Objectives: To develop and Optimize a control strategy model for the energy
management of 4WD hybrid electric vehicle to improve fuel efficiency using
MATLAB/Simulink and Amesim.
• Outcomes: At the end of Completion of the project, it improved the fuel
efficiency by 15 %. The Control Strategies developed run the Engine on the
optimal line in Engine performance map.
• Application: High Performance and low fuel consuming vehicle.
Electric Vehicle Concept and Power Management Strategiescountoot
The document provides an overview of electric vehicle concepts and power management strategies. It discusses various types of electric vehicles including battery electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, range extended electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles, and solar electric vehicles. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each type. The document also describes the hardware and software aspects of power management in electric vehicles, including the use of multiple control layers and optimization of power distribution between energy sources. Future research directions in power management and charging infrastructure are mentioned as well.
Now a days world is shifting towards electrified mobility to reduce the pollutant emissions caused by nonrenewable fossil fueled vehicles and to provide the alternative to pricey fuel for transportation. But for electric vehicles, traveling range and charging process are the two major issues affecting it’s adoption over conventional vehicles.
With the introduction of Wire charging technology, no more waiting at charging stations for hours, now get your vehicle charged by just parking it on parking spot or by parking at your garage or even while driving you can charge your electric vehicle. As of now, we are very much familiar with wireless transmission of data, audio and video signals so why can’t we transfer power over the Air.
A brief Seminar Presentation on the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Powertrain Components, Architecture and Modes of Hybridisation. Also includes the Classification of HEV on the basis of Energy Flow.
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combine an internal combustion engine with batteries and an electric motor to improve fuel efficiency. HEVs capture energy from braking through regenerative braking and use that stored energy to power the vehicle at low speeds. This reduces emissions and fuel use compared to conventional vehicles. While more expensive initially, HEVs have lower operating costs over time due to reduced fuel needs. They also have less engine wear, less noise pollution, and allow use of a smaller engine.
This presentation cover the basics about the present electric vehicle charging Infrastructure. It also highlight the challenged faced by EV Industry for unique charging standard. Solution is also suggested.
Module 1: Electric vehicle Technology for VTU - by Dr. C V MohanDrCVMOHAN
This document provides an introduction to electric and hybrid electric vehicles. It discusses the types of electric vehicles including battery electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and fuel cell electric vehicles. Examples of popular electric vehicles are also presented such as the Tesla Roadster, Toyota Prius, Chevrolet Volt, and Mitsubishi i-MiEV. The document then discusses electric vehicle configurations and components including electric drive systems, traction motors, and transmission requirements. Vehicle performance metrics like maximum speed, gradeability, and acceleration are also examined. Finally, the document covers topics like normal driving tractive effort using common drive cycles and energy consumption calculations.
The document provides an overview of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It discusses the history of HEVs and electric vehicles dating back to 1839. It notes that the first hybrid car was produced in 1899 and that mass production of HEVs began in the late 1990s and 2000s with models like the Honda Insight and Toyota Prius. The document then describes the key components of HEVs, including electric motors/controllers, energy storage systems like batteries and ultracapacitors, hybrid power units, and transmissions. It explains how HEVs work to maximize fuel economy and minimize emissions through regenerative braking and using electric motors to assist gasoline engines.
Electric Vehicle Concept and Power Management Strategiescountoot
The document provides an overview of electric vehicle concepts and power management strategies. It discusses various types of electric vehicles including battery electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, range extended electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles, and solar electric vehicles. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each type. The document also describes the hardware and software aspects of power management in electric vehicles, including the use of multiple control layers and optimization of power distribution between energy sources. Future research directions in power management and charging infrastructure are mentioned as well.
Now a days world is shifting towards electrified mobility to reduce the pollutant emissions caused by nonrenewable fossil fueled vehicles and to provide the alternative to pricey fuel for transportation. But for electric vehicles, traveling range and charging process are the two major issues affecting it’s adoption over conventional vehicles.
With the introduction of Wire charging technology, no more waiting at charging stations for hours, now get your vehicle charged by just parking it on parking spot or by parking at your garage or even while driving you can charge your electric vehicle. As of now, we are very much familiar with wireless transmission of data, audio and video signals so why can’t we transfer power over the Air.
A brief Seminar Presentation on the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Powertrain Components, Architecture and Modes of Hybridisation. Also includes the Classification of HEV on the basis of Energy Flow.
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combine an internal combustion engine with batteries and an electric motor to improve fuel efficiency. HEVs capture energy from braking through regenerative braking and use that stored energy to power the vehicle at low speeds. This reduces emissions and fuel use compared to conventional vehicles. While more expensive initially, HEVs have lower operating costs over time due to reduced fuel needs. They also have less engine wear, less noise pollution, and allow use of a smaller engine.
This presentation cover the basics about the present electric vehicle charging Infrastructure. It also highlight the challenged faced by EV Industry for unique charging standard. Solution is also suggested.
Module 1: Electric vehicle Technology for VTU - by Dr. C V MohanDrCVMOHAN
This document provides an introduction to electric and hybrid electric vehicles. It discusses the types of electric vehicles including battery electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and fuel cell electric vehicles. Examples of popular electric vehicles are also presented such as the Tesla Roadster, Toyota Prius, Chevrolet Volt, and Mitsubishi i-MiEV. The document then discusses electric vehicle configurations and components including electric drive systems, traction motors, and transmission requirements. Vehicle performance metrics like maximum speed, gradeability, and acceleration are also examined. Finally, the document covers topics like normal driving tractive effort using common drive cycles and energy consumption calculations.
The document provides an overview of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It discusses the history of HEVs and electric vehicles dating back to 1839. It notes that the first hybrid car was produced in 1899 and that mass production of HEVs began in the late 1990s and 2000s with models like the Honda Insight and Toyota Prius. The document then describes the key components of HEVs, including electric motors/controllers, energy storage systems like batteries and ultracapacitors, hybrid power units, and transmissions. It explains how HEVs work to maximize fuel economy and minimize emissions through regenerative braking and using electric motors to assist gasoline engines.
A detailed presentation about hybrid car and its motor drives.It helps you to understand more about HEV in detail.And also it contains all parts of HEV.
• Plug-in Hybrid-Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), are hybrids with high capacity batteries that can be charged by plugging them into an electrical outlet or charging station. They can store enough electricity to significantly reduce their petroleum use under typical driving conditions
This document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). HEVs combine an internal combustion engine with an electric motor to provide propulsion. They offer improved fuel efficiency over conventional vehicles through regenerative braking and a smaller engine size. HEVs are classified as parallel, series, or power-split based on how their electric and fuel-powered components are connected and work together. While more expensive initially, HEVs provide benefits like reduced emissions and fuel costs compared to traditional vehicles.
UNIT-V-ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES.pptxprakash0712
Electric Vehicles: History of electric vehicles - components of electric vehicle - layout & working of electric vehicles – comparison with internal combustion engine - advantages and disadvantages of EV.
Hybrid Vehicles: Components of hybrid vehicles – layout & working principle of hybrid vehicles - comparison with electric vehicles - advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vehicles.
The document discusses the history and components of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). It notes that the first human-carrying electric vehicle was tested in Paris in 1881. BEVs use electricity from batteries to power an electric motor rather than an internal combustion engine. The key components of BEVs are the battery charger, traction batteries, power converters, electric motor, motor controller, transmission system, and differential system. BEVs are further classified based on their energy storage sources into pure electric vehicles (PEVs/BEVs), fuel cell electric vehicles, ultracapacitor electric vehicles, and ultraflywheel electric vehicles.
This document describes a hybrid electric vehicle project that uses solar panels to charge the vehicle's batteries and extend its driving range. Some key points:
- The vehicle has a 48V battery that powers a DC motor and is normally charged via electricity but can now also be charged by solar panels mounted on the roof.
- Maximum Power Point Trackers are used to optimize the power output from the solar panels to match the battery and motor voltages.
- Testing will compare the vehicle's driving range when using just its batteries versus using solar charging to replenish the batteries while driving.
- The students estimate it may take up to 3 weeks to complete the project and recommend improvements like a higher capacity motor or cooling
A flywheel, in essence is a mechanical battery - simply a mass rotating about an axis.Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy.They take an electrical input to accelerate the rotor up to speed by using the built-in motor, and return the electrical energy by using this same motor as a generator.Flywheels are one of the most promising technologies for replacing conventional lead acid batteries as energy storage systems.
Super capacitors and Battery power management for Hybrid VehicleApplications...Pradeep Avanigadda
This document discusses power management strategies for hybrid vehicles using super capacitors and batteries. It evaluates using multi-boost and full-bridge converter topologies to define the best approach. A hybrid vehicle uses electric motors and renewable/fossil fuel power sources. Super capacitors can charge/discharge continuously without degrading like batteries. The paper aims to study managing energy from two super capacitor packs of 108 cells each at 270V maximum using the converter topologies.
Er.Amit Chaurasiya studies at Azad Technical Campus Lucknow.All slide make very clear and easily understood suitable for Electrical Engineering students. I hope you will easily understand.
A hybrid electric vehicle combines an electric motor with an internal combustion engine to improve fuel efficiency. There are two main types of hybrid configurations - parallel and series. In a parallel hybrid, both the engine and electric motor can power the wheels directly. In a series hybrid, the engine charges the battery which powers the electric motor to turn the wheels. Fuel cell hybrid vehicles use hydrogen to power an electric motor, providing emissions-free propulsion. Driving at a constant speed, avoiding abrupt stops, and driving more slowly can improve the fuel efficiency of any hybrid vehicle.
