishing using magnetorheological finishing. It begins with an introduction to the demand for high quality surface finishes and limitations of traditional processes. It then discusses the experimental setup developed at IIT Delhi which uses a magnetorheological fluid and external magnetic field to provide nano-level surface finishes. The objectives are to integrate a 4th axis of rotation to enable finishing of inclined surfaces and verify improved results. Experimentation was conducted on flat, inclined, and curved surfaces both with and without the 4th axis, showing significantly better uniformity of finish when using the additional rotational axis.
RECENT TRENDS IN NON-TRADITIONAL MACHINING PROCESSESravikumarmrk
This document discusses various hybrid and non-traditional machining processes. It describes electrochemical spark machining (ECSM) which is a hybrid process that combines ECM and EDM, allowing it to machine both conductive and non-conductive materials. The document outlines the principle, material removal mechanisms, and process parameters of ECSM. It also summarizes electric discharge diamond grinding (EDDG) and discusses its basic configuration, parameters, advantages, and applications. Finally, the document provides an overview of recent trends in micro-machining including various advanced mechanical and thermal micro-machining processes.
This document provides a literature review and introduction to a major project report on developing a metallurgical polishing setup using magnetic abrasive finishing. The objectives are to achieve better surface finish, reduce operational time, increase accuracy and efficiency, and reduce human effort. The literature review covers magnetic materials, shapes of magnets, magnet strength, wheel materials, and workpiece movement mechanisms. Neodymium magnets were selected due to their strength. Rod magnets were chosen for their strength and fitting. The introduction discusses how magnetic abrasives are used to polish materials in metallurgical polishing.
Turbo-Abrasive Machining (TAM) is a mechanical deburring and finishing process that uses a fluidized bed of abrasive materials to simultaneously finish all surfaces of complex rotating components. TAM automates finishing, improving quality over manual methods while reducing costs. It produces uniform, isotropic surfaces through multidirectional abrasive particle contact at high speeds. TAM is suitable for deburring, contouring, and conditioning a variety of parts too intricate for other mass finishing methods.
The document discusses various non-traditional machining processes including chemical machining, electrochemical machining, electrical discharge machining, laser beam machining, electron beam machining, water jet machining, abrasive jet machining, and ultrasonic machining. These processes are used for hard materials, complex shapes, or where heat and stresses from traditional machining would cause damage. Each process removes material in unique ways such as through chemical dissolution, electrochemical erosion, electrical sparks, focused light/electron beams, or abrasive particle impact.
Mass media finishing techniques improve part performance and service life, and these processes can be tailored or modified to amplify this effect. Although the ability of these processes to drive down deburring and surface finishing costs when compared to manual procedures is well known and documented, their ability to dramatically effect part performance and service life are not. This facet of edge and surface finishing deserves closer scrutiny and this is also true of larger and more complex parts – only more so
Abrasive flow machining is a deburring and surface finishing process that uses abrasive particles mixed in a viscoelastic medium. It can polish internal surfaces, holes, and intersecting holes. The document discusses the need for AFM, abrasive materials used, the one-way, two-way, and orbital classification methods, process parameters like pressure and abrasive size, capabilities like surface finish ranges and tolerances, and applications in aerospace, automotive, die and mold making, and medical industries to improve surfaces, reduce wear, increase performance, and extend component life.
Chemical Machining Process and its Types.Umar Saeed
The detail overview on how chemical machining removes material to produce high quality parts, its different processes and types. I also includes figure and video which will help you understand the process easily.
It's a presentation prepared by me on Chemical milling a type of non traditional machining process to help the students to know the key concept about it.
Diamond turning is an ultraprecision machining technology for the generation of complex functional surfaces and extremely fine microstructures with the use of geometrically defined diamond cutters.
The cutters can be natural diamond or synthetic diamond depending finishing scale of machining and finishing requirements.
Diamond turn machining is a well-established and affordable process for the fabrication of highly accurate optical components as well as mechanical components requiring micro inch dimensional tolerances.
Diamond turning is used primarily to manufacture ultra precision parts for advanced applications, those that call for extremely high levels of form accuracy and surface finishing.
The document discusses several advanced nano finishing processes, focusing on abrasive flow machining (AFM). It provides an overview of AFM, explaining the working principles, equipment, process parameters, applications, advantages, and limitations. Specifically, it describes the one-way, two-way, and orbital AFM processes. It discusses the material removal mechanisms in AFM and how surface finish is improved. The document also briefly introduces magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) and magneto rheological abrasive finishing, defining their basic concepts and differences from AFM.
This document provides an overview of abrasive flow machining (AFM). It discusses the need for AFM to machine advanced materials and its ability to achieve high surface finishes and tolerances. The mechanism of AFM involves extruding an abrasive media through workpieces to remove material. Process parameters like pressure, abrasive size, and flow volume affect the material removal rate and surface finish. AFM is used in industries like aerospace, automotive, and die/mold making to improve surfaces and extend component lifetimes. While effective, AFM also has disadvantages like high costs and an inability to process blind holes. Ongoing research is exploring hybrid processes and optimizations to address limitations.
