Non-adherent cells attach to culture vessels through opposite surface charges that create attraction. This causes cells to produce an extracellular matrix (ECM) around themselves for support. The ECM is comprised of various proteins, glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans that provide structure, facilitate cell communication and direct tissue growth. Cells adhere to the ECM through integrin proteins that bind ECM components and link to the cell's cytoskeleton.
Preservation of industrially important microorganisms, methods of preservation, periodic transfer, storage in saline suspension, storage in sterile soil, cryopreservation
Preservation of industrially important microorganisms, methods of preservation, periodic transfer, storage in saline suspension, storage in sterile soil, cryopreservation
The term isolation refers to the separation of a strain from a natural, mixed population of living microbes, as present in the environment. It becomes necessary to maintain the viability and purity of the microorganism by keeping the pure culture free from contamination.
Downstream processing refers to the recovery and purification of biosynthetic products, particularly pharmaceuticals, from natural sources such as animal or plant tissue or fermentation broth, including the recycling of salvageable components and the proper treatment and disposal of waste.
Secondary screening of industrial important microbes DhruviSuvagiya
Detection and isolation of a microorganism from a natural environment like soil containing large number of microbial population is called as screening. It is very time consuming and expensive process.
Cellular coning refers to generation of genetically identical cells from parent cells. This presentation teaches differences between cell coning and molecular cloning and various methods of cell cloning. Sample questions are also provided for your review of concept learned
Detection and isolation of a microorganism from a natural environment like soil containing large number of microbial population is called as screening. It is very time consuming and expensive process.
A pure culture theoretically contains a single bacterial species. There are a number of procedures available for the isolation of pure cultures from mixed populations. A pure culture may be isolated by the use of special media with specific chemical or physical agents that allow the enrichment or selection of one
organism over another.
fermentation, chemical process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down anaerobically. More broadly, fermentation is the foaming that occurs during the manufacture of wine and beer, a process at least 10,000 years old.
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
The term isolation refers to the separation of a strain from a natural, mixed population of living microbes, as present in the environment. It becomes necessary to maintain the viability and purity of the microorganism by keeping the pure culture free from contamination.
Downstream processing refers to the recovery and purification of biosynthetic products, particularly pharmaceuticals, from natural sources such as animal or plant tissue or fermentation broth, including the recycling of salvageable components and the proper treatment and disposal of waste.
Secondary screening of industrial important microbes DhruviSuvagiya
Detection and isolation of a microorganism from a natural environment like soil containing large number of microbial population is called as screening. It is very time consuming and expensive process.
Cellular coning refers to generation of genetically identical cells from parent cells. This presentation teaches differences between cell coning and molecular cloning and various methods of cell cloning. Sample questions are also provided for your review of concept learned
Detection and isolation of a microorganism from a natural environment like soil containing large number of microbial population is called as screening. It is very time consuming and expensive process.
A pure culture theoretically contains a single bacterial species. There are a number of procedures available for the isolation of pure cultures from mixed populations. A pure culture may be isolated by the use of special media with specific chemical or physical agents that allow the enrichment or selection of one
organism over another.
fermentation, chemical process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down anaerobically. More broadly, fermentation is the foaming that occurs during the manufacture of wine and beer, a process at least 10,000 years old.
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Introduction
History
Structure of ribosome’s
Types of ribosome’s
Function of ribosome's
Conclusion
References
Introduction
What is extracellular matrix
What do extracellular matrix
Types of extracellular matrix
Extracellular matrix of plants
Extracellular matrix of animals
Connective tissues
Epithelial tissues
Function of collagen
Conclusions
References
Communication between cells and their environment.pptxArunPatel134845
This is a ppt about cells communicate to each other and their environment .This ppt includes basically cell adhesion molecules(CAMs) and Extracellular matrix(ECM)
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Adherent and non adherent cells- Importance of substrate in cell culture
1.
2. Classification of cells based on
anchorage
Adherent cells
Adherent cells are those
that require a medium to
support itself.
Non- adherent
cells
Non- adherent cells do
not require any medium
to support itself. A
common example is
suspension media.
3. How do non adhering cells stick
to the substrate ????
The substrate mentioned here is the culture vessel or
flask.
The cells and substrate both have some charge on them.
In case of suspension culture , there is an opposite
charge developed between the cells and the substrate.
This results in the attraction of the cells and substrate.
4. What happens next ???
So now based on the nature of the substrate, the cells
are signaled at their nucleus to produce a substance
around them.
This is called the extra cellular matrix.
