Address Resolution Protocol
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Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to map network layer addresses (IP addresses) to data link layer addresses (MAC addresses). This process is necessary because communication between devices on a local network uses MAC addresses, while routing and forwarding between networks uses IP addresses. ARP works by broadcasting a request packet containing the target IP address, and the device with that IP address responds with its MAC address. If the MAC address is unknown, ARP uses a broadcast query to determine the address dynamically, while direct mapping provides a way to statically determine addresses through a formula.
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ARP enables hosts on a network to dynamically map IP addresses to physical hardware addresses. Each host maintains an ARP cache containing IP to physical address mappings. When a host needs to send data to another host, it first checks its ARP cache for the mapping. If no mapping exists, the host broadcasts an ARP request containing the target IP address. The host with that IP address responds with its physical address, which the requesting host adds to its ARP cache. This process allows hosts to dynamically learn each other's physical addresses as needed for packet transmission.
Address resolution protocol
ARP resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses for local network delivery. It uses broadcast datagrams to request MAC addresses and unicasts to reply. Proxy ARP allows routers to answer for hosts on remote networks during subnet transition. RARP and Inverse ARP work in reverse to resolve MAC addresses to IP addresses.
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The source code for the examples and the presentations in ODP format are on https://github.com/kberov/PerlProgrammingCourse
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- Concepts like private vs public IP addresses, subnetting, and static vs dynamic IP address assignment.
https://diplomasolutionstudents.blogspot.com/
The document discusses network layer protocols and IP addressing. It covers the functions of the network layer including routing, logical addressing, internetworking, and fragmentation. It then describes IP addressing, including address space, notations like binary, dotted decimal, and hexadecimal. It explains classful addressing and how addresses are divided into network ID and host ID for classes A, B, and C. Class A uses 8-bit network IDs and 24-bit host IDs, class B uses 16-bit network IDs and 16-bit host IDs, and class C uses 24-bit network IDs and 8-bit host IDs. Rules for assigning network IDs and host IDs are also provided.
Ccna1v3 Mod09
The document provides an overview of TCP/IP protocol suite and IP addressing. It describes the layers of the TCP/IP model including application, transport, internet and network access layers. It also discusses obtaining IP addresses through static and dynamic methods like DHCP, RARP, BOOTP and ARP. IPv4 and IPv6 addressing are also summarized.
More on Tcp/Ip
The document provides an overview of TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). It discusses the history and development of TCP/IP, how it relates to the OSI model, IP addressing, TCP and UDP protocols, and how connections are established and torn down using TCP. Key points covered include TCP/IP covering the network and transport layers, IP providing unreliable datagram delivery, TCP providing reliable byte-stream delivery, and the three-way handshake used to open TCP connections.
Networking models tcp
The document discusses the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. It introduces the OSI model and its seven-layer architecture. Each layer has a specific function, with the physical layer responsible for bit transmission and the application layer dealing with high-level protocols like email and file transfer. The document also introduces the TCP/IP protocol suite and compares its four layers to the OSI layers. It discusses the different types of addresses used at each layer, including physical, logical, port, and application-specific addresses.
Networking HMT-2
This document discusses various components of local area networks (LANs). It describes network interface cards (NICs) which connect hosts to networks and contain MAC addresses. It also covers networking devices like hubs, bridges, switches and routers. Hubs connect multiple devices but don't filter traffic, bridges segment networks, and switches intelligently direct traffic to specific ports. Routers connect different networks and use protocols to determine optimal paths. The document also discusses networking media, IP addressing schemes, subnet masks, and provides examples of network and broadcast addresses.
Data link layer
The document discusses data link layer protocols, including LLC, MAC, and Ethernet standards. It describes the functions of the physical layer, data link layer, and logical link control sublayer. It also covers IP addressing schemes like IPv4 addresses, network classes, public vs private addresses, and subnetting. CIDR is introduced as a method to improve address space utilization and routing scalability on the internet.