UNIT 4 ADVANCED NANO FINISHING PROCESSES.pptxDineshKumar4165
Abrasive flow machining, chemo-mechanical polishing, magnetic abrasive finishing, magneto rheological finishing, magneto rheological abrasive flow finishing their working principles, equipments, effect of process parameters, applications, advantages and limitations
The document discusses turbo-abrasive machining (TAM) and turbo-polishing processes for deburring and surface finishing of complex metal parts. TAM uses loose abrasive particles to remove burrs and condition surfaces and edges of rotating parts in a continuous flow, addressing challenges with conventional batch processes. TAM can produce refined surfaces rapidly in minutes compared to hours for manual methods. The processes minimize waste streams and facilitate automation. TAM provides a machining-like method for precision finishing that enhances manufacturing flow.
Turbo abrasive machining tech paper - 2016Dave Davidson
INTRODUCTION: Turbo-Finish technology (also referred to as Turbo-Abrasive Machining) is a dry, high-speed spindle finishing process that utilizes abrasive fluidized bed technology, and high speed part rotation to develop extremely rapid and uniform edge and surface conditioning on aerospace, automotive and industrial parts. Polishing, deburring and edge radiusing are accomplished anywhere that the media can access. This finishing technology can develop isotropic surface finishes s while developing consistent round edges on any exposed sharp edged features.
This document describes Turbo-Abrasive Machining (TAM), a mechanical deburring and finishing process that uses fluidized abrasive materials. TAM was originally developed for aerospace engine components but can also finish other rotational and non-rotational parts. TAM provides advantages over manual deburring by automating the finishing process. It produces isotropic surfaces through multidirectional abrasive contact and can improve part properties through residual compressive stress and skewness correction. The process involves suspending abrasive grains in a fluidized bed and rotating parts to interface surfaces and edges with the abrasive grains.
This document discusses several advanced nano finishing processes including abrasive flow machining, chemo mechanical polishing, magnetic abrasive finishing, magneto rheological finishing, and magneto rheological abrasive flow finishing. It provides details on the working principles, process parameters, advantages, limitations and applications of abrasive flow machining and chemo mechanical polishing. Abrasive flow machining uses a semisolid abrasive media to remove small amounts of material from surfaces. Chemo mechanical polishing combines chemical etching with mechanical polishing to smooth and planarize surfaces.
Abrasive flow machining is a finishing process that uses a viscous abrasive media to deburr and polish complex internal surfaces and passages. It can produce a smooth surface finish on difficult to access areas and remove burrs from holes and intersecting passages. The process involves extruding an abrasive media containing abrasive particles mixed in a viscoelastic polymer through fixtures surrounding the workpiece under pressure. This allows the media to flow through holes and passages to abrade away imperfections. Abrasive flow machining is commonly used in the aerospace, automotive, die and mold industries to improve surfaces, reduce wear and extend component life.
Magnetic abrasive finishing is a machining process where the tooling allowance is remove by media wi th both magnetic and abrasive properties,with a magnetic f ield acting as a binder of a grain. Such machining falls into the category of erosion by abrasive suspension and lend itself to the finishing of any type of surface . The possibility of finishing complex surfaces is a spec ial benefit of this machining. Magnetic abrasive fi nishing process is most suitable for obtaining quality fini sh on metallic and non-metallic surfaces. Magnetic abrasive finishing used for complicated product finishing & Roughness and tolerance band achieved that is diffi cult using conventional machine process. The product dimension al requirement easily possible with taking trial wi th MAF parameters.
Chemical machining (ChM) is a process that uses chemicals to remove material from a workpiece. It involves masking areas not to be etched, then immersing or spraying the workpiece with a corrosive chemical etchant. ChM provides advantages like weight reduction, stress-free material removal, and low tooling costs. The process involves part preparation through masking, etching with chemicals, mask removal, and finishing. Precise shapes can be produced using photoresist masks and photoetching. ChM finds applications for aerospace, electronics, and other precision parts.
3 d surface finishing using magnetorheological finishingPankaj Kumar Singh
The document discusses 3D surface finishing using magnetorheological finishing. It begins with an introduction to the demand for high quality surface finishes and limitations of traditional processes. It then discusses the experimental setup developed at IIT Delhi which uses a magnetorheological fluid and external magnetic field to provide nano-level surface finishes. The objectives are to integrate a 4th axis of rotation to enable finishing of inclined surfaces and verify improved results. Experimentation was conducted on flat, inclined, and curved surfaces both with and without the 4th axis, showing significantly better uniformity of finish when using the additional rotational axis.
RECENT TRENDS IN NON-TRADITIONAL MACHINING PROCESSESravikumarmrk
This document discusses various hybrid and non-traditional machining processes. It describes electrochemical spark machining (ECSM) which is a hybrid process that combines ECM and EDM, allowing it to machine both conductive and non-conductive materials. The document outlines the principle, material removal mechanisms, and process parameters of ECSM. It also summarizes electric discharge diamond grinding (EDDG) and discusses its basic configuration, parameters, advantages, and applications. Finally, the document provides an overview of recent trends in micro-machining including various advanced mechanical and thermal micro-machining processes.
