Fossil fuels are being rapidly depleted and their combustion is causing environmental problems. This is leading automobile manufacturers to develop alternative fuel vehicles. Compressed air is proposed as one possible alternative as it is abundant, free from pollution, and can be compressed at low cost. There have been some attempts to develop compressed air vehicles, including two ongoing projects in France and South Korea. The document then discusses the scarcity of fossil fuels, their environmental and economic impacts, the need to search for alternatives in India given its developing status and population reliance on transportation. It introduces the topic of compressed air engines and vehicles as a potential solution.
Air powered cars use compressed air instead of gasoline to run. They store compressed air in high-pressure carbon fiber or glass fiber tanks at around 4500 psi. The compressed air is fed into an engine that drives the pistons to power the car. Air powered cars produce no emissions and could help address issues of declining fossil fuels and reducing pollution. Several companies are working to develop and produce air powered cars for the mass market within the next few years.
Compressed air vehicles provide a potential solution to air pollution problems caused by gasoline-powered vehicles. They use compressed air stored in high-pressure tanks as fuel instead of gasoline. The compressed air is released to power the vehicle's piston engine, which runs through only a power and exhaust stroke. While they produce zero emissions, compressed air vehicles currently have less power and require heating systems to improve efficiency. Research is ongoing to develop more practical compressed air vehicles and engines.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on a compressed air car. It describes the key components of the vehicle, including compressed air tanks that store air at 300 bars of pressure, a fiber body, air filters to remove impurities from compressed air, and an aluminum chassis. The presentation explains that the car runs on compressed air stored in the tanks instead of gasoline, with two pistons that compress and expand air to power the engine. It concludes that compressed air cars could help reduce pollution by eliminating the use of non-renewable fuels.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used for automobiles instead of fossil fuels. It describes fuels such as methanol, ethanol, natural gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, and electricity. For each fuel, it provides details on their production, use in vehicles, and environmental and performance advantages over gasoline and diesel. The conclusion emphasizes that alternative fuels generally have lower emissions and reduce dependence on petroleum. Comparing the different options economically and environmentally is important for determining the best short and long-term alternatives. Overall alternative fuels can help address issues like air, soil, and water pollution as well as global warming.
The document discusses an air-powered car as an alternative fuel vehicle that could help reduce air pollution. The car would run on compressed air stored in high-pressure tanks. Prototypes of these cars have been developed that can reach speeds over 100 km/h and only require air refills every 50,000 km. Advantages include using a clean, widely available fuel and having very low greenhouse gas emissions compared to gasoline or electric vehicles.
This document describes an air-powered car developed by Guy Negre as an alternative fuel vehicle that reduces pollution. It consists of air tanks that store compressed air, a chassis made of aluminum rods, air filters to clean the air, and a 1200cc engine that runs on compressed air. The car is lightweight, produces less emissions than gasoline or electric cars, and can supplement its air fuel with gasoline when traveling over 60 kph. However, it requires electricity to compress the air and makes noise during operation. Overall, the document argues that air-powered cars provide a practical solution to urban pollution problems.
This presentation include the information about the different types of superchargers, advantages & disadvantages of superchargers and turbochargers. One case study of variable geometry turbocharger is included with literature review.
The document presents information on compressed air cars. It discusses how compressed air cars provide an alternative to gasoline-powered cars by using compressed air as fuel. The cars have a compressed air tank, air filter, chassis, and compressed air engine. The engine works similarly to a gasoline engine but uses compressed air instead of gasoline. Compressed air cars produce zero emissions and can be refueled quickly at gas stations using compressed air. While they have less speed than gasoline cars, compressed air cars provide a more sustainable transportation option.
Air powered cars use compressed air instead of gasoline to run. They store compressed air in high-pressure carbon fiber or glass fiber tanks at around 4500 psi. The compressed air is fed into an engine that drives the pistons to power the car. Air powered cars produce no emissions and could help address issues of declining fossil fuels and reducing pollution. Several companies are working to develop and produce air powered cars for the mass market within the next few years.
Compressed air vehicles provide a potential solution to air pollution problems caused by gasoline-powered vehicles. They use compressed air stored in high-pressure tanks as fuel instead of gasoline. The compressed air is released to power the vehicle's piston engine, which runs through only a power and exhaust stroke. While they produce zero emissions, compressed air vehicles currently have less power and require heating systems to improve efficiency. Research is ongoing to develop more practical compressed air vehicles and engines.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on a compressed air car. It describes the key components of the vehicle, including compressed air tanks that store air at 300 bars of pressure, a fiber body, air filters to remove impurities from compressed air, and an aluminum chassis. The presentation explains that the car runs on compressed air stored in the tanks instead of gasoline, with two pistons that compress and expand air to power the engine. It concludes that compressed air cars could help reduce pollution by eliminating the use of non-renewable fuels.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used for automobiles instead of fossil fuels. It describes fuels such as methanol, ethanol, natural gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, and electricity. For each fuel, it provides details on their production, use in vehicles, and environmental and performance advantages over gasoline and diesel. The conclusion emphasizes that alternative fuels generally have lower emissions and reduce dependence on petroleum. Comparing the different options economically and environmentally is important for determining the best short and long-term alternatives. Overall alternative fuels can help address issues like air, soil, and water pollution as well as global warming.
The document discusses an air-powered car as an alternative fuel vehicle that could help reduce air pollution. The car would run on compressed air stored in high-pressure tanks. Prototypes of these cars have been developed that can reach speeds over 100 km/h and only require air refills every 50,000 km. Advantages include using a clean, widely available fuel and having very low greenhouse gas emissions compared to gasoline or electric vehicles.
This document describes an air-powered car developed by Guy Negre as an alternative fuel vehicle that reduces pollution. It consists of air tanks that store compressed air, a chassis made of aluminum rods, air filters to clean the air, and a 1200cc engine that runs on compressed air. The car is lightweight, produces less emissions than gasoline or electric cars, and can supplement its air fuel with gasoline when traveling over 60 kph. However, it requires electricity to compress the air and makes noise during operation. Overall, the document argues that air-powered cars provide a practical solution to urban pollution problems.
This presentation include the information about the different types of superchargers, advantages & disadvantages of superchargers and turbochargers. One case study of variable geometry turbocharger is included with literature review.
The document presents information on compressed air cars. It discusses how compressed air cars provide an alternative to gasoline-powered cars by using compressed air as fuel. The cars have a compressed air tank, air filter, chassis, and compressed air engine. The engine works similarly to a gasoline engine but uses compressed air instead of gasoline. Compressed air cars produce zero emissions and can be refueled quickly at gas stations using compressed air. While they have less speed than gasoline cars, compressed air cars provide a more sustainable transportation option.
A turbocharger increases an engine's efficiency and power output by forcing extra air into the combustion chamber using a turbine powered by the engine's exhaust gases. It was invented in 1905 but took 20 years to be implemented. Turbochargers are used widely in vehicles to allow smaller engines to have improved fuel economy, reduced emissions, and higher power/torque. A turbocharger works by using the exhaust flow to spin a turbine, which spins an air pump to compress more air into the engine.
The document provides information on various automotive systems including the lubrication system, cooling system, fuel supply system, transmission system, steering system, and suspension system. It describes the key components and functions of each system. The lubrication system uses oil to reduce friction and wear between moving engine parts. The cooling system circulates water around the engine to dissipate excess heat through a radiator. The fuel supply system delivers gasoline or diesel fuel to the engine for combustion. The transmission system reduces the high engine speed to the slower wheel speed through a clutch assembly and gearbox. The steering and suspension systems enable steering control and provide a smooth, comfortable ride over varied road conditions.
This document discusses dual fuel engines. It begins with an introduction explaining that dual fuel engines use a gaseous fuel inducted into the engine cylinder along with air, and a small amount of diesel fuel is injected as a pilot fuel to ignite the air-gas mixture. It then discusses factors that affect combustion in dual fuel engines like pilot fuel quantity and injection timing. The document outlines advantages of dual fuel engines such as reduced emissions and lower operating costs compared to diesel or natural gas engines. It concludes that dual fuel engines can substitute up to 70% of diesel fuel with a gaseous fuel like natural gas.
This document discusses alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. It examines various alternative fuel options including electricity, solar power, liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, hydrogen fuel cells, and others. For each option, it provides details on how the technology works, examples of vehicles that use the fuel, and advantages and disadvantages compared to conventional fuels. The conclusion states that alternative fuels can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and many options are being developed that are inexpensive and environmentally friendly.