IP addressing and subnetting.pptx
In this lecture you can learn about IPv4 addressing Schemes and subnetting in easy and simple way. the topics are explained with example which can help you to understand the concept.
Лекц 7
This document provides an overview of TCP/IP protocols and concepts. It discusses the five basic services provided by TCP, the three phases of TCP connections (establishment, data transfer, termination), and how TCP provides ordered, reliable data transfer using mechanisms like sequence numbers, acknowledgments, retransmissions and flow control. It also covers IP addressing concepts like public vs private addresses, and protocols like ARP that map IP addresses to MAC addresses. Network administration tools like Netstat and TCPView are also summarized that display network connections and traffic information.
Chapter06
Structured models for addressing and naming make networks easier to operate and manage. Addressing and naming schemes should be assigned hierarchically from a central or distributed authority. Public IP addresses are assigned by regional internet registries, while private addresses like 10.0.0.0/8 and 172.16.0.0/12 are non-routable and used internally. The choice of static versus dynamic addressing depends on factors like network size, availability needs, and whether additional configuration is required.
ip addressing & routing
The IP addresses used to identify systems on a TCP/IP network. The IP address is an absolute identifier of both the individual machine and the network on which it resides.
Every IP datagram packet transmitted over a TCP/IP network contains the IP addresses of the source system that generated it and the destination system for which it’s intended in its IP header.
Ip addressing
This document discusses IP addressing concepts including:
- An IP address is a numeric identifier assigned to each device on a network that indicates its location. It is a software address, not a hardware address.
- IP addresses are written in dotted decimal format with four sections separated by dots, where each section contains a number between 0 and 255.
- The network mask splits an IP address into the network portion and host portion, with 1s in the network mask indicating the network section and 0s the host section.
TCPIP
TCP/IP is a protocol suite that includes IP, TCP, and UDP. IP provides connectionless and unreliable delivery of datagrams between hosts. TCP provides reliable, connection-oriented byte stream delivery between processes using ports. UDP offers minimal datagram delivery between processes using ports in an unreliable manner. The choice between TCP and UDP depends on the application's requirements for reliability and overhead.
Similar to Address Resolution Protocol (20)
Computer Networking: Internet Protcol (IP) and IP Addressing
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Ip Sec Rev1
IPSec provides a framework for securing communications over IP networks by authenticating and encrypting IP packets. It includes protocols for authentication headers and encapsulating security payloads to provide integrity, authentication, and confidentiality. Key management protocols like Oakley and ISAKMP are used to securely establish security associations between communicating parties to protect data flows.
Message Authentication
Message authentication provides a way to verify that a received message is from the alleged source and has not been altered. It includes mechanisms for non-repudiation by the source. Authentication functions include lower level authenticators and higher level functions that use authenticators to verify message authenticity. Message authentication codes are appended to messages by the sender and verified by the receiver recomputing the code. MAC attacks aim to find the key or authenticate incorrect messages without finding the key. Hash functions map messages to fixed length values to verify integrity.
Shttp
S-HTTP is a secure protocol designed to work with HTTP that provides encryption and authentication. It allows for secure transactions between clients and servers through symmetric and asymmetric cryptography without requiring public key certificates. S-HTTP preserves the existing HTTP model while adding security features like encrypting form data and digital signatures. It supports a variety of cryptographic standards and algorithms to be negotiated between clients and servers.
Web Security
SSL and TLS provide secure communication over the internet using encryption. SSL uses public key encryption to establish a secure connection and exchange keys to encrypt data sent between a client and server. It defines sessions which allow parameters like encryption algorithms to be shared for multiple connections. TLS is an updated version of SSL that uses similar record and handshake protocols. SET is an open standard that uses digital certificates and dual signatures to securely conduct credit card transactions over the internet between cardholders, merchants, issuers and payment gateways.
I Pv6 Addressing
- The document discusses IPv6 addressing formats including 128-bit addresses divided into eight 16-bit blocks written in hexadecimal with colons as delimiters and the ability to suppress leading zeros.
