Advanced technique in shrimp nutritrion

1. Advances in Shrimp Nutrition
Stephen G. Newman Ph.D.
President
Aqua-In-Tech Inc.

2. Introduction
Basic Nutritional Requirements
Feed additives
– Glucans
– Bacterial Cell Wall
– Nucleotides
– Fucoidan
– Others
Conclusion

3. Basic Nutritional Requirements
Protein levels are species and rearing environment
dependent
 P. monodon, P. stylirostrus higher protein
 P. vannamei-lower protein-plant derived OK
Similar Vitamin and Mineral Requirements
 Closed versus open system culture.
 Most ponds provide nutrients to smaller shrimp

4. Beta 1,3 1,6 glucans
Structure very important for activity
Continuous feeding unwise practice
Non-specific immunity
– Short term
– Weakened by stress and high levels of
pathogens

5. Saccharomyces cereviseae

6. Glucan Structure

7. Glucan testing
Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute
3 levels incorporated into feed
Post larval P. vannamei
Fed for several weeks prior to exposure to WSSV
bacterial suspension
Mortalities followed for 7-10 days and tabulated

8. % Survival Against WSSV
23.1
45.5
70.6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
100 50 0
Betagard (grams/MT)
Glucan Effective Against WSSV

9. Bacterial Cell Walls
From both common groups of bacteria
Gram Positive-Peptidoglycan
Gram Negative-Lipopolysaccharide

10. Peptidoglycan

11. Peptidoglycan
Itami et al. 1998
P. japonicus fed 0.2 mg of PG per kg/bw/day
95 days
1. 7 days on and 7 off
2. Daily
3. 2 days on and five off
N=20
Continuous water borne challenge

12. Peptidoglycan
Bifidobacterium (PG) WSSV trials
100
90 85
30
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 Control
Percent
Survival

13. Lipopolysaccharide

14. Lipopolysaccharide

15. Lipopolysaccharide
Itami et al. Late 1980’s Kuruma prawns
8 to 11 adults (20 grams each)
1% suspension of dead bacterial material
1-immersion for one hour
2-Sprayed for 10 secs
3-Injected
30 days later injected with virulent strain of vibrio
Statistically significant protective effect

16. Lipopolysaccharide
Comparative survival of kuruma prawns exposed to virulent
vibrio species 30 days post exposure to a dead vibrio suspension
(after Itami et al.)
31.3 28.6
36.8
78.9
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 Control

17. Nucleotides
Basic building blocks of DNA and RNA
Needed for all metabolic function
Present in food
External source of bases and precursors is
beneficial
Study feeding PLs at different levels done in Isreal
with P. vannamei

18. Nucleotides
Stimulates Intestinal flora
Increases number of immunocompetent cells
Increases antibody titers
Modulates glandular activity
No residues
Potentiates activity of antibiotics, vaccines and
other compounds

19. Nucleotides
1.4115
3.085
3.41
0.128
0.1335
0.1305
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Control 2 kg/MT 5 kg/MT
Weight
(gram
s)
Start
End

20. Fucoidan

21. Fucoidan

22. Fucoidan
Sulfated polysaccharides with high affinity
enveloped viruses
Deeply embedded in algal cell walls
Activity against HIV, Herpes viruses and
WSSV

23. Fucoidan
Takashi et al. 1998
Fed two dosages 60 and 100 mg/kg/bw/day
Fed for 15 days
Waterborne Challenge
Substantial Protective benefit
Determined to be due to the sulfate group
Used a 70% pure product-$1300/kg
Cruder products may be effective as well

24. Fucoidan
Fucoidan
0
80 82
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 Control
Percent
Survival

25. Others
Wide variety of compounds being examined
with possible beneficial effects including
Levamisole, mushroom extracts such as
VitaStim, lactoferrins, various herbal extracts,
MOS, etc.
Most IMPORTANT
HUSBANDRY, SPF animals to start with,
Good water quality management

26. Conclusions
Variety of feed additives that have been shown
under controlled conditions to impact survival
Field trial results are less clear cut though they do
suggest a benefit exists
Combination of approaches might be the best
Important that animals have optimal nutrition,
minimal stress and good pathogen control