This document provides a literature review and introduction to a major project report on developing a metallurgical polishing setup using magnetic abrasive finishing. The objectives are to achieve better surface finish, reduce operational time, increase accuracy and efficiency, and reduce human effort. The literature review covers magnetic materials, shapes of magnets, magnet strength, wheel materials, and workpiece movement mechanisms. Neodymium magnets were selected due to their strength. Rod magnets were chosen for their strength and fitting. The introduction discusses how magnetic abrasives are used to polish materials in metallurgical polishing.
Turbo-Abrasive Machining (TAM) is a mechanical deburring and finishing process that uses a fluidized bed of abrasive materials to simultaneously finish all surfaces of complex rotating components. TAM automates finishing, improving quality over manual methods while reducing costs. It produces uniform, isotropic surfaces through multidirectional abrasive particle contact at high speeds. TAM is suitable for deburring, contouring, and conditioning a variety of parts too intricate for other mass finishing methods.
The document discusses various non-traditional machining processes including chemical machining, electrochemical machining, electrical discharge machining, laser beam machining, electron beam machining, water jet machining, abrasive jet machining, and ultrasonic machining. These processes are used for hard materials, complex shapes, or where heat and stresses from traditional machining would cause damage. Each process removes material in unique ways such as through chemical dissolution, electrochemical erosion, electrical sparks, focused light/electron beams, or abrasive particle impact.
Mass media finishing techniques improve part performance and service life, and these processes can be tailored or modified to amplify this effect. Although the ability of these processes to drive down deburring and surface finishing costs when compared to manual procedures is well known and documented, their ability to dramatically effect part performance and service life are not. This facet of edge and surface finishing deserves closer scrutiny and this is also true of larger and more complex parts – only more so
Abrasive flow machining is a deburring and surface finishing process that uses abrasive particles mixed in a viscoelastic medium. It can polish internal surfaces, holes, and intersecting holes. The document discusses the need for AFM, abrasive materials used, the one-way, two-way, and orbital classification methods, process parameters like pressure and abrasive size, capabilities like surface finish ranges and tolerances, and applications in aerospace, automotive, die and mold making, and medical industries to improve surfaces, reduce wear, increase performance, and extend component life.
Chemical Machining Process and its Types.Umar Saeed
The detail overview on how chemical machining removes material to produce high quality parts, its different processes and types. I also includes figure and video which will help you understand the process easily.
It's a presentation prepared by me on Chemical milling a type of non traditional machining process to help the students to know the key concept about it.
Diamond turning is an ultraprecision machining technology for the generation of complex functional surfaces and extremely fine microstructures with the use of geometrically defined diamond cutters.
The cutters can be natural diamond or synthetic diamond depending finishing scale of machining and finishing requirements.
Diamond turn machining is a well-established and affordable process for the fabrication of highly accurate optical components as well as mechanical components requiring micro inch dimensional tolerances.
Diamond turning is used primarily to manufacture ultra precision parts for advanced applications, those that call for extremely high levels of form accuracy and surface finishing.
The document discusses several advanced nano finishing processes, focusing on abrasive flow machining (AFM). It provides an overview of AFM, explaining the working principles, equipment, process parameters, applications, advantages, and limitations. Specifically, it describes the one-way, two-way, and orbital AFM processes. It discusses the material removal mechanisms in AFM and how surface finish is improved. The document also briefly introduces magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) and magneto rheological abrasive finishing, defining their basic concepts and differences from AFM.
This document provides an overview of abrasive flow machining (AFM). It discusses the need for AFM to machine advanced materials and its ability to achieve high surface finishes and tolerances. The mechanism of AFM involves extruding an abrasive media through workpieces to remove material. Process parameters like pressure, abrasive size, and flow volume affect the material removal rate and surface finish. AFM is used in industries like aerospace, automotive, and die/mold making to improve surfaces and extend component lifetimes. While effective, AFM also has disadvantages like high costs and an inability to process blind holes. Ongoing research is exploring hybrid processes and optimizations to address limitations.
UNIT 4 ADVANCED NANO FINISHING PROCESSES.pptxDineshKumar4165
Abrasive flow machining, chemo-mechanical polishing, magnetic abrasive finishing, magneto rheological finishing, magneto rheological abrasive flow finishing their working principles, equipments, effect of process parameters, applications, advantages and limitations
The document discusses turbo-abrasive machining (TAM) and turbo-polishing processes for deburring and surface finishing of complex metal parts. TAM uses loose abrasive particles to remove burrs and condition surfaces and edges of rotating parts in a continuous flow, addressing challenges with conventional batch processes. TAM can produce refined surfaces rapidly in minutes compared to hours for manual methods. The processes minimize waste streams and facilitate automation. TAM provides a machining-like method for precision finishing that enhances manufacturing flow.
Microfabrication involves creating miniature structures and parts that are not visible to the naked eye and are between 1 micrometer and 1000 micrometers in size. Key microfabrication methods include micro machining and advanced nano finishing processes. Micro machining involves material removal at the micro/nano scale using processes like magnetic abrasive finishing, magnetorheological finishing, and diamond turning. These processes allow for high precision manufacturing of parts for applications like optics and microelectronics.