Battery and Super Capacitor based Hybrid Energy Storage System (BSHESS)Er. Raju Bhardwaj
The aim of this presentation includes that battery and super capacitor devices as key storage technology for their excellent properties in terms of power density, energy density, charging and discharging cycles, life span and a wide operative temperature rang etc. Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) by battery and super capacitor has the advantages compare to conventional battery energy storage system (BESS). This ppt describes the hybrid energy storage system that is suitable for use in renewable sources like solar, wind and can be used for remote or backup energy storage systems in absence of a working power grid.
This ppt based on my research work in the field of "Energy Storage Technologies(EST) and Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS)".
1) A flywheel energy storage system consists of five main components: a flywheel, motor/generator, power electronics, magnetic bearings, and external inductor.
2) Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy by rotating a steel or composite mass at high speeds.
3) Permanent magnet motors/generators are most suitable as they provide higher efficiency and smaller size compared to other types.
Electric Vehicle
Benefits of Electric Vehicle
What is Happening in the world of Electric Vehicle?
Electric Vehicle Charging Types
Wireless Charging
Advantages of Wireless Charging
Dynamic Wireless Charging
Impact of Wireless Charging on the Electric Vehicle Growth
References
1. The document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which use both an internal combustion engine and electric motor(s) to propel the vehicle.
2. There are three main types of HEVs: series, parallel, and series-parallel. Mild, medium, and full hybrids also differ in their voltage systems and ability to operate using only electric power.
3. HEVs provide benefits like reduced fuel consumption, emissions, noise levels compared to conventional vehicles, but also have disadvantages such as higher costs and battery disposal issues.
This Ppt exlains how protect an induction motor from single phasing and over temperature. It also provides a protection system is very important in industries, using lot of motors such that production is not hampered owing to failure of any motor.
Edgefxkits.com has a wide range of electronic projects ideas that are primarily helpful for ECE, EEE and EIE students and the ideas can be applied for real life purposes as well.
http://www.edgefxkits.com/
Visit our page to get more ideas on popular electronic projects developed by professionals.
Edgefx provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
Economic load dispatch(with and without losses)Asha Anu Kurian
The document discusses unit commitment in power systems. Unit commitment involves determining the optimal schedule for starting up and shutting down generators to meet changing load at minimum cost while satisfying operational constraints. These constraints include minimum up and down times for generators, crew constraints, transition costs, and constraints related to different generator types like hydro, nuclear, and generators requiring minimum output. The objective is to determine the combination and scheduling of generators that supplies the load as economically as possible over a given period.
Jerry Patel is an 8th semester B.Tech student who discusses different types of hybrid vehicles, including trains, cars, and submarines. A hybrid electric vehicle uses both an internal combustion engine and electric motor powered by batteries, resulting in less fuel consumption than conventional vehicles without needing to be recharged. Hybrid vehicles have both a fuel tank to power the engine and batteries to power the electric motor and wheels. While hybrids provide benefits like efficiency and environmental friendliness, challenges include driving range, recharge time, battery cost, and added bulk and weight.
Contents of this presenation entitled 'Introduction of different Energy storage systems used in Electric & Hybrid vehicles' is useful for beginners and students
Module 3 electric propulsion electric vehicle technology pptDrCVMOHAN
The document discusses electric propulsion systems for electric vehicles. It describes how electric motors convert electrical energy to mechanical energy to propel vehicles. Power converters supply electric motors with proper voltage and current, while electronic controllers command the power converter and control motor operation. Common types of electric motors used in electric vehicles include DC motors, induction motors, permanent magnet motors, and switched reluctance motors. The document provides details on the operation and control of these different motor types.
Effects of Degree of Hybridization and Vehicle Driving Cycle on the Performan...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that uses simulation software to analyze the performance of a fuel cell-battery hybrid electric vehicle under different configurations. The study varies the degree of hybridization (the ratio of battery power to total vehicle power) for a 2021 Toyota Mirai fuel cell vehicle model. It finds that increasing the degree of hybridization to 68.7% improves fuel economy by 16.3% compared to the original vehicle specifications. The best-performing configuration is then tested under different driving cycles to evaluate performance under various driving conditions.
Energy management for hybrid electric vehicles using rule based strategy and...IJECEIAES
Recently, hybrid electric vehicles are increasingly being used to replace conventional vehicles. In this paper, a control methodology is designed that can reduce fuel consumption and improve the vehicle’s dynamic response. As the control unit based on this methodology consists of two levels, the first depends on the application of a rule-based strategy for energy management between the main components of the vehicle, and this strategy is based on a set of rules that are activated according to parameters such as vehicle speed and the battery state of charge (SOC) that control the activation/deactivation of the internal combustion engine (ICE), motor, and generator. This level also makes ICE operate at operation points with high efficiency, which is represented by the optimal operating line (OOL). The second level is called the low control level, and it consists of two proportional-integral (PI) controllers used to control the speed of each ICE and the motor to obtain the appropriate torque for both of them to drive the vehicle properly. The particle swarming optimization (PSO) algorithm is utilized to tune the parameters of the PI controllers. The obtained results have effectively minimized fuel consumption and improved the performance of the vehicle.
A detailed presentation about hybrid car and its motor drives.It helps you to understand more about HEV in detail.And also it contains all parts of HEV.
• Plug-in Hybrid-Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), are hybrids with high capacity batteries that can be charged by plugging them into an electrical outlet or charging station. They can store enough electricity to significantly reduce their petroleum use under typical driving conditions
This document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). HEVs combine an internal combustion engine with an electric motor to provide propulsion. They offer improved fuel efficiency over conventional vehicles through regenerative braking and a smaller engine size. HEVs are classified as parallel, series, or power-split based on how their electric and fuel-powered components are connected and work together. While more expensive initially, HEVs provide benefits like reduced emissions and fuel costs compared to traditional vehicles.
UNIT-V-ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES.pptxprakash0712
Electric Vehicles: History of electric vehicles - components of electric vehicle - layout & working of electric vehicles – comparison with internal combustion engine - advantages and disadvantages of EV.
Hybrid Vehicles: Components of hybrid vehicles – layout & working principle of hybrid vehicles - comparison with electric vehicles - advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vehicles.
The document discusses the history and components of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). It notes that the first human-carrying electric vehicle was tested in Paris in 1881. BEVs use electricity from batteries to power an electric motor rather than an internal combustion engine. The key components of BEVs are the battery charger, traction batteries, power converters, electric motor, motor controller, transmission system, and differential system. BEVs are further classified based on their energy storage sources into pure electric vehicles (PEVs/BEVs), fuel cell electric vehicles, ultracapacitor electric vehicles, and ultraflywheel electric vehicles.
This document describes a hybrid electric vehicle project that uses solar panels to charge the vehicle's batteries and extend its driving range. Some key points:
- The vehicle has a 48V battery that powers a DC motor and is normally charged via electricity but can now also be charged by solar panels mounted on the roof.
- Maximum Power Point Trackers are used to optimize the power output from the solar panels to match the battery and motor voltages.
- Testing will compare the vehicle's driving range when using just its batteries versus using solar charging to replenish the batteries while driving.
- The students estimate it may take up to 3 weeks to complete the project and recommend improvements like a higher capacity motor or cooling
A flywheel, in essence is a mechanical battery - simply a mass rotating about an axis.Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy.They take an electrical input to accelerate the rotor up to speed by using the built-in motor, and return the electrical energy by using this same motor as a generator.Flywheels are one of the most promising technologies for replacing conventional lead acid batteries as energy storage systems.
Super capacitors and Battery power management for Hybrid VehicleApplications...Pradeep Avanigadda
This document discusses power management strategies for hybrid vehicles using super capacitors and batteries. It evaluates using multi-boost and full-bridge converter topologies to define the best approach. A hybrid vehicle uses electric motors and renewable/fossil fuel power sources. Super capacitors can charge/discharge continuously without degrading like batteries. The paper aims to study managing energy from two super capacitor packs of 108 cells each at 270V maximum using the converter topologies.
Er.Amit Chaurasiya studies at Azad Technical Campus Lucknow.All slide make very clear and easily understood suitable for Electrical Engineering students. I hope you will easily understand.
A hybrid electric vehicle combines an electric motor with an internal combustion engine to improve fuel efficiency. There are two main types of hybrid configurations - parallel and series. In a parallel hybrid, both the engine and electric motor can power the wheels directly. In a series hybrid, the engine charges the battery which powers the electric motor to turn the wheels. Fuel cell hybrid vehicles use hydrogen to power an electric motor, providing emissions-free propulsion. Driving at a constant speed, avoiding abrupt stops, and driving more slowly can improve the fuel efficiency of any hybrid vehicle.
Battery and Super Capacitor based Hybrid Energy Storage System (BSHESS)Er. Raju Bhardwaj
The aim of this presentation includes that battery and super capacitor devices as key storage technology for their excellent properties in terms of power density, energy density, charging and discharging cycles, life span and a wide operative temperature rang etc. Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) by battery and super capacitor has the advantages compare to conventional battery energy storage system (BESS). This ppt describes the hybrid energy storage system that is suitable for use in renewable sources like solar, wind and can be used for remote or backup energy storage systems in absence of a working power grid.
This ppt based on my research work in the field of "Energy Storage Technologies(EST) and Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS)".
1) A flywheel energy storage system consists of five main components: a flywheel, motor/generator, power electronics, magnetic bearings, and external inductor.
2) Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy by rotating a steel or composite mass at high speeds.
3) Permanent magnet motors/generators are most suitable as they provide higher efficiency and smaller size compared to other types.
Electric Vehicle
Benefits of Electric Vehicle
What is Happening in the world of Electric Vehicle?
Electric Vehicle Charging Types
Wireless Charging
Advantages of Wireless Charging
Dynamic Wireless Charging
Impact of Wireless Charging on the Electric Vehicle Growth
References
1. The document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which use both an internal combustion engine and electric motor(s) to propel the vehicle.