Classification of Automobile and chassis in AutomobileSwapnilDahake2
The document discusses different types of automobile chassis and classifications of vehicles. It describes various chassis types including ladder, backbone, monocoque, and exoskeleton chassis. Vehicles are classified based on purpose, load capacity, fuel used, number of wheels, transmission, and suspension system. Common chassis include car, bus, motorcycle, and four or six wheel configurations. The chassis forms the framework that supports automotive components and gives shape and strength to the vehicle.
The document discusses new trends in internal combustion engines to improve fuel economy, safety, emissions and noise/vibration. It describes technologies like cylinder deactivation to improve efficiency by deactivating cylinders under light loads, direct fuel injection for cleaner combustion, variable valve timing and lift to optimize performance, and turbochargers to boost power density. While making engines more complex, these technologies allow internal combustion engines to meet stricter emissions standards while enhancing fuel economy and performance.
This document discusses aerodynamics in cars. It begins by defining aerodynamics and classifying different types. It then discusses how aerodynamics affects forces on a car like lift, drag, downforce, and thrust. The document traces the evolution of aerodynamic design in cars from the early 20th century to the 1970s when fuel efficiency became important. It describes methods to evaluate aerodynamics like wind tunnels and simulation software. The document highlights various aerodynamic devices used in cars like wings, spoilers, ducts and diffusers and how they impact speed, downforce, and fuel efficiency.
The document discusses the history and design of compressed air engines. It provides details on the development of compressed air vehicles from the 19th century to present day, including early prototypes and modern designs. The engine design uses compressed air storage tanks and pistons to capture ambient heat and achieve efficient non-adiabatic expansion. Storage of compressed air poses challenges around cooling and heating during compression/expansion cycles.
Google announced its first fully functional driverless car ready for testing on public roads, marking a breakthrough in automotive technology. Automakers are also developing automated manual transmissions, vehicle-to-vehicle communication technologies, and advanced driver assistance systems using sensors and automatic braking to increase safety and prevent collisions. Meanwhile, new infotainment systems are allowing smartphone-like interfaces in vehicles, and materials like aluminum are making cars lighter and more fuel efficient.
This document provides an overview of common rail direct injection (CRDI) technology for diesel engines. It discusses the history and development of CRDI, the operating principle, key components like the high-pressure pump and fuel rail, and how it works. CRDI allows for more precise fuel injection compared to older direct injection systems, improving power, efficiency and reducing emissions. It sees widespread use in modern passenger vehicles from many automakers. The document also covers the differences between direct and indirect injection, advantages and disadvantages of CRDI, and common applications.
This document provides an overview of compressed air engines. It begins with an introduction describing how compressed air engines can help reduce environmental problems from fossil fuel usage. It then defines what an engine is and provides a brief history of compressed air engines dating back to the late 1600s. The document goes on to describe how a compressed air engine works, involving intake and exhaust valves and the conversion of compressed air into mechanical motion. It also discusses Tata Motor's plans to develop an Indian car powered by compressed air. Advantages include not requiring gasoline while disadvantages include limited refueling speed and capacity. The conclusion states compressed air technology could be a viable alternative fuel option.
Gas turbines operate by compressing air, adding fuel and igniting it to generate high-temperature gas, and expanding this gas through a turbine to power the compressor and provide output shaft work. There are various types including turbojets used in aircraft, turboprops which drive propellers via reduction gears, and turbofans which have a large fan at the front and achieve higher efficiency. Ramjets have no moving parts and rely solely on forward speed for compression, making them unable to produce static thrust.
This document summarizes trends in automobiles from the past to present and future. In the past, cars had 3-4 cylinder engines running on petrol or diesel with rack and pinion steering and hard brakes. Now, cars have more efficient supercharged or turbocharged engines running on various fuels, with power steering, advanced braking systems, and safety features. In the future, vehicles will run cleaner and faster, using technologies like hybrid power and hydrogen fuel cells to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions.
Design of Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine with Fuel Regeneration and Ener...Sameer Shah
This document summarizes a proposal for a hydrogen internal combustion engine with fuel regeneration and energy recovery systems. It begins with background on fossil fuels and their finite nature. It then discusses hydrogen as an alternative fuel, noting its advantages of being renewable but challenges of storage. The proposal is for an engine that takes in water and salt as inputs, uses hydrogen separated from the water as fuel, and regenerates the water while recovering mechanical and electrical energy through various systems. The engine aims to address current challenges with hydrogen storage in internal combustion engines.
The document describes an air driven engine that operates using compressed air. It uses compressed air technology, where air is compressed into a cylinder and stores energy. When the compressed air expands, this energy is released to displace the engine's pistons. There is no combustion involved. The engine makes use of compressed air directly fed into the piston-cylinder arrangement to expand and provide power to the crankshaft. Several modifications were made to a small two-stroke engine, including sealing ports and removing the spark plug to adapt it to run on compressed air.
The document presents information on a green engine, a new type of engine that aims to reduce environmental impacts. The green engine is a six-phase pistonless engine that has higher efficiency and nearly zero exhaust emissions compared to conventional engines. It works through six independent processes - intake, compression, mixing, combustion, power, and exhaust. The green engine offers advantages like small size, limited parts, high thermal efficiency, ability to run on multiple fuels, near-zero emissions, smooth operation, and low costs. It could be applied in automobiles, aircraft, power generators, and other areas. The green engine provides a new technology that can minimize pollution and work with various fuels.
There are two main types of fuel pumps: mechanical and electrical. Mechanical fuel pumps use engine camshafts to drive diaphragms that push fuel through the pump, while electrical fuel pumps use electric motors located inside or inline with the fuel tank to draw and pressurize fuel for modern fuel injection systems. Within electrical fuel pumps there are in-tank and inline subtypes. Turbo pumps can also be used to further increase fuel pressure for high-performance engines.
The document discusses three types of energy efficient automobiles: electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and hydrogen vehicles. It provides details on the characteristics and issues associated with each type. However, electric vehicles proved to be the most promising but were eliminated due to pressure from the oil and auto industries. While hybrids and hydrogen vehicles were promoted, they still rely on oil and are not as energy efficient as electric vehicles.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that could potentially replace gasoline and diesel in the future due to concerns over depletion of fossil fuels and harmful emissions. It describes some of the key alternative fuels like ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, hydrogen, and gases. Ethanol shows promise because it can be produced from agricultural waste at low cost and reduces harmful emissions from engines. The document also discusses the various ways these alternative fuels can be used in engines and their advantages and disadvantages. Overall, it examines the need to shift to alternative fuels and provides an overview of some of the most promising options.
A turbocharger increases an engine's efficiency and power output by forcing extra air into the combustion chamber using a turbine powered by the engine's exhaust gases. It was invented in 1905 but took 20 years to be implemented. Turbochargers are used widely in vehicles to allow smaller engines to have improved fuel economy, reduced emissions, and higher power/torque. A turbocharger works by using the exhaust flow to spin a turbine, which spins an air pump to compress more air into the engine.
The document provides information on various automotive systems including the lubrication system, cooling system, fuel supply system, transmission system, steering system, and suspension system. It describes the key components and functions of each system. The lubrication system uses oil to reduce friction and wear between moving engine parts. The cooling system circulates water around the engine to dissipate excess heat through a radiator. The fuel supply system delivers gasoline or diesel fuel to the engine for combustion. The transmission system reduces the high engine speed to the slower wheel speed through a clutch assembly and gearbox. The steering and suspension systems enable steering control and provide a smooth, comfortable ride over varied road conditions.
This document discusses dual fuel engines. It begins with an introduction explaining that dual fuel engines use a gaseous fuel inducted into the engine cylinder along with air, and a small amount of diesel fuel is injected as a pilot fuel to ignite the air-gas mixture. It then discusses factors that affect combustion in dual fuel engines like pilot fuel quantity and injection timing. The document outlines advantages of dual fuel engines such as reduced emissions and lower operating costs compared to diesel or natural gas engines. It concludes that dual fuel engines can substitute up to 70% of diesel fuel with a gaseous fuel like natural gas.
This document discusses alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. It examines various alternative fuel options including electricity, solar power, liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, hydrogen fuel cells, and others. For each option, it provides details on how the technology works, examples of vehicles that use the fuel, and advantages and disadvantages compared to conventional fuels. The conclusion states that alternative fuels can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and many options are being developed that are inexpensive and environmentally friendly.