They are of many kinds and vary with structure.
They are unique to different cells and are specific to
cells.
5. Role of ECM
Matrixes are generally used for providing support
It involve in segregating tissues from one another
It takes part in regulation of intercellular communication
Extracellular Matrix cells have been found to cause regrowth
and healing of tissue.
The use of ECM constituents can be highly beneficial in
enhancing cell survival, proliferation, or differentiation.
In case of injury repair and tissue engineering, the
extracellular matrix serves two main functions
a) It prevents the immune system by triggering from the
injury and responding with inflammation and scar tissue
b) It facilitates the surrounding cells to repair the tissue
instead of forming scar tissue
6. Component of extra cellular
matrix
ECM is comprised variously of collagen, laminin, fibronectin,
hyaluronan and proteoglycans such as beta glycan, decorin,
perlecan, and syndecan-1, some of which bind to growth
factors or cytokines.
Proteoglycans in extracellular matrix form a cross-linked
meshwork with fibrous proteins.
Some proteins bind multiple other proteins and
glycosaminoglycans (fibronectin).
Integrin is a family of proteins that mediate signalling
between cell interior and extracellular matrix.
Mass of interactions between cells and matrix not only
anchors cells to matrix but also provides paths that direct
migration of cells in developing tissue and (through
integrin) conveys information in both directions across
plasma membrane.
7.
8. cont
Components of the ECM are produced intracellularly by
resident cells and secreted into the ECM through
exocytosis.
Once secreted, they then aggregate with the existing
matrix.
The ECM is composed of an interlocking mesh of fibrous
proteins and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).
9.
10. Collagen
In ECM of most animals, collagens are the abundantly
found structural protein and the most abundant protein
in the human body and accounts for 90% of bone matrix
protein content.
Collagens are present in the ECM as fibrillar proteins
and give structural support to resident cells.
Collagens are a large family of proteins containing at
least 27 different members.
They are characterized by the formation of triple helices
in which three polypeptide chains are wound tightly
around one another in a rope-like structure.
The different collagen polypeptides can assemble into 42
different trimers.
12. Elastin
In contrast to collagens, elastins give elasticity to tissues, allowing
them to stretch when needed and then return to their original
state.
This is useful in blood vessels, the lungs, in skin, and the
ligaments.
Elastins are synthesized by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells.
Elastins are highly insoluble, and tropoelastins are secreted inside
a chaperone molecule, which releases the precursor molecule
upon contact with a fiber of mature elastin.
Tropoelastins are then deaminated to become incorporated into
the elastin strand.
13. Matrix adhesion proteins
Matrix adhesion proteins, the final class of extracellular
matrix constituents are responsible for linking the
components of the matrix to one another and to the
surfaces of cells.
They interact with collagen and proteoglycans to specify
matrix organization and are the major binding sites for
integrins.
14. Laminin
In almost all animals, Basal laminae contain distinct adhesion
proteins of the laminin family.
Laminins are heterotrimers of α, β and γ subunits which are the
products of five α genes, four β genes, and three γ genes.
Like type IV collagen, laminins can self - assemble into meshlike
polymers. Such laminin networks are the major structural
components of the basal laminae synthesized in very early embryos,
which do not contain collagen.
The laminins also have binding sites for cell surface receptors such
as integrins, type IV collagen, and the heparan sulfate proteoglycan,
perlecan.
In addition, laminins are tightly associated with another adhesion
protein, called entactin, which also binds to type IV collagen.
As a result of these multiple interactions, laminin, entactin, type IV
collagen, and perlecan form cross-linked networks in the basal
lamina. They also support in cell adhesion.
15.
16. Cell adhesion to Extra cellular
matrix
Many cells bind to components of the extracellular matrix.
Cell adhesion can occur in two ways by focal adhesions,
connecting the ECM to actin filaments of the cell, and hemi-
desmosomes, connecting the ECM to intermediate filaments
such as keratin.
This cell-to-ECM adhesion is regulated by specific cell
surface cellular adhesion molecules (CAM) known as
integrins.
The integrins are a family of transmembrane proteins
consisting of two subunits, designated α and β.
Integrins are cell surface proteins that bind cells to ECM
structures such as fibronectin and laminin, and also to
integrin proteins on the surface of other cells.
17. Cont.
Fibronectins bind to ECM macromolecules and facilitate their
binding to transmembrane integrins.
The attachment of fibronectin to the extracellular domain
initiates intracellular signaling pathways as well as association
with the cellular cytoskeleton via a set of adaptor molecules such
as actin.