ABRASIVE BASED NANO FINISHING TECHNIQUES AN OVERVIEW.pdfAayushRajput4
This document provides an overview of abrasive-based nano-finishing techniques. It discusses traditional finishing processes like grinding and honing and their limitations. It then introduces advanced finishing processes like abrasive flow machining, magnetorheological finishing, magnetic abrasive finishing, and chemo mechanical polishing which can produce surfaces with roughness in the nanometer range. The document focuses on magnetic abrasive finishing and discusses how using a pulsed DC power supply with the electromagnet can substantially increase the finishing rate by creating a pulsating flexible magnetic abrasive brush. It also discusses how online measurement of forces has helped understand the material removal mechanism during static and pulsating magnetic abrasive finishing.
Turbo-Abrasive Machining is an automated mechanical finish method for deburring, edge-contouring and surface finishing complex rotating parts such as those found in the turbine and gear industries
This document discusses turbo-abrasive machining (TAM), a mechanical deburring and finishing method that uses a fluidized bed of abrasive materials. TAM was originally developed for aerospace engine components but can also be used for other parts. It provides more uniform results than single-point machining and allows finishing of very complex parts. The document describes the TAM process, which involves rotating a part in an abrasive fluidized bed to remove burrs and contour edges. Process parameters like abrasive size, rotational speed, and time can be varied to achieve different surface finishes and metal removal rates. TAM is capable of deburring complex parts more efficiently than manual methods.
UCM - Unit 4 advanced nano finishing processeskarthi keyan
This document provides an overview of advanced nano finishing processes. It describes abrasive flow machining, chemo mechanical polishing, magnetic abrasive finishing, magneto rheological finishing, and magneto rheological abrasive flow finishing. For each process, it outlines the basic principles, construction and working, process parameters, advantages, limitations, and applications. Abrasive flow machining uses a semisolid abrasive media to remove small amounts of material from surfaces. Chemo mechanical polishing combines chemical etching and abrasive polishing, while magnetic processes use magnetic fields to control abrasives.
This document provides an overview of advanced nano finishing processes. It describes abrasive flow machining, chemo mechanical polishing, magnetic abrasive finishing, magneto rheological finishing, and magneto rheological abrasive flow finishing. For each process, it outlines the basic principles, construction and working, process parameters, advantages, limitations, and applications. Abrasive flow machining uses a semisolid abrasive media to remove small amounts of material from surfaces. Chemo mechanical polishing combines chemical etching and abrasive polishing, while magnetic abrasive finishing uses magnetic particles to form an abrasive brush for finishing. Magneto rheological finishing takes advantage of smart fluids that change viscosity in magnetic fields for precision mach
This document provides an overview of advanced nano finishing processes. It describes abrasive flow machining, chemo mechanical polishing, magnetic abrasive finishing, magneto rheological finishing, and magneto rheological abrasive flow finishing. For each process, it outlines the basic principles, construction and working, process parameters, advantages, limitations, and applications. Abrasive flow machining uses a semisolid abrasive media to remove small amounts of material from surfaces. Chemo mechanical polishing combines chemical etching and abrasive polishing, while magnetic processes utilize magnetic fields to control abrasives.
UNIT 4 -Advanced Nano finishing Processes.pptxRaja P
This document provides an overview of advanced nano finishing processes. It describes abrasive flow machining, chemo mechanical polishing, magnetic abrasive finishing, magneto rheological finishing, and magneto rheological abrasive flow finishing. For each process, it outlines the basic principles, construction and working, process parameters, advantages, limitations, and applications. Abrasive flow machining uses a semisolid abrasive media to remove small amounts of material from surfaces. Chemo mechanical polishing combines chemical etching and abrasive polishing, while magnetic processes use magnetic fields to control abrasives.
This document provides information on various advanced nano finishing processes including abrasive flow machining (AFM), chemo-mechanical polishing (CMP), magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF), magneto-rheological finishing (MRF), and magneto-rheological abrasive flow finishing (MRAFF). It describes the principles, process parameters, advantages, limitations, and applications of each process. AFM uses a semisolid abrasive media to remove small amounts of material from surfaces. CMP combines chemical etching and mechanical polishing, while MAF uses magnetic particles to form an abrasive brush. MRF utilizes a magneto-rheological fluid that becomes a solid under magnetic fields for finishing.
The document describes abrasive flow machining (AFM) and summarizes two research papers on the topic. It defines AFM and discusses different types of AFM machines. The first research paper studies the effect of process variables in AFM and develops models to optimize the process. The second paper examines using AFM to finish difficult-to-machine titanium alloy and finds that boron carbide and silicon carbide abrasives most effectively remove surface imperfections within few cycles. Scanning electron microscopy images show the removal of heat-affected layers on the titanium.
The document discusses advances in abrasive flow machining (AFM) and orbital abrasive flow machining technologies. AFM uses a semisolid abrasive media to deburr, polish, or radius surfaces by flowing it over target areas. Orbital abrasive flow machining combines AFM with an orbital grinding motion to uniformly remove material from complex shapes. Both techniques can process a variety of materials and have applications in aerospace, automotive, and other industries.
Turbo-abrasive machining (TAM) is a mechanical deburring and finishing process that uses rotating or oscillating parts within a chamber of fluidized abrasive materials. It was originally developed for complex aerospace engine components but has been applied to many other rotational and non-rotational parts through fixturing. TAM provides fully automated finishing to remove burrs and produce beneficial surface effects in minutes, reducing costs compared to manual methods. The process finishes all surfaces simultaneously with a customized abrasive sequence to efficiently and uniformly condition parts for improved performance and reduced wear.