Classification of Automobile and chassis in AutomobileSwapnilDahake2
The document discusses different types of automobile chassis and classifications of vehicles. It describes various chassis types including ladder, backbone, monocoque, and exoskeleton chassis. Vehicles are classified based on purpose, load capacity, fuel used, number of wheels, transmission, and suspension system. Common chassis include car, bus, motorcycle, and four or six wheel configurations. The chassis forms the framework that supports automotive components and gives shape and strength to the vehicle.
The document discusses new trends in internal combustion engines to improve fuel economy, safety, emissions and noise/vibration. It describes technologies like cylinder deactivation to improve efficiency by deactivating cylinders under light loads, direct fuel injection for cleaner combustion, variable valve timing and lift to optimize performance, and turbochargers to boost power density. While making engines more complex, these technologies allow internal combustion engines to meet stricter emissions standards while enhancing fuel economy and performance.
This document discusses aerodynamics in cars. It begins by defining aerodynamics and classifying different types. It then discusses how aerodynamics affects forces on a car like lift, drag, downforce, and thrust. The document traces the evolution of aerodynamic design in cars from the early 20th century to the 1970s when fuel efficiency became important. It describes methods to evaluate aerodynamics like wind tunnels and simulation software. The document highlights various aerodynamic devices used in cars like wings, spoilers, ducts and diffusers and how they impact speed, downforce, and fuel efficiency.
The document discusses the history and design of compressed air engines. It provides details on the development of compressed air vehicles from the 19th century to present day, including early prototypes and modern designs. The engine design uses compressed air storage tanks and pistons to capture ambient heat and achieve efficient non-adiabatic expansion. Storage of compressed air poses challenges around cooling and heating during compression/expansion cycles.
Google announced its first fully functional driverless car ready for testing on public roads, marking a breakthrough in automotive technology. Automakers are also developing automated manual transmissions, vehicle-to-vehicle communication technologies, and advanced driver assistance systems using sensors and automatic braking to increase safety and prevent collisions. Meanwhile, new infotainment systems are allowing smartphone-like interfaces in vehicles, and materials like aluminum are making cars lighter and more fuel efficient.
This document provides an overview of common rail direct injection (CRDI) technology for diesel engines. It discusses the history and development of CRDI, the operating principle, key components like the high-pressure pump and fuel rail, and how it works. CRDI allows for more precise fuel injection compared to older direct injection systems, improving power, efficiency and reducing emissions. It sees widespread use in modern passenger vehicles from many automakers. The document also covers the differences between direct and indirect injection, advantages and disadvantages of CRDI, and common applications.
This document provides an overview of compressed air engines. It begins with an introduction describing how compressed air engines can help reduce environmental problems from fossil fuel usage. It then defines what an engine is and provides a brief history of compressed air engines dating back to the late 1600s. The document goes on to describe how a compressed air engine works, involving intake and exhaust valves and the conversion of compressed air into mechanical motion. It also discusses Tata Motor's plans to develop an Indian car powered by compressed air. Advantages include not requiring gasoline while disadvantages include limited refueling speed and capacity. The conclusion states compressed air technology could be a viable alternative fuel option.
Gas turbines operate by compressing air, adding fuel and igniting it to generate high-temperature gas, and expanding this gas through a turbine to power the compressor and provide output shaft work. There are various types including turbojets used in aircraft, turboprops which drive propellers via reduction gears, and turbofans which have a large fan at the front and achieve higher efficiency. Ramjets have no moving parts and rely solely on forward speed for compression, making them unable to produce static thrust.
This document summarizes trends in automobiles from the past to present and future. In the past, cars had 3-4 cylinder engines running on petrol or diesel with rack and pinion steering and hard brakes. Now, cars have more efficient supercharged or turbocharged engines running on various fuels, with power steering, advanced braking systems, and safety features. In the future, vehicles will run cleaner and faster, using technologies like hybrid power and hydrogen fuel cells to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions.
Design of Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine with Fuel Regeneration and Ener...Sameer Shah
This document summarizes a proposal for a hydrogen internal combustion engine with fuel regeneration and energy recovery systems. It begins with background on fossil fuels and their finite nature. It then discusses hydrogen as an alternative fuel, noting its advantages of being renewable but challenges of storage. The proposal is for an engine that takes in water and salt as inputs, uses hydrogen separated from the water as fuel, and regenerates the water while recovering mechanical and electrical energy through various systems. The engine aims to address current challenges with hydrogen storage in internal combustion engines.
The document describes an air driven engine that operates using compressed air. It uses compressed air technology, where air is compressed into a cylinder and stores energy. When the compressed air expands, this energy is released to displace the engine's pistons. There is no combustion involved. The engine makes use of compressed air directly fed into the piston-cylinder arrangement to expand and provide power to the crankshaft. Several modifications were made to a small two-stroke engine, including sealing ports and removing the spark plug to adapt it to run on compressed air.
The document presents information on a green engine, a new type of engine that aims to reduce environmental impacts. The green engine is a six-phase pistonless engine that has higher efficiency and nearly zero exhaust emissions compared to conventional engines. It works through six independent processes - intake, compression, mixing, combustion, power, and exhaust. The green engine offers advantages like small size, limited parts, high thermal efficiency, ability to run on multiple fuels, near-zero emissions, smooth operation, and low costs. It could be applied in automobiles, aircraft, power generators, and other areas. The green engine provides a new technology that can minimize pollution and work with various fuels.
There are two main types of fuel pumps: mechanical and electrical. Mechanical fuel pumps use engine camshafts to drive diaphragms that push fuel through the pump, while electrical fuel pumps use electric motors located inside or inline with the fuel tank to draw and pressurize fuel for modern fuel injection systems. Within electrical fuel pumps there are in-tank and inline subtypes. Turbo pumps can also be used to further increase fuel pressure for high-performance engines.
The document discusses three types of energy efficient automobiles: electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and hydrogen vehicles. It provides details on the characteristics and issues associated with each type. However, electric vehicles proved to be the most promising but were eliminated due to pressure from the oil and auto industries. While hybrids and hydrogen vehicles were promoted, they still rely on oil and are not as energy efficient as electric vehicles.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that could potentially replace gasoline and diesel in the future due to concerns over depletion of fossil fuels and harmful emissions. It describes some of the key alternative fuels like ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, hydrogen, and gases. Ethanol shows promise because it can be produced from agricultural waste at low cost and reduces harmful emissions from engines. The document also discusses the various ways these alternative fuels can be used in engines and their advantages and disadvantages. Overall, it examines the need to shift to alternative fuels and provides an overview of some of the most promising options.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that could potentially replace or supplement gasoline and diesel fuels. It notes that conventional fossil fuels are depleting and contributing to pollution and global warming. Some key alternative fuels discussed include ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils/biodiesel, natural gas, propane, and hydrogen. The document provides details on production methods and potential benefits and drawbacks of different alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Overall it evaluates options for more sustainable fuel sources.
The document discusses the monumental challenge of transitioning to a hydrogen economy from the current fossil fuel economy. It outlines the numerous technological, economic, and social barriers that are impeding this transition, including issues with hydrogen production, storage, distribution, infrastructure, and public acceptance. Overcoming these barriers to make hydrogen a viable and widespread energy alternative will be an enormous undertaking requiring significant advances and coordination across many areas.
A review on natural gas utilization and cutting carbon emissions how viable i...Alexander Decker
1. The document discusses the viability of compressed natural gas (CNG) as a road vehicle fuel as an alternative to reduce carbon emissions.
2. CNG has advantages over gasoline and diesel such as lower emissions, cost competitiveness due to lower fuel prices, and a proven safety record in vehicles.
3. Switching to CNG for vehicles could help utilize abundant natural gas reserves instead of flaring, reducing environmental harm and improving energy security.
scope of reenewable energy in automobile industrykevIN kovaDIA
This document provides a literature review and objectives for a term paper on the scope of renewable energy in the automobile sector. [1] It discusses how the automobile industry is highly dependent on fossil fuels and a major source of CO2 emissions. [2] Transitioning to renewable energy and a low-carbon economy will require massive training efforts. [3] Long-term options include increased use of renewables like wind, biofuels and solar. [4] Joint efforts are needed to address issues of declining resources and increasing energy consumption/global warming. [5] The paper will examine the need for renewable energy, history of its use in automobiles, and future of technologies like electric vehicles.