2. There are three main types of HEVs: series, parallel, and series-parallel. Mild, medium, and full hybrids also differ in their voltage systems and ability to operate using only electric power.
3. HEVs provide benefits like reduced fuel consumption, emissions, noise levels compared to conventional vehicles, but also have disadvantages such as higher costs and battery disposal issues.
This Ppt exlains how protect an induction motor from single phasing and over temperature. It also provides a protection system is very important in industries, using lot of motors such that production is not hampered owing to failure of any motor.
Edgefxkits.com has a wide range of electronic projects ideas that are primarily helpful for ECE, EEE and EIE students and the ideas can be applied for real life purposes as well.
http://www.edgefxkits.com/
Visit our page to get more ideas on popular electronic projects developed by professionals.
Edgefx provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
Economic load dispatch(with and without losses)Asha Anu Kurian
The document discusses unit commitment in power systems. Unit commitment involves determining the optimal schedule for starting up and shutting down generators to meet changing load at minimum cost while satisfying operational constraints. These constraints include minimum up and down times for generators, crew constraints, transition costs, and constraints related to different generator types like hydro, nuclear, and generators requiring minimum output. The objective is to determine the combination and scheduling of generators that supplies the load as economically as possible over a given period.
Jerry Patel is an 8th semester B.Tech student who discusses different types of hybrid vehicles, including trains, cars, and submarines. A hybrid electric vehicle uses both an internal combustion engine and electric motor powered by batteries, resulting in less fuel consumption than conventional vehicles without needing to be recharged. Hybrid vehicles have both a fuel tank to power the engine and batteries to power the electric motor and wheels. While hybrids provide benefits like efficiency and environmental friendliness, challenges include driving range, recharge time, battery cost, and added bulk and weight.
Contents of this presenation entitled 'Introduction of different Energy storage systems used in Electric & Hybrid vehicles' is useful for beginners and students
Module 3 electric propulsion electric vehicle technology pptDrCVMOHAN
The document discusses electric propulsion systems for electric vehicles. It describes how electric motors convert electrical energy to mechanical energy to propel vehicles. Power converters supply electric motors with proper voltage and current, while electronic controllers command the power converter and control motor operation. Common types of electric motors used in electric vehicles include DC motors, induction motors, permanent magnet motors, and switched reluctance motors. The document provides details on the operation and control of these different motor types.
Effects of Degree of Hybridization and Vehicle Driving Cycle on the Performan...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that uses simulation software to analyze the performance of a fuel cell-battery hybrid electric vehicle under different configurations. The study varies the degree of hybridization (the ratio of battery power to total vehicle power) for a 2021 Toyota Mirai fuel cell vehicle model. It finds that increasing the degree of hybridization to 68.7% improves fuel economy by 16.3% compared to the original vehicle specifications. The best-performing configuration is then tested under different driving cycles to evaluate performance under various driving conditions.
Energy management for hybrid electric vehicles using rule based strategy and...IJECEIAES
Recently, hybrid electric vehicles are increasingly being used to replace conventional vehicles. In this paper, a control methodology is designed that can reduce fuel consumption and improve the vehicle’s dynamic response. As the control unit based on this methodology consists of two levels, the first depends on the application of a rule-based strategy for energy management between the main components of the vehicle, and this strategy is based on a set of rules that are activated according to parameters such as vehicle speed and the battery state of charge (SOC) that control the activation/deactivation of the internal combustion engine (ICE), motor, and generator. This level also makes ICE operate at operation points with high efficiency, which is represented by the optimal operating line (OOL). The second level is called the low control level, and it consists of two proportional-integral (PI) controllers used to control the speed of each ICE and the motor to obtain the appropriate torque for both of them to drive the vehicle properly. The particle swarming optimization (PSO) algorithm is utilized to tune the parameters of the PI controllers. The obtained results have effectively minimized fuel consumption and improved the performance of the vehicle.
Evaluation of regenerative braking for urban driving conditions.pptxnityamoza
The document provides an overview of a presentation on evaluating regenerative braking systems for urban driving conditions. It discusses the need to study regenerative braking to reduce fuel consumption and emissions from frequent stopping and starting in urban areas. It analyzes braking energy potential from actual bus and vehicle data captured in urban driving. The document compares regenerative braking energy under standard and real-world cycles and evaluates kinetic, electric, and hydraulic regenerative braking technologies based on characteristics like energy storage and conversion efficiency. It also outlines the basic design procedure for a hydraulic regenerative braking system and references on the topic.
This report summarizes a review of efficiency and cost assumptions for road transport vehicles from 2010 to 2050 conducted for the Committee on Climate Change. The review developed datasets for fuel efficiency and capital costs for 9 vehicle categories and 13 powertrain technologies. It found that conventional powertrains have the greatest potential efficiency improvement but remain less efficient than electrified options. Capital costs of alternatives are expected to narrow substantially by 2030 and may be lower than diesel vehicles by 2030 when fuel costs are considered. The review assessed the validity of the CCC's assumption of no efficiency improvement without policy and found this assumption reasonable for cars but not for other vehicles which may see gradual annual efficiency gains.
The document summarizes the implementation perspective of a hybrid vehicle. It begins with an introduction to hybrid vehicles, noting they were first introduced in 1899 but later replaced by internal combustion engines. Modern hybrids were popularized by Honda Insight and Toyota Prius. The document then reviews literature on mathematical models of hybrid vehicle efficiency and components. It describes the methodology, including a theoretical efficiency proof and mathematical model. Experiment details involve simulating a hybrid vehicle operating under static and dynamic modes. Results and discussions are presented, followed by a conclusion that the mathematical model is useful for determining component ratings to implement a hybrid electric drive system.
A Review on Electric Vehicle Charging SystemsIRJET Journal
This document reviews electric vehicle charging systems. It discusses different types of chargers and charging methods, including onboard and off-board chargers. It also covers battery management systems and their functions in monitoring battery state, balancing cells, and ensuring safety. The document reviews literature on electric vehicle charger topologies and control algorithms. It aims to understand lithium-ion battery operation and charging, accurately determine state of charge, and design an intelligent onboard level 1 charging system and automatic payment system. Level 1 charging uses a standard outlet but is slow, making it suitable for multi-unit dwellings and backup charging. Pricing strategies can influence when drivers remove fully charged vehicles from stations.
The National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE) outlines four new initiatives to promote energy efficiency in India by 2014-15:
1) Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) mechanism which sets energy reduction targets for 685 energy-intensive industries and allows trading of energy savings certificates.
2) Market Transformation for Energy Efficiency which promotes efficient appliances and leverages international funds for energy efficiency projects.
3) Energy Efficiency Financing Platform to ensure financing for energy efficiency projects.
4) Framework for Energy Efficient Economic Development which provides incentives and support to public sector organizations to undertake energy efficiency. The total expected investment is Rs. 74,603 crores with estimated fuel savings
This document discusses a proposed fuzzy logic-based control strategy for a parallel hybrid vehicle. The control strategy aims to interpret the driver's command and optimize fuel consumption and emissions by efficiently splitting power between the internal combustion engine and electric motor. A fuzzy logic controller is proposed that takes the driver command and state of charge as inputs to determine how to meet the driver's torque demand while achieving satisfactory fuel efficiency and emissions. The proposed strategy and hybrid vehicle configuration are described.
This project aims to develop a wireless electric vehicle charging system with over 85% efficiency, 6.6 kW power transfer, and large positioning tolerance within EMI regulations. The system design is 10% complete. Milestones include prototype testing and integrating the system into an electric vehicle by 2014. The collaborators expect to address barriers to wireless charging and demonstrate a commercially viable design.
Hybrid vehicle drivetrains- My published manuscript in International Research...ZelieusNamirian
This document provides an overview of hybrid vehicle drivetrains. It begins by defining key terms like powertrain, drive train, and Energy Management Systems (EMS). It then describes the main hybrid vehicle power train system topologies: series, parallel, and power-split hybrids. For each topology, it outlines the basic configuration and operation. The document focuses on outlining the characteristics of different hybridization types and identifying areas for potential research developments in hybrid vehicle drivetrains and EMS optimization.
Study and Analysis of Nonlinear Constrained Components A Study of Plug-in Hyb...ijtsrd
Today transportation is one of the rapidly evolving technologies in the world. With the stringent mandatory emission regulations and high fuel prices, researchers and manufacturers are ever increasingly pushed to the frontiers of research in pursuit of alternative propulsion systems. Electrically propelled vehicles are one of the most promising solutions among all the other alternatives, as far as reliability, availability, feasibility and safety issues are concerned. However, the shortcomings of a fully electric vehicle in fulfilling all performance requirements make the electrification of the conventional engine powered vehicles in the form of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle PHEV the most feasible propulsion systems. Sadia Andaleeb "Study and Analysis of Nonlinear Constrained Components (A Study of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20308.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/20308/study-and-analysis-of-nonlinear-constrained-components-a-study-of-plug-in-hybrid-electric-vehicle/sadia-andaleeb
The document describes an electric vehicle simulation project in MATLAB. It discusses how electric vehicles can help address issues like pollution, emissions, and fossil fuel depletion. The project involves simulating various components of an electric vehicle like the vehicle body, driver controller, motor, and battery. The simulation will help test performance, efficiency, and safety without physical prototyping. Components are modeled using blocks in Simulink. The project aims to contribute to faster development of electric vehicles.
The document describes an electric vehicle simulation project in MATLAB. It discusses how electric vehicles can help address issues like pollution, emissions, and fossil fuel depletion. The project involves simulating various components of an electric vehicle like the vehicle body, driver controller, motor, and battery. The simulation will help test performance, efficiency, and safety without physical prototyping. Components are modeled using blocks in Simulink. The project aims to contribute to faster development of electric vehicles.