This document discusses various advanced nano finishing processes. It describes abrasive flow machining, where a semisolid abrasive media acts as a deformable grading wheel to remove small amounts of material. It also covers chemo-mechanical polishing, which uses chemical reactions to soften materials for mechanical polishing. Magnetic abrasive finishing, magneto rheological finishing, and magneto rheological abrasive flow finishing are also introduced, along with their working principles and applications in finishing complex parts.
Experimental Study on Surface Roughness by Using Abrasive ParticlesIJERA Editor
New advancement of technology and never satisfying demands of the civilization are putting huge pressure on the natural fuel resources and these resources are at a constant threat to its sustainability. Surface finish has a vital influence on functional properties such as wear resistance and power loss due to friction on most of the engineering components. Voltage, mesh number, revolutions per minute (rpm) of electromagnet, and percentage weight of abrasives has been identified as important process parameters affecting surface roughness. The experiments were planned using response surface methodology and percentage change in surface roughness (ΔRa) was considered as response. Analysis of experimental data showed that percentage change in surface roughness (ΔRa) was highly influenced by mesh number followed by percentage weight of abrasives, rpm of electromagnet, and voltage. The process has been investigated extensively in the finishing of cylindrical surfaces. The surface finish was found to improve significantly with an increase in the grain size, relative size of abrasive particles vis-à-vis the iron particles, feed rate and current. Super finishing is a micro-finishing process that produces a controlled and smooth surface condition on work pieces. It is not primarily a sizing operation, its major purpose is to produce a surface on a work piece capable of sustaining uneven distribution of a load by improving the geometrical accuracy. The wear life of the parts micro finished to maximum smoothness is extended considerably. According to the design of experimentation, mathematical model for Lapping operation on advance ceramic material is proposed. In order to get minimum values of the surface roughness, optimization of the mathematical model is done and optimal operation of the examined factors is going to be determined. The obtained res
This document discusses abrasive flow machining (AFM), a type of nano finishing process. AFM uses a semisolid abrasive media to remove small amounts of material from surfaces at the micro and nano scale, allowing it to finish surfaces with roughness in the nanometer range. The document describes the working principle of AFM, including how the abrasive media is extruded through the workpiece under pressure to cut micro/nano chips. It also discusses types of AFM like one-way, two-way, and orbital, as well as parameters that affect the process like added plasticizers, extrusion pressure, and number of cycles.
The AJM process involves removing material from a workpiece using abrasive particles carried by a high-velocity gas stream. The abrasive particles impact the workpiece surface at high velocities, causing brittle fractures and removing small fragments of material. AJM can machine hard and brittle materials and reach difficult internal areas due to the flexible hose used to direct the abrasive stream. It generates less heat than conventional machining and does not require direct tool-workpiece contact. Common applications include cutting glass and ceramics, deburring metal parts, and cleaning or dressing grinding wheels.
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4. Introduction to AFM
Abrasive flow machining (AFM) was developed by Extrude Hone Corporation, USA in 1960.
AFM is used to deburr, radius and polish difficult to reach surfaces by extruding an abrasive
laden polymer medium with very special rheological properties.
It is widely used finishing process to finish complicated shapes and profiles.
The polymer abrasive medium which is used in this process, possesses easy flow ability, better
self deformability and fine abrading capability.
Layer thickness of the material removed is of the order of about 1 to 10 μm. Best surface finish
that has been achieved is 50 nm and tolerances are +/- 0.5 μm.
5. Process description and Principle
Fig. 1.1 Principle of material removal mechanism in two way AFM process.
6. Fig. 1.2 Schematic diagram of the action of Single active abrasive grain.
7. Classification AFM machine
There are three types of AFM machines that have been reported in the literature:
1) One way AFM,
2) Two way AFM and
3) Orbital AFM.
Commonly used AFM is Two-way AFM in which two vertically opposed cylinders extrude
medium back and forth through passages formed by the workpiece and tooling.
8. One way AFM process
One-way flow AFM processing pushes
abrasive media through the work piece in
only one direction, allowing the media to
exit freely from the part.
Fig.1.3 Unidirectional AFM process
9. The advantages of One Way AFM
Faster cycle processing
Easy clean-up
Media temperature control generally not required
Able to process larger parts
Simpler tooling and part change-over
Accurately replicates air or liquids natural flow
Does not encapsulate workpart in media
10. Two way AFM process
Two way AFM machine has two hydraulic cylinders and two medium cylinders. The medium is
extruded, hydraulically or mechanically, from the filled chamber to the empty chamber via the
restricted passageway through or past the workpiece surface to be abraded (Fig.1.1).
Typically, the medium is extruded back and forth between the chambers for the desired fixed
number of cycles. Counter bores, recessed areas and even blind cavities can be finished by using
restrictors or mandrels to direct the medium flow along the surfaces to be finished.
11. Advantages of Two-Way AFM
Excellent process control
Can finish both ID and OD of component
Good control of radius generation
Fully automated system capabilities
Faster setup & quick-change tooling
Faster change-over of media
12. Orbital AFM process
Surface and edge finishing are achieved rapid, low-amplitude, oscillations of the work piece
relative to a self-forming elastic plastic abrasive polishing tool.