The Role of Renewable Energy in Moving Towards Sustainable TransportationAbdulrazaq Abdulkareem
An analysis of the future of renewable energy; what are the costs, benefits and future prospects for countries moving away from conventional sources of energy in their transportation sector to renewable sources of energy.
Global Warming And Its Effect On The Environment EssayKristen Wilson
The document discusses global warming and its effects on the environment. It states that the majority of academics accept that global warming is occurring and that greenhouse gases like carbon emissions are major drivers. If allowed to continue, global warming will damage both the natural environment and human well-being. Decreasing carbon emissions is necessary for continued social and economic development. The document discusses two major methods for reducing carbon emissions: carbon taxes and emissions trading systems. Both systems aim to put a price on carbon in order to incentivize reductions. However, there is debate around the effectiveness of such market-based systems.
Renewable energy resources like biofuels and wind power have great potential to meet the world's growing energy demands. This essay focuses on biofuels, which have seen significant production increases in key markets like Brazil, the US, and EU in recent years. Several developing countries are also exploring biofuel potential. While renewable sources show promise, the transition away from fossil fuels faces challenges as energy infrastructure and policies currently favor non-renewable options despite their environmental and supply issues.
The document discusses how while the automobile has benefited society in many ways, it relies on fossil fuels which produce harmful emissions and contribute to issues like global warming and increased cancer rates. However, electric vehicles are developing in ways that could help address these problems, like the Chevrolet Volt which can run off electricity or gas and only requires filling up every 1,500 km with a daily charge. Overall the document argues that improving automobile technology, like developing electric vehicles, may be a way to solve the environmental issues caused by fossil fuel-powered cars.
The document discusses the future of global energy and outlines some key uncertainties and challenges. It notes that demand for energy will double over the century while production of oil and gas cannot keep pace. This will make the era of cheap energy come to an end. Alternative energy sources like renewables will need to ramp up significantly to close the gap between supply and demand. Major investments and cooperation will be required globally to transition the energy system in a sustainable way and reduce greenhouse gas emissions to avoid climate change impacts.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
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Compressed air vehicle report
1. Compressed Air Vehicle
Department of Mechanical Engineering, MMCT, Mangalore Page 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Fossil fuels (i.e., petroleum, diesel, natural gas and coal) which meet most of the world's
energy demand today are being depleted rapidly. Also, their combustion products are
causing global problems, such as the green house effect, ozone layer depletion acid rains
and pollution which are posing great danger for environment and eventually for the total
life on planet. These factors are leading automobile manufactures to develop cars fueled
by alternatives energies. Hybrid cars, Fuel cell powered cars, Hydrogen fueled cars will
be soon in the market as a result of it. One possible alternative is the air powered car. Air,
which is abundantly available and is free from pollution, can be compressed to higher
pressure at a very low cost, is one of the prime option since atmospheric pollution can be
permanently eradicated. Whereas so far all the attempts made to eliminate the pollution
has however to reduce it, but complete eradication is still rigorously pursued.
Compressed air utilization in the pneumatic application has been long proven. Air
motors, pneumatic actuators and
Others various such pneumatic equipments are in use. Compressed air was
also used in some of vehicle for boosting the initial torque. Turbo charging has become
one of the popular techniques to enhance power and improve the efficiencies of the
automotive engine that completely runs on compressed air. There are at two ongoing
projects (in France, by MDI and in S. Korea) that are developing a new type of car that
will run only on compressed air. Similar attempt has been made but to modify the
existing engine and to test on compressed air.
1.1 SCARCITY OF FOSSIL FUELS
Fossil fuels, as the name suggests, are very old. Although humans probably used fossil
fuels in ancient times, as far back as the Iron Age, it was the Industrial Revolution that
led to their wide-scale extraction. About 100 years ago, the major source of energy
shifted from recent solar to fossil fuel (hydrocarbons). Technology has generally led to a
greater use of hydrocarbon fuels, making civilization vulnerable to decreases in supply.
The current study made in the year 2004, predicts that if the oil is consumed at the current
rates, then by 2020, we will be consuming 80% of the entire available resource.
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Latest studies and projections available indicate that the crises of fossil fuel in near future
are inevitable and alternative to fossil fuel must be looked for. Some of the studies made
in this regard are detailed ahead.
1. When the wells run dry, We use more oil than we find, and if producers are fixing their
figures the end could be closer than thought, by Adam Porter, "Predicting the end of the
age of oil can be a sticky business. The Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas
(Aspo), a collection of industry figures, politicians and academics, held its annual
meeting at the Gulbenkian Museum in Lisbon..."
2. Peaking of World Oil Production: Impacts, Mitigation, & Risk Management, by Robert
L. Hirsch, SAIC, Roger Bezdek, MISI, Robert Wendling, MISI for the National Energy
Technology Laboratory of the US Department of Energy [2005 February] "The peaking
of world oil production presents the U.S. and the world with an unprecedented risk
management problem. As peaking is approached, liquid fuel prices and price volatility
will increase dramatically, and, without timely mitigation, the economic, social, and
political costs will be unprecedented. Viable mitigation options exist on both the supply
and demand sides, but to have substantial impact, they must be initiated more than a
decade in advance of peaking."
3. Expert says Saudi oil may have peaked, by Adam Porter [2005 February 22] : "As oil
prices remain above $45 a barrel, a major market mover has cast a worrying future
prediction. Energy investment banker Matthew Simmons, of Simmons & Co
International, has been outspoken in his warnings about peak oil before. His new
statement is his strongest yet, 'we may have already passed peak oil."
4. U.S. Energy Policy: A Declaration of Interdependence, by David J. O'Reilly Chairman
and CEO, ChevronTexaco Corporation [2005 February 15] "Simply put, the era of easy
access to energy is over. In part, this is because we are experiencing the convergence of
geological difficulty with geopolitical instability... We are seeing the beginnings of a
bidding war for Mideast supplies between East and West."
5. New Oil Projects Cannot Meet World Needs This Decade, by Oil Depletion Analysis
Centre [2004 November 16] "World oil supplies are all but certain to remain tight
through the rest of this decade, unless there is a precipitous drop in demand, according to
the results of a study by the London-based Oil Depletion Analysis Centre (ODAC). "The
study found that all of the major new oil-recovery projects scheduled to come on stream
over the next six years is unlikely to boost supplies enough to meet the world’s growing
needs."
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1.2 INFLUENCE OF FOSSIL FUEL ON ENVIRONMENT
It is observed that with increasing pace of civilization, uses of transport have become
essential part of life and increasing in geometrical progression. This is leading to very
hazardous condition due to high rate of pollution. Many of the environmental problems
our generation faces today result from our fossil fuel dependence. These impacts include
global warming, air quality deterioration, oil spills, and acid rain.
Emissions from an individual car are generally low, relative to the smokestack image
many people associate with air pollution. But in numerous cities across the country, the
personal automobile is the single greatest polluter, as emissions from millions of vehicles
on the road add up. Driving a private car is probably a typical citizen’s most “polluting”
daily activity. Gasoline and diesel fuels are mixtures of hydrocarbons, compounds which
contain hydrogen and carbon atoms. In a “perfect” engine, oxygen in the air would
convert all the hydrogen in the fuel to water and all the carbon in the fuel to carbon
dioxide. Nitrogen in the air would remain unaffected. In reality, the combustion process
cannot be “perfect,” and automotive engines emit several types of pollutions like CO,
NOx, SO2, Volatile Organic Compounds,O3 etc.
1.3 INFLUENCE OF FOSSIL FUEL ON ECONOMY
Oil, the master energy resource, is the driver of economic growth. But our financial
system is wired for economic growth. This is the challenge. It is structural change that is
needed. Over the last 150 years relatively cheap oil has enabled economic growth to
happen. It has transformed agricultural methods, enabled world population to grow, and
powered transport. So now, not only are we required to adapt to life with less oil, but the
very enabler of economic growth is becoming more and more unaffordable.
Our economy may well recover somewhat, but that recovery will lead to increased oil
use, which leads to increased prices, which will lead to another economic contraction.