This document summarizes key outcomes of the 38th ASEAN Ministers on Energy Meeting (AMEM), including endorsement of the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation Phase II and the 6th ASEAN Energy Outlook. ASEAN targets for energy intensity reduction and renewable energy share by 2025 were also endorsed. The document then outlines strategies and programs under the energy efficiency and conservation program area, including harmonizing energy efficiency standards and expanding financing schemes. Challenges to energy efficiency projects in ASEAN are discussed along with recommendations such as increasing private sector involvement and revising fossil fuel subsidies.
Conversion of an I.C. engine powertrain to Electric powertrain of an All- Ter...IRJET Journal
The document discusses converting the powertrain of an all-terrain vehicle from an internal combustion engine to an electric powertrain, including installing a battery management system. It provides details on the components of the electric powertrain system, such as the battery, motor, motor controller, gearbox, and how they interact. It also discusses advantages and limitations of battery management systems, presents analytical results of the system design, and concludes that the converted all-terrain vehicle can run for approximately 4 hours and 10 minutes on a fully charged battery.
EESL is a joint venture of four Central Public Sector Undertakings under the Ministry of Power, Government of India. It was founded in 2010 to promote energy efficiency. EESL has launched a National Electric Mobility Programme to provide charging infrastructure and increase adoption of electric vehicles in India. Under this program, EESL has deployed over 1,500 EVs and 1,225 charging points across government offices. To enable a sustainable charging infrastructure ecosystem, EESL assesses potential locations, aggregates demand, procures and installs chargers, and operates and maintains them. EESL's charging network has supported over 1.9 million kilometers of electric mobility and consumed over 317,000 units of electricity since
This document summarizes a study comparing the fuel efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions of future fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). The study models mid-size family sedans powered by advanced fuel cell and internal combustion systems that could be commercialized by 2020. It makes optimistic assumptions about future fuel cell performance to determine how competitive FCVs could be compared to ICEVs. The results show that even under optimistic fuel cell assumptions, there is no clear advantage of one technology over the other when considering total life cycle energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Both FCVs and ICEVs could achieve significant reductions compared to current vehicles through advances in powertrains and reductions in vehicle weight and aerod
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Design & Development of Energy management strategies for the improvement of fuel efficiency for 4WD hybrid electric vehicle
1. DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVEMENT OF FUEL EFFICIENCY
FOR 4WD HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Prepared By
SAIIFI HAIDER
Department of Mechanical Engineering
TECHNOLOGY GROUP, ARAI
2. CONTENT
• Introduction
• Problem Overview & Objectives
• Energy Management system
• Literature survey
• HEV Architecture & CAD Models
• Theoretical Models
• Co-simulation Control Strategy
• Plant Model Architecture
• Fuel Economy & Performance Calculation
• Simulation & results
• Conclusion & Future Scope
• Reference 2
College of Engineering, Pune
3. INTRODUCTION
• Air pollution in big cities has been a critical problem
for many years. Technical research reveals that the
main cause of city pollution is vehicles with an
Internal combustion engine. Conventional vehicle has
many disadvantages such as depending to a certain
type of energy (oil), producing toxic gases like CO,
CO2, and NO2, greenhouse gases like CO2, noise
pollution, and low efficiency and as a result loss of
energy.
• By improvement of technology and the use of more
advance batteries and the production of more
efficient electric motors and ICEs, vehicles were
introduced to markets to overcome some of the
problems involved. By creating multi-direction
electric drives, charge and charge depletion of such
vehicles were possible through the electric grid that
finally leads to generation of Plug-in Hybrid Electric
Vehicles. These vehicles were more efficient and
effective than conventional vehicles and as a result
gained much interest throughout the world.
• Nowadays, experience proved that pure electric
vehicles are faced with many limitations in spite of
many advances in this field and can be used in
limited driving distance and just for special
applications.
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College of Engineering, Pune
4. Problem Overview
• Due to the complex structure of HEVs/PHEVs, the design of control strategies is a challenging task.
• The presence of two power sources focuses on the need of designing an energy management
strategy to split power between them. Which require lot of calculation to fulfil the needs and
maintain the driver’s comfort.
• The strategy should be able to minimize the fuel consumption and maximize the power utilization.
• In HEVs, the battery is a supporting power source which gets charged when ICE powers the vehicle
and also through regenerative braking.
• In HEVs the state of charge (SOC) of the battery is the same at the start and end of the trip; that is, it
works in charge sustaining mode.
• In PHEVs, the batteries are charged through mains; therefore, it can be depleted to the permissible
minimum level at the end of the trip; that is, it works in a charge depletion mode. PHEVs may call
upon to work in charge sustaining, charge depletion, or combination of both based on the
requirement.
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College of Engineering, Pune
5. Challenges with HEV design
• Architecture /topology selection
• Selection and sizing of components
• Complexities in modelling
• Optimize performance
• Implement real-time control algorithms
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College of Engineering, Pune
6. Biggest challenges
• Developing HEV control
algorithm through energy
management by maintaining
good drivability of the vehicle
09-02-2021 6
College of Engineering, Pune
7. Objectives
To develop and Optimize a control strategy model for the energy
management of 4WD hybrid electric vehicle to improve fuel
efficiency.
Sub-objectives
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College of Engineering, Pune
8. ENERGY MANAGEMENT
• Instantaneous Power Control.
• Improve Powertrain efficiency.
• Operating mode selection.
• Subject to Constraints.
• Attempt to minimize energy
consumption, maintain drivability.
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College of Engineering, Pune
9. BENEFIT OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT
• It involves the distribution of energy(implying power as well depending on load
demand.
• It also implies protection of the system in case of some threshold id exceeded. For
Example- Voltage, Current SOC and so on.
• Since the resources is limited, it involves the best allocation of resources, with the
objectives of minimizing fuel consumption while observing various constraints.
• Good Energy management leads to better fuel economy and/or lower emissions, and it
also leads to enhanced life of devices.
• To be more précised, power/energy management has the goal to take a holistic view of
the system, not just from the point of view of fuel economy, or rather, it is to achieve a
minimum life cycle cost of the system, from the point of view of operations,
maintenance, and longevity all taken together.
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College of Engineering, Pune
10. Bharat stage emission Standards
• Bharat stage Emission Standards (BSES) are emission standards instituted by the Government of India
to regulate the output of air pollutants from internal combustion engines and Spark-ignition engines
equipment, including motor vehicles. The standards and the timeline for implementation are set by the
Central Pollution Control Board under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
• The standards, based on European regulations were first introduced in 2000.
• On October 2010, Bharat Stage (BS) III norms have been enforced across the country.
• In 13 major cities, Bharat Stage IV emission norms have been in place since April 2010 and it has been
enforced for entire country since April 2017.
• In 2016, the Indian government announced that the country would skip the BS-V norms altogether and
adopt BS-VI norms by 2020.
• In 2018, BS-VI at Delhi then in 2019 at NCR & in 2020 it was implemented through out Nationwide.
09-02-2021 10
College of Engineering, Pune
11. Diesel
Serial No. Characteristics Unit Category Reference mass
Bharat
Stage
III
Bharat
Stage
IV
Bharat
Stage
V
Bharat
Stage
VI
Bharat
Stage
VI [OBD-I] 2020
Bharat
Stage
VI [OBD-II] 2023
Fuel Specification
1 Density at 15 °C kg/m3 820–845 820–845
2 Sulphur Content mg/kg 350 50 10 10 10 10
3
Cetane Number minimum and /
or
Cetane Index
51
and
46
51
and
46
4
Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbon
11 11
Emission Standards for Diesel Vehicles (GVW ≤ 3,500 kg) on or after 1st April 2020
1 co g/km
M(GVW≤2500 OR
upto 6 seaters)
0.64 0.5 0.5 1.75 1.75
N1 7M(GVW>2500 OR
above 6 seaters)
RM≤1305
1305<RM≤1760
1760<RM
0.64
0.80
0.95
0.50
0.63
0.74
0.5
0.63
0.74
1.75
2.2
2.5
1.75
2.2
2.5
2 HC g/km
M(GVW≤2500 OR
upto 6 seaters)
N1 7M(GVW>2500 OR
above 6 seaters)
RM≤1305
1305<RM≤1760
1760<RM
3 Nox g/km
M(GVW≤2500 OR
upto 6 seaters)
0.5 0.25 0.08 0.18 0.14
N1 7M(GVW>2500 OR
above 6 seaters)
RM≤1305
1305<RM≤1760
1760<RM
0.50
0.65
0.78
0.25
0.33
0.39
0.08
0.105
0.125
0.18
0.22
0.28
0.14
0.18
0.22
4 PM g/km
M(GVW≤2500 OR
upto 6 seaters)
0.05 0.025 0.0045 0.025 0.012
N1 7M(GVW>2500 OR
above 6 seaters)
RM≤1305
1305<RM≤1760
1760<RM
0.05
0.07
0.10
0.025
0.04
0.06
0.0045
0.0045
0.0045
0.025
0.025
0.03
0.012
0.012
0.012
5 Evap. Emission g/test
M(GVW≤2500 OR
upto 6 seaters)
N1 7M(GVW>2500 OR
above 6 seaters)
RM≤1305
1305<RM≤1760
1760<RM
6 HC+Nox g/km
M(GVW≤2500 OR
upto 6 seaters)
0.56 0.3 0.17
N1 7M(GVW>2500 OR
above 6 seaters)
RM≤1305
1305<RM≤1760
1760<RM
0.56
0.72
0.86
0.30
0.39
0.46
0.17
0.195
0.215
7 NMHC g/km
M(GVW≤2500 OR
upto 6 seaters)
0.29 0.29
N1 7M(GVW>2500 OR
above 6 seaters)
RM≤1305
1305<RM≤1760
1760<RM
0.29
0.32
0.35
0.29
0.32
0.35
8 PN*
Numbers/k
m
M(GVW≤2500 OR
upto 6 seaters)
6 × 10^8
N1 7M(GVW>2500 OR
RM≤1305 6 × 10^8
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College of Engineering, Pune
12. Project plan
July August September October November December January February March April May June
Activities
Problem Identification & Define requirement
Literature review
Conventional Plant model development of
vehicle
Hybrid Electric vehicle Plant Model design &
Development in Amesim
Controller System -level and their subsystem
Design & Development
Base conventional vehicle plant model
validation taking chassis dynamometer tested
data.