The tool is a pad or layer of abrasive-laden elastic plastic medium (similar to that used in two
way abrasive flow finishing), but typically higher in viscosity and more in elastic.
15. Mechanism of material removal
Two modes of abrasive wear, micro-ploughing and micro-cutting, have been identified
as the mechanisms of removal in AFM.
In micro-ploughing, surface peaks are smeared and plastically deformed, resulting in
‘‘leveling out’’ of surface asperities. No volume loss takes place in this mode of removal.
Ridges are also formed adjacent to the grooves created by abrasive particles’ sliding
path.
On the other hand, in micro-cutting, abrasive particles act as single-point cutting
tools, indenting and removing material in the form of microchips.
In both forms of abrasive wear, scratches are characterized by continuous scratches.
17. Process Input Parameters of AFM
Extrusion Pressure
Number of cycles
Grit composition and Type
Tooling
Fixture design
18. Operating range of AFM
Easy flowability
Better self deformability
Fine abrading capability
Layer thickness of material removed is, order of about 1μm to 10 μm
Best surface finish that has been achived as 50nm and tolerances +/- 0,5 μm
19. Properties of AFM
Deburring , radiusing, and polishing are performed simultaneously in a single
operation
AFM can produce true round radii even on complex edges
Reduces surface roughness by 75 to 90 % on cast and machined surfaces
AFM can process dozens of holes or multiple passages parts simultaneously
with uniform results
20. Monitoring of AFM process
For online monitoring of material removal and surface roughness in AFM process,
Williams and Rajurkar applied acoustic emission technique.
They developed a stochastic model of AFM generated surfaces by using Data
Dependent Systems (DDS) methodology.
It was established in their research that AFM finished surface profiles possess two
distinct wavelengths, a large wavelength that corresponds to the main path of abrasive
while the small wavelength is associated with the cutting edges.
21. AFM machining and monitoring system
(a) AFM machining and monitoring setup;
(b) schematic of the process monitoring system.
22. Application of AFM
Automotive
Aerospace
Medicine
Dies and Moulds
Fig. 1.7 Surface finish improvement before and after on (a) internal passages within turbine engine diffuser (b)
Medical implants (c) complex automotive engine parts.
23. AFM in Aerospace Industry
Improved surface quality
Enhanced high cycle fatigue strength
Optimized combustion and hydraulics
Increased airflow
Extended component life
24. AFM in Automotive Industry
Enhanced uniformity and surface quality
of finished components
Increased engine performance
Increased flow velocity and volume
Improved fuel economy and reduced
emissions
Extended work piece life by reducing
wear and stress surfaces
Fig. : Polishing and blending
the internal surfaces
Figure : Grains in the same
direction to increase flow rates.
25. AFM in Dies and mold Industry
Reduced production costs
Increased production throughput
Enhanced surface uniformity, finish and
cleanliness
Improved die performance and extend life of
dies and molds
26. AFM in Medical Industry
Eliminate the surface imperfections where dangerous
contaminates can reside
Improved functionality, durability and reliability of medical
components
Enhanced uniformity and cleanliness of surfaces
Extended component life
27. Process limitations
Geometries such as blind holes remain difficult to be finished effectively by AFM.
AFM’s media are also governed by the fluid flow properties, leading to difficulty in exerting
uniform finishing forces on complex internal surfaces.
Preferential flow over more restricted areas results in non-uniform finishes.
Furthermore, abrasive particle embedment onto the workpiece surface had been reported by
various researchers, thereby raising contamination issues. This could be undesirable in parts
where high material purity of the component is required.
28. Summary of AFM
Possible to control and select the intensity and location of abrasion
Produces uniform, repeatable and predictable results on an impressive range of finishing operations.
Maintain flexibility and jobs which require hours of highly skilled hand polishing can be processed in a
few minutes
Process used in aerospace, medical and automobile industries
Better surface roughness values and tight tolerances.
Disadvantage of this process is low finishing rate
Better performance is achieved if the process is monitored online.
Improve surface quality
Reduction in Friction
Eliminate imperfection
30. Introduction to Magnetic Abrasive
Finishing (MAF)
Various industrial applications require very high surface finish up
to the range of nanometers or even above.
Presently, it is required that the parts, used in manufacturing
semiconductors, atomic energy parts, medical instruments and
aerospace applications, have a very fine surface roughness.
Amongst them, vacuum tubes, wave-guides and sanitary tubes
are difficult to be polished by conventional finishing methods such
as lapping, because of their shapes.
The technology for super finishing needs ultra clean machining
of advanced engineering materials such as silicon nitride, silicon
carbide, and aluminum oxide which are used in high- technology
industries and are difficult to finish by conventional grinding and
polishing techniques with high accuracy, and minimal surface
defects, such as micro cracks.
31. Therefore, magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) process has been recently developed for efficient
and precision finishing of internal and flat surfaces.
This process can produce surface finish of the order of few nanometers.
In addition, MAF possesses many attractive advantages, such as self-sharpening, self-
adaptability, controllability, and the finishing tool requires neither compensation nor dressing.
Magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) is a high-precision nontraditional finishing process in
which the finishing forces are controlled by a magnetic field. Magnetic abrasive particles
supplied to a work piece are influenced by magnetic poles, thus forming a flexible magnetic
abrasive brush.