And this cycle will repeat – with each subsequent recovery being weaker than the last. So
no amount of optimism or wishful thinking can bring back economic growth. Future
economic growth will be impeded by the depletion of critical, natural resources, the
increased costs of extraction and its associated negative environmental impacts, and ever
mounting debt. This is not a temporary phenomenon, it is the start of a long series of
cyclical recessions, and it signifies the end of growth. It is a great disruption to our
normal patterns.
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1.4 SEARCH FOR AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL
Many research works are being carried out to find the alternative to fossil fuel.
Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional or advanced fuels, are any materials or
substances that can be used as fuels, other than conventional fuels. Conventional fuels
include: fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, and natural gas). Some well-known alternative
fuels include biodiesel, bioalcohol (methanol, ethanol, butanol), chemically stored
electricity (batteries and fuel cells), hydrogen, non-fossil methane, non-fossil natural gas,
vegetable oil, propane, and other biomass sources. Compressed Air is one of the
important and freely available alternative fuels.
1.5 FOSSIL FUEL: CONTEXT TO INDIA
India is developing country. Still per capita income of average person is very low to meet
out the minimum requirement of person. Maximum population of country is still living in
villages. There transport is still either bi-cycle or Motor Bike. Current hike of fossil fuel
is going tremendously high up to 30-40 % every year. With this pace up to 2010 prices
may go double than what is today and by 2030-40, it may fetch to Rs.1000 per litre. A
time will come when common person would not be able to purchase fuel to even run the
Motor-Bike. It is not only due to rate of increase of vehicles in India. It is worldwide
problem that 80 % of fossil fuel is being consumed in transport with increasing mobility
of persons today and daily consumable materials are being transported through Road
Transport. Thus it is need of day to explore possibility of alternative for fossil fuel to
make environment free from emission & make children healthy. With high rate of
consumption of fossil fuel it also necessary to make sustainable energy or in other words
of our Hon. President of India Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam make INDIA energy freedom by
2030, which he has spoken in his speech on the eve of 14th Aug.’2005 of Independence
day. So we need a focus on Alternative Fuel Research.
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CHAPTER 2
HISTORY OF COMPRESSED AIR ENGINE
One cannot accurately claim that compressed air as energy and
locomotion vector is recent technology. At the end of the 19th century, the first
approximations to what could one day become a compressed air driven vehicle already
existed, with the arrival of the first pneumatic locomotives. In fact, two centuries before
that Dennis Papin apparently came up with the idea of using compressed air (Royal
Society London, 1687). In 1872 the Mekarski air engine was used for street transit,
consisting of a single stage engine. It represented an extremely important advance in
terms of pneumatic engines, due to its forward thinking use of thermodynamics, which
ensured that the air was heated, by passing it through tanks of boiling water, which also
increased its range between fill-ups. Numerous locomotives were manufactured and a
number of regular lines were opened up (the first in Nantes in 1879).
Figure 2.1 (a) Figure 2.1(b)
Figure 2.1(c)
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In 1892, Robert Hardie introduced a new method of heating that at the same time served
to increase the range of the engine. However, the first urban transport locomotive was
not introduced until 1898, by Hoadley and Knight, and was based on the principle that
the longer the air is kept in the engine the more heat it absorbs and the greater its range.
As a result they introduced a two-stage engine.
Charles B. Hodges will always be remembered as the true father of the
compressed air concept applied to cars, being the first person, not only to invent a car
driven by a compressed air engine but also to have considerable commercial success with
it. The H.K. Porter Company of Pittsburgh sold hundreds of these vehicles to the mining
industry in the eastern United States, due to the safety that this method of propulsion
represented for the 2 mining sector. Later on, in 1912, the American’s method was
improved by Europeans, adding a further expansion stage to the engine - 3 stages.
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CHAPTER 3
COMPRESSED AIR
3.1 COMPRESSED AIR
Compressed air is a gas, or a combination of gases, that has been put under greater
pressure than the air in the general environment. Numerous and diverse, including jack
hammers, tire pumps, air rifles, and aerosol cheese are some of the current applications
using compressed air. In this case Compressed air can also be defined as the fuel having
the potential as a clean, inexpensive, and infinitely renewable energy source. Its use is
currently being explored and can be an alternative to fossil fuels.
3.2 BEHAVIOR OF COMPRESSED AIR
Compressed air is clean, safe, simple and efficient. There are no dangerous exhaust fumes
of or other harmful by products when compressed air is used as a utility. It is a non-
combustible, non-polluting utility. When air at atmospheric pressure is mechanically
compressed by a compressor, the transformation of air at 1 bar (atmospheric pressure)
into air at higher pressure (up to 414 bar) is determined by the laws of thermodynamics.
They state that an increase in pressure equals a rise in heat and compressing air creates a
proportional increase in heat. Boyle's law explains that if a volume of a gas (air) halves
during compression, then the pressure is doubled. Charles' law states that the volume of a
gas changes in direct proportion to the temperature. These laws explain that pressure,
volume and temperature are proportional; change one variable and one or two of the
others will also change, according to this equation:
P1 V1
T1
=
P1 V1
T1
Compressed air is normally used in pressure ranges from 1 bar to 414 bar (14 to 6004
PSI) at various flow rates from as little as 0.1 m (3.5 CFM -cubic feet per minute) and up.
3.3 AVAILABILITY
Air is natural source and available freely in atmosphere, which can be stored after
compressing it to desired pressure. This is the only source which can be stored at very
high pressure and can be retained without any loss after lapse of passage of time, which
can drive so many domestic appliances such as vacuum cleaner, mixy and pumps,
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running Power generator when electric power is off instead of using inverter to have
clumsy arrangements of battery etc.
3.4 COMPRESSED AIR ENGINE
This engine was developed between the end of 2001 and the beginning of 2002. It uses an
innovative system to control the movement of the 2nd generation pistons and one single
crankshaft. The pistons work in two stages-one motor stage and one intermediate stage of
compression/expansion. The engine has 4 two-stage pistons, i.e. 8 compression and/or
expansion chambers. They have two functions: to compress ambient air and refill the
storage tanks and to make successive expansions (reheating air with ambient thermal
energy) there by approaching isothermal expansion. Figure 3.4 shows the compressed air
engine.
Two technologies have been developed to meet different needs:
Single energy compressed air engines; and
Dual energy compressed air plus fuel engines.
Figure 3.4: Compressed air engines
The single energy engines will be available in both Minicat’s and Citycats. These
engines have been conceived for city use, where the maximum speed is 50 km/h and
where MDI believes polluting will soon be prohibited. The dual energy engine, on the
other hand, has been conceived as much for the city as the open road and will be
available in all MDI vehicles. The engines will work exclusively with compressed air
while it is running under 50 km/h in urban areas. But when the car is used outside urban
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areas at speeds over 50 km/h, the engines will switch to fuel mode. The engine will be
able to use gasoline, gas oil, bio-diesel, gas, liquidized gas, ecological fuel, alcohol, etc.
Both engines will be available with 2, 4 and 6 cylinders, When the air tanks are empty the
driver will be able to switch to fuel mode, thanks to the car’s on board computer.
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CHAPTER 4
WORKING AND PRINCIPLE
4.1 THE PRINCIPLE OF COMPRESSED AIR ENGINE
A typical single-cylinder CAE, as shown in Figure 4.1(a), is composed of an intake valve
(shown by number 1), an exhaust valve (indicated by number 2), a cylinder (indicated by
number 3), a piston (shown by number 4), a connecting rod (shown by number 5) and a
crankshaft (shown by number 6). In the suction power stroke, compressed air enters the
cylinder via the intake valve because of the pressure difference, drives the piston
downward. Then the intake valve closes when the crank reaches a certain angle. While
the compressed air continues to push the piston down and output mechanical work. The
schematic diagram of a CAE automobile system, as demonstrated in Figure 4.1(b), is
mainly consist of a CAE, an high pressure air tank, an buffer tank, two pressure sensors,
two regulators, an air operated pressure relief valve (TESCOM), an electronic
proportional directional control valve (FAIRCHILD), a silencer, a signal processor. The
airflow path starts from the high pressure air tank then through buffer tank, control valve
and eventually accesses the CAE. The airflow mass, entries into the CAE, is controlled
by the valve position. And the valve is managed by externally applied electric current,
denoted by i, when i equals to 4 mA, the valve will be fully closed, and fully open when i
is equal to 20 mA.