Hybrid electric vehicle plant model design
,development & Comparison.
Subsystem integration and simulation
09-02-2021 12
College of Engineering, Pune
13. Method statement
Problem Identification
Problem Definition
Literature Survey
Design of Energy management Control Strategy
Plant Model Design Controller development
Co-simulation
Interfacing
Fuel consumption Results & Comparison
Design modification Modification if required
09-02-2021 13
College of Engineering, Pune
15. No. Research Papers Description
1
Mustafa, R., Schulze, M., Eilts, P., & Küçükay, F.
(2014). Intelligent energy management strategy
for a parallel hybrid vehicle. SAE Technical
Papers, 1. https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1909
Developed an advanced control strategy for a parallel hybrid vehicle. where they had presented Four main steps,
particularly to achieve a reduction in fuel consumption.
• The first step is the development of a highly complex HEV model, including dynamic and thermal behaviour.
• Second, a heuristically control strategy is developed to determine the HEV modes.
• Third, a State of Charge (SOC) levelling is developed with the interaction of a fuzzy logic controller. It is proposed to
calculate the load point shifting of the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and the desired battery SOC.
• Fourth, novel multi-objective optimization techniques, such as a genetic algorithm, are used for the optimization of the
fuzzy logic controller and the heuristically control strategy. The simulation results show a potential fuel reduction
relative to the baseline control strategy
2
Rizoulis, D., Burl, J., & Beard, J. (2001). Control
strategies for a series-parallel hybrid electric
vehicle. SAE Technical Papers, 724.
https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-1354
Analysed the series-parallel power-split configuration Future Truck. Mathematical equations that describe the hybrid
power-split transmission are derived. The vehicle's differential equations of motion are developed and the system's need
for a controller is shown. The engine's brake power and brake specific fuel consumption, as a function of its speed and
throttle position, are experimentally determined. A control strategy is proposed to achieve fuel efficient engine operation.
The developed control strategy has been implemented in a vehicle simulation and in the test vehicle. Simulation and
experimental results are presented and discussed. The control strategy leads to a series hybrid vehicle behaviour at low
speeds and parallel hybrid vehicle behaviour at highway speeds. Furthermore, the strategy ensures charge sustaining
vehicle operation.[
3
Kondo, K., Sekiguchi, S., & Tsuchida, M. (2002).
Development of an electrical 4WD system for
hybrid vehicles. SAE Technical Papers, 2002(724).
https://doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-1043
During the development of this electrical 4WD system, they have found that it is necessary to determine the required rear
motor torque to allow practical 4WD performance while maintaining excellent fuel economy. Initially, the factors affecting
4WD performance was quantitatively analysed and then the rear wheel drive unit torque was be optimized. This results in
a new hybrid vehicle with practical 4WD performance and high efficiency.[
4
Van Keulen, T., De Jager, B., Kessels, J., &
Steinbuch, M. (2010). Energy management in
hybrid electric vehicles: Benefit of prediction.
IFAC Proceedings Volumes (IFAC-PapersOnline),
43(7), 264–269.
https://doi.org/10.3182/20100712-3-DE-
2013.00027
Suggested that prediction of the future power and velocity trajectories, based upon input from a geographical information system
with GPS, could improve the result of the real-time strategies. The simulation example shows that one can find examples where the
benefit of prediction ranges from marginal to substantial, depending upon the route and vehicle characteristics. It is argued that
prediction of the future power and velocity trajectories, for the EMS optimization has little or no fuel consumption benefit on roads
with mild grades, although it is possible to keep the state-of-charge closer to a preferred value of 50%. In practice benefits from
prediction can be expected, only when driving in a hilly terrain with long and steep descends. This also implies that the use of
stochastic or statistical properties of measured data from past routes, to optimize the future power split, offers limited benefits,
unless it is connected to a GPS with navigation that can locate the vehicle in a map. Future work will focus on an experimental
validation of the results presented here
09-02-2021 15
College of Engineering, Pune
16. No. Research Papers Description
5
Wei, X. (2004). Modelling and Control of a
Hybrid Electric Drivetrain for optimum fuel
economy, performance and driveability. Fuel,
53(4), 1247–1256.
https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accessi
on=osu1095960915&disposition=attachment
They had designed control strategy based on models and tested in simulations, there research also includes building the
appropriate models and simulators for control design and defining the objective measures for the control criteria. The
control and the model here are called model-based control and control-oriented model. The model-based control design
applies optimal control theories and develops the strategy based on the control-oriented model.
The control strategy is found for the minimum fuel consumption first and then he takes the driveability into
consideration, two models, the quasi-static and the low frequency dynamic models which was established correspondingly.
6
Chen, M. Y., Yang, K., Sun, Y. Z., & Cheng, J. H.
(2019). An Energy Management Strategy for
Through-the-Road Type Plug-in Hybrid Electric
Vehicles. SAE International Journal of
Alternative Powertrains, 8(1), 61–74.
https://doi.org/10.4271/08-08-01-0004
• they had applied strategies on a plug-in hybrid vehicle with one traction motor and an engine with an ISG in the front
and another traction motor with a gearbox in the rear. The functional modules in the energy management strategy
simplify the structure complexity and facilitate the real-time implementation of the strategy algorithms. There are six
functional modules in the energy management strategy: CPC, TQD, FUN, GBC, TQS, and TQC. The vehicle state
information is entered to the strategy, and the overall torque is calculated by the TQD module. There are four power
modes for the vehicle: EV, RE, BOOST, and ICE modes. The battery-charging command and the gear-shifting command
are sent out to the respective control units from TQC module and GBC module. Three simulation test scenarios are
performed to investigate the energy management strategy
7
Caratozzolo, P., Serra, M., & Riera, J. (2003).
Energy management strategies for hybrid
electric vehicles. IEMDC 2003 - IEEE
International Electric Machines and Drives
Conference, 1(18435), 241–248.
https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMDC.2003.1211270
• In this project, he develops novel control strategies for the operation of a full parallel hybrid electric powertrain that
minimize the fuel consumption over the driving cycle. the global optimal solution was evaluated by means of dynamic
programming. Since the dynamic programming method requires a discrete-time model of the plant and a quantized
state-space, it is prone to numerical errors, particularly when a specified final state is enforced
8
Kim, C., Namgoong, E., Lee, S., Kim, T., &
Kim, H. (1999). Fuel economy optimization for
parallel hybrid vehicles with CVT. SAE
Technical Papers, 724.
https://doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-1148
• They had proposed a new optimum strategy of fuel economy for parallel hybrid vehicles with CVT, which permits
analytic interpretation of the complex hybrid systems from a unified viewpoint. The proposed strategy generates the
control values giving the best fuel economy versus the current driving conditions. A series of simulation shows fuel
economy of about 20km/l in city driving modes
09-02-2021 16
College of Engineering, Pune
17. No. Research Papers Description
9
Glenn, B., Washington, G., & Rizzoni, G. (2000). Operation
and control strategies for hybrid electric automobiles. SAE
Technical Papers, 724. https://doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-
1537
• They had designed control strategies to optimize the fuel efficiency of the ICE and not reduce the
vehicle's emissions. This is because Ohio State University's hybrid electric vehicle is ICE dominated,
meaning it has a small Degree of Hybridization. The selling point of these vehicles will mainly be
there ability to achieve good fuel economy. This has been dually accomplished in simulation by
optimizing the efficiency of the ICE and by forcing the ICE to operate at a point with a low fuel use
rate while the vehicle achieves low speeds.
10
RAHMAN, M. (2011). Internal Combustion Engine
Performance Characteristics. London South Bank University,
Thermoflui, 8–11.
• In this assignment he draws interest in internal combustion engine performance characteristics.
However, he understands the differences between air standard cycle efficiency and the brake
thermal efficiency and their relation with engine speed. On the other hand, this assignment also
helps him to think deepen in terms of heat losses in combustion chamber and so on.
11
Guoyuan Wu, Xuewei Qi, M. B. B. (2016).Advanced Energy
Management Strategy Development for Plug - in Hybrid
Electric Vehicles. A Research Report from the National
Center for Sus.
• In this study, they develop two different on-line energy management systems for plug-in hybrid
electric vehicles, i.e., Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) based EMS and Reinforcement Learning (RL) based
EMS.
12
Cacciato, M., Nobile, G., Pulvirenti, M., Raciti, A., Scarcella,
G., & Scelba, G. (2017). Energy management in parallel
hybrid electric vehicles exploiting an integrated multi-drives
topology. 2017 International Conference of Electrical and
Electronic Technologies for Automotive, 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.23919/EETA.2017.7993203
• They deal with an innovative energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicle parallel
drivetrains by exploiting an integrated multi-drives system. The control strategy which was proposed
to improve the energy efficiency of the system while taking into consideration the technical
constraints related to the energy storage technologies in each possible operating scenario.