32. Process description and principle
When current is supplied to the coils around the
magnetic yoke, magnetic abrasive particles
conglomerate according to magnetic field distribution
at the finishing zone, acting as a flexible brush.
the work piece is also vibrated axially at amplitude of
10–50mm and frequency between 5 and 20 Hz
With repeated revolutions, a smooth inner surface
would be generated. To prevent excessive frictional
force, lubricating fluid such as oil could also be fed into
the passage during finishing.
The material is removed in the form of fine abrasion
with increasing machining time.
34. Magnetic abrasive mix
The modern mixed-type magnetic abrasive was invented to obtain a balance between
magnetic susceptibility and abrasion properties of magnetic abrasive conglomerates.
Large ferromagnetic particles (100–500mm) are responsible to produce magnetic force and
finishing pressure; while hard abrasive particles (5–20mm) are responsible for abrading Work
piece surface and removing material.
In general, as ferromagnetic particle size increases, finishing force per particle increases, thus
resulting in increasing MRR. However, beyond particle size of 330mm, excessive material
removal occurs, which negatively impacts minimum Ra achievable. On the other hand, smaller
abrasive particle size leads to more particles being sintered on each ferromagnetic particle.
35. MAGNETIC ABRASIVE FINISHING
MATERIAL PREPARATION METHODS
SINTERING:
It’s a method for making objects from
powder.
By heating the material in a sintering furnace
below its melting point (solid state sintering).
Traditionally used for manufacturing ceramic
objects & in the field of powder metallurgy.
ADHESIVE BONDING:
A special type of adhesive is required for
providing a strong bond between magnetic
and abrasive component.
The amount of adhesive in mixture of
abrasive and Ferro magnetic components was
decided in such a way that adhesive
completely wets the mixture and at the same
time the mixture should not behave like a
fluid.
36. Types of Magnetic Abrasive Finishing
MAF with permanent magnet
MAF with Direct Current
MAF with Alternating Current
37. MAF with permanent magnet
the work piece is kept between the two
poles of a magnet.
The working gap between the work piece
and the magnet is filled with magnetic
abrasive particles.
A magnetic abrasive flexible brush (MAFB) is
formed, acting as a multipoint cutting tool,
due to the effect of the magnetic field in the
working gap.
38. MAF with Direct Current
In MAF operation, work piece is kept
between the two magnets.
The magnetic poles N & S were placed face to
face with their axes crossing at right angle with
a brass pipe in the configuration as shown in
figure.
The experimental setup has major
components like electromagnet (10 k Gauss),
control unit, D.C. motor, variable D.C. supply.
39. MAF with Alternating Current
The rotating magnetic field obtained by
electrifying three coils arranged in the
directions at intervals of 120 degrees with
three phase AC current for internal finish
cylindrical work pieces.
40. Process capability and applications
MAF offers mirror-like surface finishing
capabilities as roughness could be reduced
down to 10nm Ra. It is a high-precision
process whereby form accuracy is not
adversely affected. The concept of internal
MAF was first demonstrated on difficult-to-
access area of the internal surface of a clean
gas bomb.
41. Study on Magnetic Abrasive Finishing Process
using Low - Frequency Alternating Magnetic Field
Fig. shows a schematic of the plane magnetic abrasive
finishing process using alternating magnetic field.
The tray contains the compound magnetic grinding fluid
(oily grinding fluid, iron powder and abrasive), the lower
is the magnetic pole and the upper is the work piece.
After electromagnetic coil entering alternating current,
alternating magnetic field will be produced.
43. Experimentation ( Condition )
Experimental conditions
Work piece SUS304 stainless steel plate with the size of
80mm×90mm×1mm
Finishing time 60 min
Abrasive Al₂O₃, 0-1[μm] in mean dia: 0.3[g]
Cutting fluid Neat cutting oil (Honilo 988): 0.8[ml]
Feed speed of mobile stage 260 [mm/min]
Rotational speed of magnetic pole 350 [r/min]
Magnetic field Type 1:Direct magnetic field: 1.9[A].
Type 2:Alternating magnetic field: 1.9[A]
Current frequency :3[Hz]
46. 3D photographs of polished surfaces
before and after finishing By DC
47. 3D photographs of polished surfaces
before and after finishing By AC
48. Experimental Conclusion
I. In the case of using this experimental setup MAF process using low frequency alternating
magnetic field may obtain a smoother and more uniform finished surface than that of direct
magnetic field.
II. Based on analysis of the mechanism of increasing material removal on MAF process using
alternating magnetic field, we can calculate that material removal in alternating magnetic
field is approximately 2.05 times than that of direct magnetic field in this experimental
setup, and the results of prediction and calculation are verified by finishing experiments
49. Advantages & Applications of MAF
ADVANTAGES
I. Minimizes the micro-cracks and surface
damage of work piece.
II. MAF is able to produce surface roughness of
nanometer range with hardly any surface
defects .
III. The flexible magnetic abrasive brush (tool)
requires neither compensation nor dressing.
APPLICATIONS
I. Non -ferromagnetic materials like stainless
steel, brass and aluminum.