Figure 4.1(a): Single cylinder CAV engine
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1. Intake valve
2. Exhaust valve
3. Cylinder
4. Piston
5. Connecting rod
6. Crankshaft.
THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS ANALYSIS
Figure 4.1(b): The ideal schematic diagram of CAE automobile
ELEMENTS FUNCTIONS
1. Pressure Sensor Calculate The Pressure Of Storage Tank
2. High Pressure Air Tank Store Up And Provide High Pressure Air
3. Regulator Regulate Gas Pressure
4. Buffer Tank Provide Appropriate Pressure Air To
CAE
5. Regulator
Regulate Gas Pressure
6. Electronic Proportional Directional
Control Valve
Modulate the amount of entering air
which controls the elements 7
7. Air Operated Regulator Modulate The Pressure Of Entering Air
And Control Of CAE
8. Pressure Sensor Calculate The Pressure Of Airflow
9. CAE Provide The Power
10. Silencer Reduce The Noise
11. Controller Measure pressure and output the analog
signal to the electronic control valve
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For the CAE, the high pressure air at normal temperature could supply the driving force.
The reason of the shaft work is the impulse action and the dynamic action of the high
compressed air. Thermodynamically, the process is considered reverse to the course of
the piston-type air compressor. The ideal thermodynamic process can be shown as Figure
4.1(c), intake process and exhaust process are considered constant pressure process, and
expansion process is considered adiabatic process. The theoretical work is given as
follows.
W5-2 =P1 (V1-V2) (1)
W2-3=P1V1/ (1-k) [(V3-V2) ^ (1-k)-1] (2)
W3-5=P4 (V1-V3) (3)
Woutput=W5-2+W2-3+W3-5 (4)
where, Wouputt is the theoretical work done, P1 and V2 represent the supply pressure and
volume, respectively, at which the air push down the piston downward movement, V1 is
the clearance of cylinder, P3and V3 are the pressure and volume, respectively, up to
which the maximum expansion of air takes place, and P4 is the pressure at which the
piston discharges the air to the environment.
Figure 4.1(c): Ideal working cycle
4.2 WORKING OF COMPRESSED AIR ENGINE (CAE)
A compressed air engine is a type of engine which does mechanical work by expanding
compressed air. Pneumatic engine generally convert compressed air energy to mechanical
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work either into linear motion or rotatory motion. Where linear motion is come from
diaphragm and rotary motion is come from either a vane type air motor or piston air
motor. Pneumatic motors which are existed in many forms from the past two centuries,
many compressed air engines improve their performance by modifying their compressed
air tank and heating the incoming air or the engine itself. The given Figure 4.2 (a) show
rotary engine and figure 4.2(b): show a newly design reciprocating engine that operated
by compressed air, here modification is done with tank where compressed air is stored.
Approximately 90 m3 of compressed air is stored in fiber tanks in the vehicle. The engine
is powered by compressed air, stored in a carbon-fiber tank at 30 MPa (4500 psi). The
tank is made of carbon fiber in order to reduce its weight. The engine has injection
similar to normal engines, but uses special crankshafts and pistons, which remain at top
dead centre for about 70 degrees of the crankshaft’s cycle; this allows more power to be
developed in the engine. The expansion of this air pushes the pistons and creates
movement. The atmospheric temperature is used to re-heat the engine and increase the
road coverage. The air conditioning system makes use of the expelled cold air. Due to the
absence of combustion and the fact there is no pollution, the oil change is only necessary
every 50,000 km.
Figure 4.(a): Rotary Compressed Air Engine with modified tank
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Figure 4.2(b): 3D-Diagram of an Engine that operated by compressed air
The working mechanism of compressed air powered engine partially similar with
conventional 4-stroke engine. But, it has only two strokes like:
1. Power Stroke
2. Exhaust stroke
Power Stroke
In power stroke of CAE, High pressurize air via inlet valve, supply to cylinder and
it will move the piston from TDC to BDC. Problem concerned to working of this
engine at starting, it requires initial torque to be provided by other means to bring
engine into motion. This can be solved by providing DC powered exciter motor
which provides necessary initial torque to be start.
Exhaust Stroke
In exhaust stroke of CAE, air escape from cylinder via exhaust valve and inlet
valve get closed. One interesting benefit is that the exhaust air temperature of
C.A.E measured practically as low as 17.60C is less than atmospheric temperature.
Conventional four stroke engine is modified into two stroke engine with re-
designing of CAM.
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4.3 COMPRESSED AIR TECHNOLOGY
The basic object with Compressed air Technology is to implement in vehicle for
consumption of minimum amount of energy and remain the output works same. In
today’s world, everyone wants to afford a vehicle and its energy to power it. Engine air
technology makes it happen from many aspects. It is very less in term of mass as
compared with other sources of energy for transportation of man or material. It also
improves urban life style through sustainability &Non-polluting vehicle. Its impact on the
environment is also concededly low. It remains with intelligence, lighter, style and
comfort. Most of the work done by an air compressor is during compression stroke. This
will add energy to the air by increasing its pressure. Compression also produces heat,
however, and the amount of work required to compress a quantity of air to a given
pressure depends on how fast this heat is removed. The compressed work done will lie
between the theoretical work requirements of two processes and they are:-
ADIABATIC
A process which have no cooling and the heat does remains in the air which causing
pressure rise that increases compression work requirements for the maximum value.
ISOTHERMAL
A process that provides perfect cooling, in which no changing in temperature of air
and the work required for compression is tends to the minimum.” But the given fig:
indicates that isothermal expansion is higher than adiabatic expansion, the volume of
the compressed air and flow rate are controlled at a particular compressed pressure.
Figure 4.3: Energy Released As a Function of Compressed Pressure at Constant
Volume
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CHAPTER 5
COMPONENTS OF CAE
CONSTRUCTION OF COMPRESSED AIR ENGINE
The construction of compressed air engine is very easy and simple and can be constructed
at low cost as it mainly consist of pneumatic cylinder, pneumatic solenoid valve and
working, light chaser circuit, compressor, bearing & it’s working, crank shaft cam shaft
tank etc.
5.1 PNEUMATIC CYLINDER ENGINE
The mechanical devices such as Pneumatic cylinders (sometimes known as air cylinders)
use the power of compressed gas to produce a force in a reciprocating linear motion. Like
hydraulic cylinders, something forces a piston to move in the desired direction. The
piston is a disc or cylinder, and the piston rod transfers the force it develops to the object
to be moved. Engineers sometimes prefer to use pneumatics because they are quieter,
cleaner, and do not require large amounts of space for fluid storage. Because the
operating fluid is a gas, leakage from a pneumatic cylinder will not drip out and
contaminate the surroundings, making pneumatics more desirable where cleanliness is a
requirement.
5.2 COMPRESSOR
A Gas Compressor is a mechanical device whose work is to increase the pressure of a gas
by reducing its volume. An air compressor is specific type of gas compressor.
Compressors are similar to pumps: both the compressor and pump increase the pressure
on a fluid and both can transport the fluid through a pipe. As gases are compressible, the
compressor also reduces the volume of a gas. Liquids are relatively incompressible; while
some can be compressed, to pressurize and transport liquids is the main action of a pump.
Compressed air Piston range operates between 0.75 kW to 420 kW or in horse power is
1hp to 563hp producing working pressure at 1.5 bar to 414 bar or in PSI is 21 to 6004
PSI.
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5.3 CRANK SHAFT
The crankshaft translates reciprocating linear piston motion into rotation. To convert the
reciprocating motion into rotation, the crankshaft has "crank throws" or "crankpins",
additional bearing surfaces whose axis is offset from that of the crank, to which the "big
ends" of the connecting rods from each cylinder attach.
5.4 CAM SHAFT
Figure 5.4(a) Modified CAM shaft Figure 5.5(b) cam profile
The cam shaft originally had two cams with one lobe each which were mutually
perpendicular to each other. The crank rotates due to the movement of the piston; the
camshaft is attached with the crankshaft by a timing chain or a timing belt. And as the
crank rotates the camshaft also rotates and hence the timing of the valves is managed. In
the traditional camshaft the inlet n exhaust valve both functions In the modified camshaft
the lobe of the cam working for the inlet valve was filed and cam was made circular, also
the cam working for the exhaust valve was provided with another lobe right opposite to
the lobe already present. This ensured the inlet valve to be closed and exhaust valve to
work with changed timing.
5.5 TANK
The tanks must be designed to safety standards appropriate for a pressure vessel, such as .