13
Nabavi, S. G. (2015). Design an Energy Management
Strategy for a Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle. Journal of
Asian Electric Vehicles, 13(1), 1705–1710.
https://doi.org/10.4130/jaev.13.1705
• They had applied a fuzzy compensator in order to reduce the costs in a parallel HEV. Also, a proportional
controller was used to better satisfy the driver’s demand. The fuzzy compensator optimizes the power
distribution between electric motor and combustion engine. which was shown that more favourable
performance was achieved by using both these controllers for a parallel HEV. The designed controller not
only helps to better provide the driver’s required power, but also plays a significant role in the reduction of
fuel consumption and pollution rate while improving the battery charge situation.
09-02-2021 17
College of Engineering, Pune
18. No. Research Papers Description
14
Bashir, F., & Bakhsh, F. (2018). Energy Management
Strategies in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs).
4(February).
They simulated energy management in the real time hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) by using different
strategies from which it gets improved. Thus, pollutant emissions and fuel consumption get reduced.
However, here only the off-line strategies concerning the electrical battery state of charge (SOC) is
considered.
15
Patil, K., Molla, S. K., & Schulze, T. (2012). Hybrid vehicle
model development using ASM-AMESim-Simscape co-
simulation for real-time HIL applications. SAE Technical
Papers. https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-0932
Discussed Automotive Simulation Models (ASM) for plant modelling and proper I/O interfaces and real-
time systems. Real time simulation of a system requires balance between complexity of model, solver
type, solver settings and real time hardware. He observed that with the use of ASM ready to use plant
models, developer can focus more on control systems development. ASM also allows integration of
models developed in different environment. Amesim and SimDriveline model has been integrated in
ASM and tested on real time system.
16
Lee, H., Jeong, J., Park, Y. il, & Cha, S. W. (2017). Energy
management strategy of hybrid electric vehicle using
battery state of charge trajectory information.
International Journal of Precision Engineering and
Manufacturing - Green Technology, 4(1), 79–86.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-017-0011-4
They have proposed energy management strategy using future driving cycle information. The new
strategy includes DP and uses optimal control results from it, with predicted driving cycle information.
With extracted optimal battery SOC trajectory results along the vehicle travel distance, rule-based
control strategy controls the engine and the motor to follow the target SOC path, and it presents
improved fuel economy performance for vehicle simulation using various driving cycles as compared to
the previous rule-based control strategies
09-02-2021 18
College of Engineering, Pune
19. HEV configuration
P0: The electric machine is connected with the internal combustion engine through a belt, on the front-end accessory drive.
P1: Crankshaft mounted electric machine.
P2: Input Shaft of Transmission
P3: Output Shaft of the Transmission
P4: On the rear or front differential
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College of Engineering, Pune
21. Model-Based Design (MBD)
Evaluate an architecture
Assess performance
Early closed loop control
development
Optimizing control and plant
simultaneously
Model reuse – code
gen/HIL/verification & validation
09-02-2021 21
College of Engineering, Pune
22. 09-02-2021 College of Engineering, Pune 22
Vehicle Specification & Parameters
Type 4 Cylinder, Common Rail
GVW (Kg) 2520
Load (10% overload) kg 2772
Engine Displacement(cc) 1898 cm3
Max Power (KW/hp@rpm) 110KW (150 PS) @ 3600rpm
Max Torque (Nm @ rpm) 350Nm @ 1800-2600rpm
Overall Vehicle (LxWxH) (mm) 5295 mm x 1860 mm x 1855 mm
Coeff of drag(cd) 0.7
Coeff of rolling resistance(µ) 0.01
First Gear ratio(β1) 4.008
Second Gear ratio(β2) 2.301
Third Gear ratio(β3) 1.427
Fourth Gear ratio(β4) 1
Axle Ratio(α) 4.1
Diameter of the wheel(d) 0.7494
Frontal Area 3.4224
• The powertrain structure of the target vehicle
specification & parameters as shown below.
• Our hybrid powertrain includes one electric traction
motor (TM) connected in the front axle with 2 stage
reduction gearbox and an ICE in the rear axle through
Manual Gearbox connected in the line.
• Such powertrain configuration consider as a P4 hybrid
vehicle. The two clutches enable the switch of the
power sources, either from the ICE or from the TM.
• The gear ratios for the TM-side 2 stage reduction
gearbox is 3.143.
• The engine is a 110 kW 1.6-liter gasoline engine with a
turbocharger and coupled. On the other side, the TM
with the peak power of 135kW and are equipped to
propel the vehicle by pure electric power.
• In the vehicle chassis, the battery capacity is selected as
40.3 kWh and is monitored by the corresponding battery
management system unit.
The Hybrid Powertrain Structure
23. Electric motor specification
Motor type 3-Phase AC Induction
Power, Peak 135KW
Power, continuous 80KW
Torque, Peak (Duration
30 seconds minimum)
215N/m ,0 to 5000 RPM
Torque, continuous 110N/m ,0 to 5000 RPM
Speed Max 15000 RPM
Weight 34Kg
Volume 32*18*16
System Efficiency, peak 93%
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• The AC induction machine is selected in our hybrid drivetrain
due to its wide torque-speed range, high performance,
ruggedness, better failure mode and low cost.
• Advantage of electric machine is its reversible behaviour . This
means that can produce torque if it’s supplied with electrical
energy or it can produce electrical energy when it has an input
torque (due to vehicle inertia). When the electric machine is
producing torque it’s in motor mode, when it’s producing
electrical energy it’s in generator mode.
Electric motor
Torque & Power Performance
28. Tractive Effort Calculation
• Aerodynamic drag
𝐹𝑎 =
1
2
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟𝐶𝑑𝐴𝑓𝑉2
• Rolling resistance
𝐹𝑟 = 𝛭𝑔𝐶𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒)
• Gradient resistance
𝐹
𝑔 = 𝛭𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒)
• Wheel torque
𝑇𝑤 = 𝑇𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑜𝑝𝑡
∗ 𝛽𝑖𝛽𝑑𝜂𝑔
• Tractive Effort transferred to the driving wheel
𝐹𝑥 =
𝑇𝑤
𝑟𝑑
• Tractive effort required for propulsion of vehicle
𝐹𝑡 = 𝐹𝑎 + 𝐹
𝑔 + 𝐹𝑟
𝐹𝑡=
1
2
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟𝐶𝑑𝐴𝑓𝑉2
+ 𝛭𝑔𝐶𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒)+𝛭𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒)
• Total tractive effort
𝐹𝑡 = 𝐹𝑡𝑟 + 𝐹𝑡𝑓
𝛭 Vehicle mass in kg,
𝑉 Vehicle velocity in 𝑚/𝑠,
𝑔 Gravity acceleration in 𝑚/𝑠2
,
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 Road grade,
𝐴𝑓 Vehicle frontal area in 𝑚2
,
𝐶𝑑 Drag coefficient,
𝐶𝑟 Rolling resistance coefficient,
𝐹
𝑎 Aerodynamic force in N,
𝐹
𝑔 Gravity force in N,
𝐹
𝑟 Rolling resistance force in N,
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 Air density in kg/𝑚3
.
where,
In the longitudinal direction, the major
external forces acting on a two-axle
vehicle, include the rolling resistance
of front and rear tires 𝐹𝑟𝑓 and 𝐹𝑟𝑟 ,
which are represented by rolling
resistance moment 𝑇𝑟𝑓 and 𝑇𝑟𝑟 ,
aerodynamic drag 𝐹𝑎 , grading
resistance 𝐹
𝑔, and tractive effort of the
front and rear tires, 𝐹𝑡𝑓 and 𝐹𝑡𝑟. 𝐹𝑡𝑓 is
zero for a rear-wheel-driven vehicle,
whereas 𝐹𝑡𝑟 is zero for a front-wheel-
driven vehicle. The dynamic equation
of vehicle motion along the
longitudinal direction is expressed by
Dynamic Equation
𝑀𝑣
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑡
= 𝐹𝑡 − (𝐹𝑎 + 𝐹
𝑔 + 𝐹𝑟)
where
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑡
is the linear acceleration of
the vehicle along the longitudinal
direction and 𝑀𝑣 is the vehicle mass.
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29. Wheel
Wheel
β i : i=1,2,3
Tw
Tw
Te
Tg
Td
βd
Ie
Ig
Id/2
Id/2
Ѡe
Ѡg
Ѡw
Ѡw
RearWheel Drive
At rear Wheel Drive I’m using Engine as a source to fulfil the requirement
of power to drive the vehicle.
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30. In this model I have Assigned engine optimal torque with 𝑻𝒆 𝝎𝒆, 𝝒𝜽𝒆 to satisfy wheel torque
requirement.
𝐹𝑥 =
𝜂𝑔𝜂𝑑𝛽𝑖𝛽𝑑
𝑅
𝑇𝑒 𝜔𝑒, 𝜘𝜃𝑒 −
1
𝑅2
(𝜂𝑔𝜂𝑑𝛽𝑖
2
𝛽𝑑
2
Ι𝑒 + 𝜂𝑑𝛽𝑑
2
𝐼𝑔 + 𝐼𝑑 + 2𝐼𝑤)
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑡
Rear wheel Optimal torque calculation Simulink Model
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32. In this model I have Assigned motor optimal torque with 𝑻𝒎 𝝎𝒎, 𝝒𝜽𝒎 .
𝐹𝑥 =
𝜂𝑔𝜂𝑑𝛽𝑔𝛽𝑑
𝑅
𝑇𝑚 𝜔𝑚, 𝜘𝜃𝑚 −
1
𝑅2
(𝜂𝑔𝜂𝑑𝛽𝑔
2
𝛽𝑑
2
Ι𝑒 + 𝜂𝑑𝛽𝑑
2
𝐼𝑔 + 𝐼𝑑 + 2𝐼𝑤)
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑡
Front wheel Optimal torque calculation Simulink Model
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33. • we need to calculate optimal torques depend on the SOC of the battery.
• if SOCmin ≤ SOC ≤ SOCmax,
we have to run the vehicle at its optimal efficiency range of engine and motor. we
can also find the optimal torque using ECMS algorithm.