II. Ferromagnetic materials like steels.
III. Finishing of bearing.
IV. Aerospace components.
V. Electronics components with micro meter
or sub micrometer ranges.
50. Process limitations
Despite the promise of producing mirror-like surface, MAF’s biggest limitation lies in the
restriction on the materials that are suitable to be processed. Surface finishing is negligible on
ferromagnetic materials such as nickel and cobalt alloy. This is due to the work piece being
magnetized in the presence of magnetic field, thus attracting magnetic abrasive particles to it
strongly. So no any relative motion between magnetic abrasive particles and work piece surface.
Complicated internal features such as fins and protuberances would render MAF inefficient as
magnetic abrasive particles are unable to navigate around these features. However, these
limitations could be stretched by further research effort. More experimental studies are needed
to extend understanding and fully realize the potential of this finishing process.
51. Concluding remarks
MAF for internal surfaces is a process with vast potential. Finishing force can be controlled
locally by altering the external magnetic field distribution. This is not achievable on AFM and
FBM as local flow manipulation is not possible. With very fine surface finish produced and its
capability on very small channels, MAF could find applications in precision finishing of most
internal passages.
53. Introduction to Magneto-Rheological
Abrasive Finishing
In magneto-rheological abrasive finishing abrasive mixed with magneto-rheological (MR) fluid is
used. Kordonski and Jacobs (1996) developed a setup in which magnetically stiffened magneto-
rheological fluid mixed with abrasives is made to flow over a moving flat rigid wall and the
polishing happens at a converging gap formed by the surface to be finished and a moving wall.
Now it finds an interesting industrial application in polishing of optical lenses.
Introducing the abrasive mixed MR fluid, the relative motions between the work piece and
abrasive medium are imparted in different ways; using reciprocation, rotation or combination of
both.
55. History of MR Fluid
Magnetorheological (MR) fluids, invented by Rabinow in late 1940s, belong to a class of smart
controllable materials whose rheological behavior can be manipulated externally by the application of
some energy fields . These applications include shock absorbers, damping devices, clutches, brakes,
actuators, and artificial joints.
MR fluid works as polishing tool.
MRF uses MR fluid which is invented by Rabinow in late 1940s consist of
CIP (Magnetic)
Abrasive Particle (Non-magnetic)
carrier liquid (Oil or water)
additives (glycerol,grease)
56. Application & Limitation
APPLICATION
MRF has been used for finishing a large
variety of brittle material ranging from optical
glasses to hard crystals.
LIMITATION
Internal and specially complex surfaces can’t
be finished.
58. • In order to maintain the versatility of Abrasive Flow Machining process and at the same time
introducing determinism and controllability of rheological properties of abrasive laden medium, a
new hybrid process termed as “Magnetorheological Abrasive Flow Finishing (MRAFF)” is used.
• It is deterministic process.
• Any complex geometries can be finished by this process.
• MRAFF process has the capability of finishing complex internal geometries up to nanometer level.
It imparts better control on the process performance as compared to AFM process.
• In MRAFF process, a magnetically stiffened slug of magnetorheological polishing fluid is extruded
back and forth through or across the passage formed by work piece and fixture. Abrasion occurs
selectively only where the magnetic field is applied across the work piece surface, keeping the
other areas unaffected. The mechanism is shown in Fig.
59.
60.
61. Comparison of surface before and after
MRAFF(for 200 cycles at B = 0.574 T)
INITIAL SURFACE BEFORE MRAFF FINAL SURFACE AFTER MRAFF
62. Reference
[1] Abrasive flow machining (AFM): An Overview by M. Ravi Sankar, V. K. Jain*, J. Ramkumar.
[2] Nontraditional finishing processes for internal surfaces and passages: A review by Kai Liang
Tan, Swee-Hock Yeo and Chin Hwee Ong.
[3] Magnetic abrasive finishing by Vishwanath Patil and Prof. Jaydeep Ashtekar.
[4] Magnetic field assisted abrasive based micro-/Nano-finishing by V.K. Jain.
[5] Magnetorheological Finishing: A Review by K.Saraswathamma.
[6] Nano-Finishing Techniques by Sunil Jha and V. K. Jain.
63. Reference
[7] T. Shinmura, K. Takazawa, E. Hatano, T. Aizawa: Bull. Jpn. Soc. Precis. Eng Vol.19(1) (1985), p.54-55.
[8] Y. Zou: J. Jpn. Soc. Abras. Technol Vol. 56 (2) (2012), p. 86-89 (in Japanese).
[9] Y. Zou, T. Shinmura: J. Jpn. Soc. Abras. Technol Vol. 53(2009), p.31-34 (in Japanese).
[10] J.Z. Wu, Y. Zou: Appl. Mech. Mater Vol. 395-396 (2013), p.985-989.
[11] J.Z. Wu, Y. Zou, H. Sugiyama: J. Magnet. Magnet. Mater Vol. 386 (2015), p.50-59.
[12] J.Z. Wu, Y. Zou, H. Sugiyama: Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol (2015), DOI 10.1007/s 00170-015-7962-9.
[13] M. Natsume, T. Shinmura: Trans. Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng Vol 74 (737) (2008), p.212-
218 (in Japanese).
[14] H. Matsuo: Fourier transform for engineering, Morikita Publishing limited company
(2004), p.20-22.124