The storage tank may be made of:
1. Steel,
2. Aluminium,
3. Carbon Fiber
4. Kevlar,
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5. Other materials or combinations of the above.
The fiber materials are considerably lighter than metals but generally more expensive.
Metal tanks can withstand a large number of pressure cycles, but must be checked for
corrosion periodically. One company stores air in tanks at 4,500 pounds per square inch
(about 30 MPa) and hold nearly 3,200 cubic feet (around 90 cubic metres) of air. The
tanks may be refilled at a service station equipped with heat exchangers, or in a few hours
at home or in parking lots, plugging the car into the electrical grid via an on-board
compressor.
Figure 5.5: Carbon Fiber tank
5.6 DISTRIBUTION AND VALVES
To ensure smooth running and to optimize energy efficiency, the engines use a simple
electromagnetic distribution system which controls the flow of air into the engine. This
system runs on very little energy and alters neither the valve phase nor its rise.
Figure 5.6: Distribution valve
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5.7 THE AIR FILTER
The MDI engine works with both air taken from the atmosphere and air pre-
compressed in tanks. Air is compressed by the on-board compressor or at service stations
equipped with a high-pressure compressor. Before compression, the air must be filtered
to get rid of any impurities that could damage the engine. Carbon filters are used to
eliminate dirt, dust, humidity and other particles, which unfortunately, are found in the air
in our cities. This represents a true revolution in automobiles - it is the first time that a car
has produced minus pollution, i.e. it eliminates and reduces existing pollution rather than
emitting dirt and harmful gases. The exhaust pipe on the MDI cars produces clean air,
which is cold on exit (between -15º and 0º) and is harmless to human life. With this
system the air that comes out of the car is cleaner than the air that went in.
Figure 5.7: Air filter
5.8 THE CHASSIS
Based on its experience in aeronautics, MDI has put together highly resistant, yet light,
chassis, aluminium rods glued together. Using rods enables us to build a more shock-
resistant chassis than regular chasses. Additionally, the rods are glued in the same way as
aircraft, allowing quick assembly and a more secure join than with welding. This system
helps to reduce manufacture time.
Figure 5.8: Chassis of the CAV
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5.9 THE BODY
The MDI car body is built with fibre and injected foam, as are most of the cars on
the market today. This technology has two main advantages: cost and weight. Nowadays
the use of sheet steel for car bodies is only because of cost - it is cheaper to serially
produce sheet steel bodies than fibre ones. However, fibre is safer (it doesn’t cut like
steel), is easier to repair (it is glued), doesn’t rust etc. MDI is currently looking into using
hemp fibre to replace fibre-glass, and natural varnishes, to produce 100% non-
contaminating bodywork.
Figure 5.9: Body of CAV
5.10 STEERING MECHANISM
The complete steering comprises of steering wheel, steering shaft, tie rods, universal
joint, ball type arrangement, rack and pinion arrangement, bellows for dust protection.
The steering wheel is connected to steering shaft which transfers the motion to rack and
pinion arrangement through universal joint. Tie rods provides motion to the wheel to
assist the turning. Hence, ultimately front wheels move in right and left direction.
5.11 GEAR BOX
Gear changes are automatic, powered by an electronic system developed by MDI. A
computer which controls the speed of the car is effectively continuously changing gears.
The latest of many previous versions, this gearbox achieves the objective of seamless
changes and minimal energy consumption.
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5.12 BRAKE POWER RECOVERY
The MDI vehicles will be equipped with a range of modern systems. For example, one
mechanism stops the engine when the car is stationary (at traffic lights, junctions etc).
Another interesting feature is the pneumatic system which recovers about 13% of the
power used.
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CHAPTER 6
SPECIFICATIONS
Power source
Electronically Injected compressed air
Compressed air: 300 bar
Recharge
Charger: On board 5.5 kwh 220 volt compressor
Recharge time: Less than 3 minutes at Compressed air station
Alternative Recharge Outlet: 220V electric outlet less than 4 hours
Oil change: 0.8 liters per 50,000 miles
Engine
cylinder: 500 c.c.
Power max. HP (kW): 25(18.3) at 3000 rpm
Torque max. Kgm (NM): 6.3(61.7) at 500-2500 rpm
Performance
Maximum speed: 60 mph
Range: 120 miles or 10 hours
Acceleration times: 0-30 mph in less than 3 seconds
Exterior and Body
Overall length: 151 in.
Overall width: 68 in.
Overall height: 69 in.
Weight: 1543 lbs.
Light weight provides Good road-holding due to low center of gravity and low
energy consumption.
Engine Mount: Rear
Suspension: Front coil springs, rear pneumatic
Steering mechanism: Rack and pinion
Body materials: Aluminum & fiberglass, Ensures good shock
absorption.
Compressed Air Tanks: Composite fiberglass
CHAPTER 7
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FUELING PROCESS
7.1 FUELING METHODOLOGY
There are three modes of fuelling the air tank:
Air Stations: Just as filling of petrol at petrol pump, air can be filled in tanks air
stations. They use a huge tank already filled with compressed air at high
pressure. This method is less time consuming air can be filled in 3-4 minutes.
Domestic electric plug: This method uses compressor installed in homes. This is
a time taking process; it can consume up to 4 hours.
Dual-energy mode: This method uses gasoline and compressed air both. The air
car will be provided with an onboard compressor. When the compressed air will
be finished the car will be using little amount of gasoline and use compressor to
fill the air tank. Using this method one can go upto 800 miles.
Figure 7.1: Charging method
CHAPTER 8
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MODELS
8.1 FAMILY
A spacious car with seats which can face different directions. The vehicle´s design is
based on the needs of a typical family.
Figure 8.1
Characteristics: Airbag, air conditioning, 6 seats.
Dimensions: 3.84m, 1.72m, 1.75m
Weight: 750 kg
Maximum
speed:
110 km/h
Mileage: 200 - 300 km
Max load: 500 Kg
Recharge
time:
4 hours (Mains connector)
Recharge
time:
3 minutes (Air station)
8.2 VAN
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Designed for daily use in industrial, urban or rural environments, whose primary drivers
would be tradesmen, farmers and delivery drivers.
Figure 8.2
Specifications: Airbag, air conditioning, ABS, 2 seats, 1.5 m3.
Dimensions: 3.84m, 1.72m, 1.75m
Weight: 750 kg
Maximum
speed:
110 km/h
Mileage: 200 - 300 km
Maximum
load:
500 Kg
Recharging
time:
4 hours (Mains connector)
Recharging
time:
3 minutes (Air station)
8.3 TAXI
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Inspired by the London Taxi, with numerous ergonomic and comfort advantages for the
passenger as well as for the driver.
Figure 8.3
Specifications: Airbag, air conditioning, 6 seats.
Dimensions: 3.84m, 1.72m, 1.75m
Weight: 750 kg
Maximum
speed:
110 km/h
Mileage: 200 - 300 km
Maximum
load:
500 Kg
Recharging
time:
4 hours (Mains connector)
Recharging
time:
3 minutes (Air station)
8.4 PICK-UP
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The "pleasure" car: designed for excursions, outdoor sports or water sports. Also suitable
for tradesmen and small businesses.
Figure 8.4
Specifications: Airbag, air conditioning, 2 seats.
Dimensions: 3.84m, 1.72m, 1.75m
Weight: 750 kg
Maximum
speed:
110 km/h
Mileage: 200 - 300 km
Maximum
load:
500 Kg
Recharging
time:
4 hours (Mains connector)
Recharging
time:
3 minutes (Air station)
8.5 MINI CAT’S
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The smallest and most innovative: three seats, minimal dimensions with the boot of a
saloon: a great challenge for such a small car which runs on compressed air. The Minicat
is the city car of the future.
Figure 8.5
Specifications: Airbag, air conditioning, ABS, 3 seats, 1.5 m3.
Dimensions: 2.65m, 1.62m, 1.64m
Weight: 750 kg
Maximum
speed:
110 km/h
Mileage: 200 - 300 km
Maximum
load:
270 Kg
Recharging
time:
4 hours (Mains connector)
Recharging
time:
3 minutes (Air station)
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CHAPTER 9
DEVELOPERS & MANUFACTURERS
Various companies are investing in the research, development and deployment of
compressed air cars. Overoptimistic reports of impending production date back to at least
May 1999. For instance, the MDI Air Car made its public debut in South Africa in 2002,
and was predicted to be in production “within six months” in January2004. As of January
2009, the Air Car never went into production in South Africa. Most of the cars under
development also rely on using similar technology to low-energy vehicles in order to
increase the range and performance of their cars.