• if SOC < SOCmin ,
then battery charging is only the priority, hence electric motor not used, as Tm = 0
and some part of engine torque can be used as regenerative torque,Treg charge the
battery. Hence Tice engine torque is used for both traction and to regeneration for
battery charging. Below Tice
opt
is optimal engine torque in terms of fuel consumption
where demanded torque can be less than or greater than Tice
opt
.
Torque Request Calculation
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34. Torque Request Calculation
Positive Wheel Torque (traction)
• If 𝑇𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑜𝑝𝑡
>
𝑇𝑤
𝛽𝑔𝛽𝑑𝜂𝑔
, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∶
𝑇𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑜𝑝𝑡
=
𝑇𝑤
𝛽𝑖𝛽𝑑𝜂𝑔
,
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑔 = 𝑇𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑜𝑝𝑡
− 𝑇𝑤
• If 𝑇𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑜𝑝𝑡
≤
𝑇𝑤
𝛽𝑔𝛽𝑑𝜂𝑔
, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∶
𝑇𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑜𝑝𝑡
=
𝑇𝑤
𝛽𝑖𝛽𝑑𝜂𝑔
,
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑔 = 0
• 𝐼𝑓 𝑆𝑂𝐶 > 𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 then only EM electric motor use as a primary
source. which means, 𝑇𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 0
𝑇𝑚
𝑜𝑝𝑡
=
𝑇𝑤
𝛽𝑔𝛽𝑑𝜂𝑔
,
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑔 = 0
Negative wheel torque (braking)
• Here we get optimal torque of motor and engine as,
𝑇𝑚
𝑜𝑝𝑡
= 0
𝑇𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑜𝑝𝑡
= 0
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑔 =
𝑇𝑤
𝛽𝑔𝛽𝑑𝜂𝑔
.
where, ( 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑔 + 𝑇𝑚
𝑜𝑝𝑡
) give us the final optimal torque
of electric motor EM and most important whenever
𝑇𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑜𝑝𝑡
= 0,the engine speed run in an idle speed, which
is 700-900(rpm).
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38. SOC % determination & Testing
• Minimal vehicle speed tracking error
• Actuator speeds/torque not noisy
• Power doesn’t exceeds limits for long periods
• SOC trends towards target
• SOC needs to be within a predefined operating range to avoid
any damage to the battery.
𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑆𝑂𝐶 ≤ 𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥
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39. SOC and Power Algorithm
During traction:
𝑃𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑑 > 𝑃𝑖𝑐𝑒_𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙
ICE runs at optimal region while
motor provide the remaining power.
During traction:
𝑃𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑑 < 𝑃𝑖𝑐𝑒_𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 ;
SOC≤ 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
ICE runs at optimal region and
motor use extra power to charge the
battery
During Braking:
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟_𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑑 < 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
Motor regenerate, all of the braking
power charge the batteries.
During Braking:
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟_𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑑 > 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
Motor regenerate, the friction brake
produces the remaining power
• The supervisory control rules for all commanded
speed and torque cases at the engine shaft. The vehicle
needs to meet the power request whenever possible
and optimality is sacrificed if the power request is not
met. The supervisory control strategy optimizes the
power split between two energy sources to achieve
minimum fuel consumption.
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SOC & Battery Power Model
𝑆𝑂𝐶𝐼𝑅,𝑇𝑅
𝑡 = 𝑆𝑂𝐶𝐼𝑅,𝑇𝑅
𝑡 − 1 + η𝐼𝑅,𝑇𝑅
)
𝐼(𝑡
𝐶𝐼𝑅,𝑇𝑅
Δ𝑡
𝑆𝑂𝐶𝐼𝑅,𝑇𝑅
Battery State of charge at time t [%]
𝑆𝑂𝐶𝐼𝑅,𝑇𝑅
𝑡 − 1 Battery initial state of charge [%]
𝐶𝐼𝑅,𝑇𝑅
or 𝑄𝑛 Battery rated capacity [Ah]
𝑡 Time [h]
η𝐼𝑅,𝑇𝑅
coulombic efficiency
𝐼(𝑡) charging/discharging current [A]
Δ𝑡 operating period
where,
With a measured charging/discharging current I and the corresponding
coulombic efficiency,[17] the rated SOC in an operating period Δt can be
calculated using Equation
42. The torque request calculated earlier is multiplied by the gear ratio to find the torque request
at transmission output. This is needed because this is a p4 Hybrid Configuration .Therefore,
torque will be required to be calculated after the transmission for both the engine.
Torque request at Gear Box output
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43. Power Management
Bound battery power within dynamic
power limits of battery
Convert mechanical power request to
electrical power using efficiency map
Check if electric power request is
within limits
oOK allow original mechanical power
request
oNOT OK use limit for electrical power
,and convert to an allowable
mechanical power request
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44. Mech to Elec Power Estimate
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• Calculate the electrical Power request using efficiency map.
• It checks if electric power request is within the dynamic BMS power limit. If it is within the limit it will allow the regional
mechanical power request to go through it.
• If the limit is exceeded it uses upper limit for the Elec power request and converts the allowable mech power and torque
request using the efficiency map.
45. Torque limit model
Motor Speed coming from input signal is in radian is converted into Rpm which is
then assigned to 1-D lookup table to give the torque for both positive traction and
regeneration value. which is defined as upper limit and lower limit .then, whatever
the torque command will come gives output under this limits.
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46. Power Management algorithm:
• Estimate Elec power based on mech power using efficiency map
• Check if Elec power is within battery power limits
• If power within limit , use motor torque command
• If power limit exceeded, use limited motor torque
• For low Mot Speed, Motor Power Requirement will be a small number. Pass through torque command until Mot Speed > 2
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47. Fuel Economy & Performance Calculation
• There are various methods and approaches to predict and calculate fuel economy.
• For hybrid vehicle system design and analysis, fuel economy are normally calculated based on
numerical models or look-up tables extracted from engine dyno data.
• When driveability becomes one of the control criteria, the quasi-static model is obviously not
sufficient to evaluate it.
• Dynamics of driveability are in the frequency of a few hertz in a real vehicle and thus a low-
frequency dynamic model is built since it has the proper time scale.
• Most of the powertrain components are modelled as actuators with first or second order dynamics
plus saturations and some nonlinearity.
• The models for the battery, the final drive, the vehicle, the controller and the driver remain the
same as those used in the fuel economy optimization problem except for one of the controller
outputs is changed from engine torque request to commanded air mass flow rate.
• We have taken 37.95 kWh has 100% of the energy of one gallon of Diesel & one gallon is
3.7854 litres.
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48. Characteristics Unit
Bharat Stage
II
Bharat Stage
III
Bharat Stage IV
Bharat Stage
VI†
2001
(selected
cities), 2005
(nationwide)
2005
(selected
cities), 2010
(nationwide)
2010
(selected
cities), 2017
(nationwide)
2020↑(natio
nwide)
Ash, max % mass 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Carbon Residue
(Ramsbottom) on 10%
residue, max †
% mass 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Cetane Number (CN), min – 48* 51 51 51
Cetane Index (CI), min – 46* 46 46 46
Distillation 95% vol. Recovery
at °C, max
°C – 360 360 370
Flash point Abel, min °C 35 35 35 35
Kinematic Viscosity @ 40 °C cst 2.0-5.0 2.0-5.0 2.0-4.5 2-4.5
Density @ 15 °C Kg/m3
820-860 (820-
870)*
820-845 820-845 820-860
Total Sulfur, max mg/kg 500 350 50 10
Water content, max mg/kg 0.05% vol 200 200 200
Cold filter plugging point
(CFPP)
°C 18 18 18 18
a) Summer, max °C 6 6 6 6
b) Winter, max
Total contaminations, max mg/kg – 24 24 24
Oxidation stability, max g/mg3 – 25 25 25
Polycylic Aromatic
Hydrocarbon (PAH), max
% mass – 11 11 11
Lubricity, corrected wear scar
diameter (wsd 1,4) @ 60 °C,
max
μm (microns) 460 460 460 460
Copper Strip corrosion for 3
hrs @ 50 °C
Rating
Not worse
than No. 1
Class I Class I Class I
Implementation date
Indian Diesel Specification required meeting Bharat Stage II, III, & IV Emission Norms3
Fuel
Characteristics
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49. Annually Estimated Diesel Electricity Total
Costs ₹25973.15 ₹13206.69 ₹39253.21
Kilometres
7150.3154 10472.001 10,950
41% 59% 100%
Fuel Used 382.327 Litres 1,897 kWh
Driving
On a typical day, I drive... 48 to 49 kilometres
Annual kilometres 17520to 17885 kilometres
Charging
My home charger... 220V
My charger at work... 220V
Days per week that I drive to work... 5
Distance to work (one-way)... 16 Kilometres
Prices
Regular DIESEL cost ₹67.75 per litre
Electricity
Home ₹6.95 per KWH
Work ₹7-8 per KWH
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51. Co-simulation Control Strategy for 4WD hybrid electric vehicle using
MATLAB Simulink and Amesim
Interface Icon Creation dialog box.
The completed interface block
• Designed to be used with the Simulink interface and
other interfaces but in our case it will be Simulink
• Block is used to define the variables which are provided
and received by the companion software.
• Connect the block inputs and output to the other
components of the model.
• Because the system contains Simulink interface blocks,
an S-Function is created.
• When you change from Parameter mode to Run mode,
special data files containing the parameters are written.
When you run the S-Function within Simulink, these files
will be read.
• If you do this you must ensure that the MATLAB Current
Directory is set to the directory where the Amesim model
is stored.
• Alternatively, you can use the Tools Start MATLAB menu
from Amesim
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52. Importing the model into Simulink
• The Amesim model at this stage exists as an S-
Function.
• Imported into Simulink.
