Adipose tissue, once thought to function simply for energy storage, is now recognized as an endocrine organ that secretes proteins called adipokines or adipocytokines. These proteins include hormones that regulate processes like food intake and insulin sensitivity, enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, cytokines that mediate inflammation and immunity, and other proteins that impact cardiovascular health and metabolic functions. Ongoing research continues to elucidate the roles of various adipokines in important physiological pathways and diseases.

1. People are trying to be smart - all I am trying to do is not to be idiotic, but it's harder than most people
think.
-Charlie Munger
ADIPOKINES
Introduction
Dramatic change in our understanding of adipose tissue function
Implications in pathophysiology
Adipocytes have ability to secrete a wide range of signals, at the same time expressing receptors
for most of these factors
Secreted proteins includes hormones, growth factors, enzymes, cytokines, complement factors,
And matrix proteins, collectively termed as ​adipokines or adipocytokines
Secretory function of WAT
Enzymes Lipoprotein lipase [LPL] or hormone-sensitive lipase
[HSL]),
Hormones Leptin or adiponectin
Cytokines IL-6
TNF-A
Peptides Adipsin
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
Lipid metabolism Perilipin
Adipocyte lipid-binding protein (ALBP or aP2),
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)
Retinol-binding protein (RBP).
Immunity and stress responses Acylation-stimulating protein(ASP)
Metallothionein
Cardiovascular function Angiotensinogen (Agt),
Adiponectin
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor c (PPAR)
angiopoietin-related protein/fasting-induced adipose
factor (PGAR/FIAF
C-reactive protein (CRP)
Autocrine-paracrine Ppar-c,
Igf-1
Monobutyrin
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by Dr. Eashan Srivastava

2. People are trying to be smart - all I am trying to do is not to be idiotic, but it's harder than most people
think.
-Charlie Munger
PERILIPIN
Adipocytes are coated by structural proteins, such as perilipin, which stabilize the single fat
drops and prevent triglyceride hydrolysis
Absence of perilipin results in increased basal lipolytic rate, which confer resistance to
diet-induced obesity does not enhance glucose intolerance
ADIPOCYTE LIPID-BINDING PROTEIN
Binds to and stabilizes HSL
Evidence for an uncoupling of obesity from insulin resistance through ALBP deficiency
ADIPSIN
Serine protease
Identical to complement D, enzyme in the alternative pathway of complement.
Research is required to determine the primary functions and regulation of the alternative
complement pathway in adipose tissue.
ACYLATION-STIMULATING PROTEIN
Resulting from the cleavage of the terminal arginine residue from C3a by plasma
carboxypeptidases.
Facilitating fatty acid storage in the postprandial state.
METALLOTHIONEIN
Metallothioneins (MTs) comprise a family of highly conserved, low-molecular-weight
stress-response and metal-binding proteins
Postulated as an antioxidant protecting fatty acids from oxidative damage
ADIPONECTIN
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by Dr. Eashan Srivastava

3. People are trying to be smart - all I am trying to do is not to be idiotic, but it's harder than most people
think.
-Charlie Munger
30-kDa circulating protein secreted by adipose.
Decreased in pathological conditions such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes
Adiponectin has been proved to participate in processes related to prevention of atherosclerotic
anti-inflammatory activity of adiponectin on macrophages
LEPTIN
Originally identified in relation to its participation in food intake and body weight control,
Play a role in a broad range of physiological functions
● reproduction,
● hematopoiesis,
● immunity,
● angiogenesis,
● bone formation,
● wound healing, and
● blood pressure homeostasis
Leptin secretion by fat cells is proportional to body fat stores
Increase in the activity of anorexigenic neurons while reducing that of
orexigenic neurons
RESISTIN
Cysteine-rich secretory proteins called resistin-like moleculesQ (RELMs)
Resistin has recently been shown not to be exclusively expressed in adipose tissue, but also in
the gastrointestinal tract, adrenal glands, and skeletal muscle
Function - Impaired glucose tolerance and insulin action
FUTURE RESEARCH
Role in immunity.
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by Dr. Eashan Srivastava

4. People are trying to be smart - all I am trying to do is not to be idiotic, but it's harder than most people
think.
-Charlie Munger
Role in inflammation and insulin resistance​.
Role in cancer and immune-mediated diseases
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by Dr. Eashan Srivastava