APUC-: APUC (Association de Promotion des Usages de la Quasi turbine) has made the
APUC Air Car, a car powered by a Quasiturbine.
MDI-: MDI (Motor Development International) has proposed a range of vehicles made
up of Air Pod, One Flow Air, City Flow Air. One of the main innovations of this
company is its implementation of its “active chamber”, which is a compartment which
heats the air (through the use of fuel) in order to double the energy output. This
‘innovation’ was first used in torpedoes in 1904.
Tata Motors-: As of January 2009 Tata Motors of India had planned to launch a car with
an MDI compressed air engine in 2020. In December 2009 Tata’s vice president of
engineering systems confirmed that the limited range and low engine temperatures were
causing problems. Tata motors announced in May 2012 that they have assessed the
design passing phase 1, the “proof of the technical concept” towards full production for
the Indian Market. Tata has moved onto phase 2, “completing detailed development of
the compressed air engine into specific vehicle and stationary applications.”
Air Car Factories SA-: Air Car Factories SA is proposing to develop and built a
compressed air engine. This Spanish based company was founded by Miguel Celades.
Currently there is a bitter dispute between MDI, another firm called Luis which
developed compressed-air vehicles, and Mr.Celades, who was once associated with that
firm.
Like all above more developer &manufacturer are Energine Corporation, Kernelys,
Engineair, Honda, Peugeot/Citroen etc.
Air cars in India:
Tata Motors has signed an agreement with Motor Development International of France to
develop a car that runs on compressed air, thus making it very economical to run and
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almost totally pollution free. Although there is no official word on when the car will be
commercially manufactured for India, re-ports say that it will be sooner than later. The
car – Mini CAT - could cost around Rs 350,000 in India and would have a range of
around 300 km between refuels. The cost of a refill would be about Rs 90. In the single
energy mode MDI cars consume around Rs 45 every 100km. Figure 9.1 shows the
proposed air car for India. The smallest and most innovative (three seats, minimal
dimensions with the boot of a saloon), it is a great challenge for such a small car which
runs on compressed air. The Mini CAT is the city car of the future.
Figure 9.1 CAV car in India
OTHER DEVELOPMENTS IN COMPRESSED AIR CAR TECHNOLOGY:
Currently some new technologies regarding compressed air cars have emerged. A
Republic of Korean company has created a pneumatic hybrid electric vehicle car engine
that runs on electricity and compressed air. The engine, which powers a pneumatic-
hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), works alongside an electric motor to create the power
source. The system eliminates the need for fuel, making the PHEV pollution-free. The
system is con-trolled by an ECU in the car, which controls both power packs i.e. the
compressed-air engine and electric motor. The compressed air drives the pistons, which
turn the vehicle’s wheels. The air is compressed, using a small motor, powered by a 48-
volt battery, which powers both the air compressor and the electric motor. Once
compressed, the air is stored in a tank. The compressed air is used when the car needs a
lot of energy, such as for starting up and acceleration. The electric motor comes to life
once the car has gained normal cruising speed. The PHEV system could reduce the cost
of vehicle production by about 20 per cent, because there is no need for a cooling system,
fuel tank, spark plugs or silencers.
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CHAPTER 10
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
11.1 ADVANTAGES
Advantages of vehicles powered by compressed air:
The costs involved to compress the air to be used in a vehicle are inferior to the costs
involved with a normal combustion engine.
Air is abundant, economical, transportable, storable and, most importantly, non-
polluting.
The technology involved with compressed air reduces the production costs of vehicles
with 20% because it is not necessary to assemble a refrigeration system, a fuel tank,
spark plugs or silencers.
Air itself is not flammable.
The mechanical design of the motor is simple and robust
It does not suffer from corrosion damage resulting from the battery.
Less manufacturing and maintenance costs.
The tanks used in an air compressed motor can be discarded or recycled with less
contamination than batteries.
The tanks used in a compressed air motor have a longer lifespan in comparison with
batteries, which, after a while suffer from a reduction in performance.
Refuelling can be done at home using an air compressor or at service stations. The
energy required for compressing air is produced at large centralized plants, making it
less costly and more effective to manage carbon emissions than from individual
vehicles.
Reduced vehicle weight is the principle efficiency factor of compressed-air cars.
Furthermore, they are mechanically more rudimentary than traditional vehicles as
many conventional parts of the engine may be omitted. Some plans include motors
built into the hubs of each wheel, thereby removing the necessity of a transmission,
drive axles and differentials. A four passenger vehicle weighing less than 800 lbs. is a
reasonable design goal.
One manufacturer promises a range of 200 miles by the end of the year at a cost of €
1.50 per fill-up.
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Compressed air engines reduce the cost of vehicle production by about 20%, because
there is no need to build a cooling system, spark plugs, transmission, axles, starter
motor, or mufflers.
Most compressed air engines do not need a transmission, only a flow control.
The rate of self-discharge is very low opposed to batteries that deplete their charge
slowly over time. Therefore, the vehicle may be left unused for longer periods of time
than electric cars.
Compressed air is not subject to fuel tax.
Expansion of the compressed air lowers in temperature; this may be exploited for use
as air conditioning.
Compressed-air vehicles emit no pollutants.
Possibility to refill air tank at home (using domestic power socket).
Lighter vehicles would result in less wear on roads.
The price of fuelling air powered vehicles may be significantly cheaper than current
fuels.
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11.2 DISADVANTAGES
Just like the modern car and most household appliances, the principle disadvantage is that
of indirect energy use. Energy is used to compress air, which - in turn - provides the
energy to run the motor. Any indirect step in energy usage results in loss. For
conventional combustion motor cars, the energy is lost when oil is converted to usable
fuel - including drilling, refinement, labor and storage. For compressed-air cars, energy is
lost when electrical energy is converted to compressed air.
Further disadvantages:
According to thermodynamics, when air is expanded in the engine, it cools via
adiabatic cooling and thereby loses pressure, reducing the amount of power passed the
engine at lower temperatures. Furthermore, it is difficult to maintain or restore the
temperature of the compressed or compressing air using a heat exchanger due to the
high rate of flow. The ideal isothermic energy capacity of the tank will therefore not
be realized. Low temperatures may also encourage the engine to ice up.
Refuelling the compressed air container using a home or low-end conventional air
compressor may take as long as 4 hours. Service stations may have specialized
equipment that may take only 3 minutes.
Early tests have demonstrated the limited storage capacity of the tanks; the only
published test of a vehicle running on compressed air alone was limited to a range of
7.22 km.
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CHAPTER 11
CONCLUSION
The technology of compressed air vehicles is not new. In fact, it has been around for
years. Compressed air technology allows for engines that are both non-polluting and
economical. After ten years of research and development, the compressed air vehicle will
be introduced worldwide. Unlike electric or hydrogen powered vehicles, com-pressed air
vehicles are not expensive and do not have a limited driving range. Compressed air
vehicles are affordable and have a performance rate that stands up to current standards.
To summit up, they are non-expensive cars that do not pollute and are easy to get around
in cities. The emission benefits of introducing this zero emission technology are obvious.
At the same time the well to wheels efficiency of these vehicles need to be improved.
This is a revolutionary engine design which is not only eco-friendly, pollution free, but
also very economical. This addresses both the Problems of fuel crises and pollution.
However excessive research is needed to completely prove the technology for both its
commercial and technical viability.
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CHAPTER 12
REFERENCES
1. Gairns J F 1904.Industrial locomotives for mining, factory, and allied uses. Part II.
Compressed air and internal combustion locomotives Cassier's Mag. 16363-77.
2. SAE 1999-01-0623, Schechter.M., “New Cycles for Automobile engines. ISSN:
2456-1843, STUDY AND FABRICATION OF COMPRESSED AIR ENGINE
Ruby Sharma ,Naveen Singla, vol.1, January 2015, pp:27.
3. HE Wei et al. “Performance study on three-stage power system of compressed air
vehicle based on single-screw expander” science china, technological sciences,
August 2010, pp:2299–2303
4. http://www.theaircar.com/
5. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/air-car.htm
6. http://www.planetsave.com/ViewStory.asp?ID=24
7. http://www.evworld.com/databases/shownews
8. www.fadooengineering .com
9. www.youtube .com