• It is important to remember that when we quit
Amesim, the files defining your system are
compressed into a single file. This means that
Simulink would not have access to the S-
Function.
• For this reason, it is normal to have Amesim
and Simulink running simultaneously when
using the interface. This way, we can change
the parameters in the Amesim model and
restart the simulation very rapidly.
• Can also examine the results in Amesim.
The S-Function in Simulink.
The S-Function parameters.
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53. HEV Control architecture
System-level layer
Component-level layer
Physical layer
Hybrid Control Module (Supervisory Control)
ECM TCM MCU BMS
ENGINE TRANSMISSION MOTOR BATTERY
CAN 1 CAN 2 PHYSICAL
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55. Major functions
• Supervisory control (State flow)
• Accelerator pedal Torque
• Regenerative Brake Blending
• Battery Management System
• Power Management
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56. Engine Speed
determination
Gear and Drive
selector
determination
Torque Request
Calculation
Operating Mode
Selector
Hybrid Mode
Intelligent Vehicle
Controller
Electric Mode
Conventional mode
Total Fuel
consumption
calculation
BATTERY SOC
VS VEHICLE
SPEED
BATTERY Structural
health & Thermal
condition Calculation
EMISSION
CALCULATIONS
ACCELERATOR
PEDAL
COMPARISON
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57. Standard VCU from Amesim
Port No. Title unit
Port 1 Electric motor torque command Nm
Port 2 Engine load
Port 3 Firing : engine on/off
Port 4 Clutch control (0 : disengaged, 1 : engaged)
Port 5 Braking command
Port 6 Engine rotary velocity rev/min
Port 7 Maximum & Minimum engine torque Nm
Port 8 Gearbox primary shaft rotary velocity rev/min
Port 9 vehicle speed m/s
Port 10 Acceleration command from drive
Port 11 Braking command from driver
Port 12 Gearbox ratio control
Port 13 Powertrain maximum & Minimum power W
Port 14 Battery state of charge %
Port 15 Maximum & Minimum motor torque Nm
Port 16 Electric motor rotary velocity rev/min
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The control unit receives information from the driver
(acceleration, braking commands and gearbox ratio), the
electric motor (rotary velocity and maximum/minimum
torque), the engine (rotary velocity and maximum torque),
the battery (state of charge), the vehicle speed and the
gearbox (primary shaft speed).
It analyses them in order to minimize the consumption of
the battery.
The electric motor could be used as a generator to charge
the battery when the driver brakes. In this approach, the
electric motor and the engine are connected to the manual
gearbox. The control unit manages the power requested to
the engine and the electric motor.
If the battery needs to be regenerated, the engine is used
to drive the vehicle, and if the power requested is lower
than its optimum power (according to its rotary velocity),
the difference is send to the electric motor to charge the
battery.
59. HEV plant model architecture
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60. INPUT Requirements
• Driving cycle
• Gear Ratios
• Motor RPM Vs Brake Pedal Input
• Motor Operating Speed High cut OFF
• Motor Operating Speed LOW cut OFF
• Battery SOC Level 1 – 10
• Min & Max Motor Torque
• Ideal Engine Torque and RPM
• Motor Gear Ratio
• Max Engine torque
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61. SYSTEM OUTPUT
• Engine Torque request
• Total e-motor torque request
• Engine start and stop
• Regeneration start and stop
• Starter motor start and stop
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62. Drive cycle
• PCC
Pune city cycle
• MIDC
Modified Indian
Driving Cycle
• IDC
Indian Driving
Cycle
A driving cycle is a series of data
points representing the speed of a
vehicle versus time. Driving
cycles are produced by different
countries and organizations to
assess the performance of vehicles
in various ways, as for example fuel
consumption and polluting
emissions.
Selection of driving cycle.
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63. The driving cycles are given as inputs to plant model by designing a personal drive
cycle or giving a standard drive cycle.
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64. • The driver parameters are crucial in plant
modelling of the vehicle. The behaviour of
vehicle velocity depends on the
acceleration and braking control PID gain
values. The gain values are decided on trial
and error basis and best possible values are
selected so the vehicle velocity follows the
commanded velocity.
• This driver could be used in the modelling
of any vehicle with a manual gearshift:
vehicle with internal combustion engine,
electric motor, hybrid vehicle...
• This sub model computes several controls:
I. port 4: acceleration control "acc" [fraction]
II. port 3: braking control "br" [fraction]
III. port 2: gear shifting control "gb" [null]
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Selection of Driver and driving parameters
65. Vehicle
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This is a sub model of vehicle. Both
front and rear axles are modelled
(allowing 4x4 applications) and the
user can choose between two
vehicle configurations:
1. road: rolling friction, road slope
and aerodynamic drag taken into
account,
2. roller test bench: user defined
roller test bench friction
coefficients.
66. • The battery SOC for different operating conditions are changed by
changing the value of SOC at port 4. The starting battery condition
of Hybrid mode and EV mode is decided by the state of charge.
The number of cells in series in battery pack are decided by taking
into the consideration that battery provides necessary voltage.
• Voltage can be fixed or variable
• 3 abbreviations are used in this component:
1. SOC: State Of Charge
2. DOD: Depth Of Discharge
3. OCV: Open Circuit Voltage
Parameters Unit Value
Number of battery pack
(Parallel Connection)
- 1
Number of cells in the battery
pack (Series Connection)
- 100
Nominal Voltage of Each cell V 3.6
Capacity of each cell Ah 13.4
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Battery
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Engine parameters
• It is a sub model of internal combustion engine (ICE) with different
application cases.
a. torque
b. torque & fuel consumption
c. torque & fuel consumption & exhaust pollutant emissions
• This engine component should be used whenever an engine performance
over a cycle is required.
• The prediction of the fuel consumption or emissions over driving cycles is
accurate
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Motor parameters
• It is a model of electric motor/generator with its converter.
• The output torque and power losses can be determined either by
using data files or characteristic parameters.
• This model is bidirectional (motor/generator).
• From the input torque request Τ𝑠𝑒𝑡 at port 4, the torque Τ𝑙𝑖𝑚 is limited
as follows:
Τ𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ Τ𝑙𝑖𝑚 ≤ Τ𝑚𝑎𝑥
• With Τ𝑚𝑖𝑛 and Τ𝑚𝑎𝑥 the negative and positive torque corresponding
either to user-defined parameters or values read in tables as a
function of the operating point.
71. Power Flow Chart
Engine mode Power flow
Electric motor Power flow
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72. Simulation & Results
Conventional vehicle Commanded velocity v/s actual velocity Hybrid Commanded velocity v/s actual velocity
The hybrid model is compared with Baseline model for various performance parameters. The brief comparison on
fuel economy, between conventional vehicle and hybrid vehicle with some percentages of starting SOC is carried out.
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73. Total Fuel consumption
The fuel consumption is lesser for hybrid vehicle as visible in graph. The fuel consumption for hybrid is always lower than
fuel consumption of baseline in all operating conditions. As the vehicle velocity goes on increasing, the difference in the fuel
consumed by hybrid and baseline for same speed goes on increasing i.e. at higher speed efficiency of hybrid is better.
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75. Battery SOC
• The behaviour of battery soc is plotted with respect to time. The
battery soc starts from 80%.
Battery SOC vs Vehicle Speed
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76. Exhaust gas Results Comparisons
Hybrid electric vehicle Exhaust Gas details
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78. Comparisons of Conventional vehicle & Hybrid
vehicle CO emission results
Comparisons of Conventional vehicle & Hybrid
vehicle CO2 emission results
Comparisons of Conventional vehicle & Hybrid vehicle NOx
emission results
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79. Sensors
Sensors/Actuator
• Potentiometer(Throttle position sensor)
• Potentiometer(Brake position sensor)
• Potentiometer(Clutch position sensor)
• Reed Switch/Digital Switch
• Digital Switch
• Hall effect sensor(Vehicle Speed)
• Tachometric sensor(Engine RPM)
• Mechanical 3 point selector switch
Locations
• Accelerator Pedal
• Brake Pedal
• Clutch Pedal
• Transmission Gear Box
• Vehicle Ignition Key
• Final Drive Shaft
• Engine
• Vehicle Dashboard
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81. Define
Requirement
System-level
Design
Subsystem
Design
[EM]
Subsystem
integration and test
System-level
integration
and test
Complete
integration
and test
Subsystem
implementation
[plant model/C-code
Production]
Integration of controller on vehicle
Toolchain for deployment of controller on Vehicle
The SCU developed on Software is deployed on the hardware using the software of VeriStand, in which the model
will be built as. So, file, the inputs and outputs will be mapped with the pins of hardware. This model then
deployed on hardware.
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82. Conclusion & Future Scope
• Simulation Results for the Engine only model running NEDC cycle
drive resulted in giving fuel Consumption of 12kmpl and after
hybridization into 4WD model shows increase in mileage.
• SCU model developed in Simulink can be used as a base platform
simulations either using Simulink solver or co-simulation between
AMESIM & MATLAB Simulink to validate and optimize hybridization
parameters for different 4WD models.
• As we know Hybridization of vehicle is not popular projects among
OEMs, they focusing more on pure electric vehicle. This project can
be proof of concept to start focusing more on developing hybrid
electric vehicle models in this new HYBRID era.
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83. References
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84. 10. RAHMAN, M. (2011). Internal Combustion Engine Performance Characteristics. London South Bank University, Thermoflui,
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Electric Vehicles. A Research Report from the National Center for Sus.
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des véhicules. Oil and Gas Science and Technology, 67(4), 575–587. https://doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2012019
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on methods, challenges, and state-of-the-art solutions. Energies, 11(3), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030476
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86. “Surely we have a
responsibility to leave for
future generations a planet
that is healthy and
habitable by all species”