- It describes different types of IPv6 addresses including unicast addresses, link-local addresses, site-local addresses, and special addresses like the unspecified and loopback addresses.
- The process of address autoconfiguration is outlined where a node derives a tentative link-local address, performs duplicate address detection using neighbor solicitation messages, and obtains network prefixes and configuration from router advertisements.
Anycast & Multicast
Anycast is a new address type in IPv6 that refers to one among many interfaces with the same address. It is used to identify sets of routers or servers. Anycast addresses are allocated from unicast space and packets sent to an anycast address are routed to the nearest interface. Multicast addresses use a class D range in IPv4 from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 and have a specific format in IPv6 to identify multicast groups and are mapped to Ethernet addresses for multicast transmission.
Congestion Control
TCP uses several algorithms to control congestion:
- Slow start exponentially increases the congestion window after each ACK to probe available bandwidth. It is used when connections are first established or after congestion.
- Congestion avoidance linearly increases the window when no packet loss occurs to avoid overloading the network. It takes over from slow start once the window reaches the slow start threshold.
- Fast retransmit retransmits a lost segment after receiving 3 duplicate ACKs to recover quickly from single losses without waiting for a timeout.
- Fast recovery then adds the retransmitted segment to the window and continues transmission without reducing to slow start, to maintain high throughput during moderate congestion.
Congestion Control
Congestion occurs when routers receive packets faster than they can forward them, causing their queues to fill up. There are two ways routers deal with congestion - by preventing additional packets from entering the congested region until packets can be processed, or by discarding queued packets to make room for new ones. Congestion control techniques like warning bits, choke packets, and load shedding help detect and recover from congestion on a global scale across an entire subnet, while flow control operates on a point-to-point basis between individual senders and receivers.
Retransmission Tcp
TCP uses a retransmission queue and timers to reliably retransmit lost data segments. Each sent segment is placed on the queue and given a retransmission timer. If an acknowledgment is not received before the timer expires, the segment is retransmitted. There are different policies for handling retransmissions of subsequent outstanding segments. TCP also adapts retransmission timers dynamically based on measurements of the round-trip time between devices to account for varying network conditions. The window size advertised by a receiving device controls the amount of outstanding data and affects the sending rate.
Tcp Congestion Avoidance
The document discusses several algorithms used for congestion control in TCP/IP networks, including slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit, fast recovery, random early discard (RED), and traffic shaping using leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms. Slow start and congestion avoidance control the transmission rate by adjusting the congestion window size. Fast retransmit and fast recovery allow quicker retransmission of lost packets without waiting for timeouts. RED proactively discards packets before buffer overflow. Leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms shape traffic flow through use of buffers and tokens to smooth bursts and control transmission rates.
Tcp Immediate Data Transfer
TCP has no knowledge of the structure or purpose of data sent by applications. It treats all data as an unstructured stream of bytes and chooses when and how to send data based solely on the sliding window system. The push function allows applications to immediately send data without waiting for more to accumulate. The urgent function allows applications to send critical data with higher priority than other data by setting the URG flag and urgent pointer field in TCP segments.
Tcp Reliability Flow Control
TCP has two key requirements: reliability through acknowledgments and retransmissions, and flow control to manage data transmission rates. The sliding window mechanism tracks bytes sent and received, and allows the sender to transmit more data as acknowledgments are received by sliding the window. The receive window size can be adjusted by the receiver to control transmission speed and prevent buffer overflows.
Tcp Udp Notes
The document discusses transport layer protocols and their functions. Transport layer protocols like TCP and UDP provide services to applications to allow communication over an internetwork. They are responsible for establishing and maintaining connections between services on different machines and act as a bridge between the needs of applications and the underlying network layer protocols. Transport layer protocols are tightly tied to and designed to work with the specific network layer protocol below them.
Transport Layer [Autosaved]
Transport layer protocols provide services like reliable data transfer and connection establishment between applications on networked devices. They address this need through protocols like TCP and UDP. TCP provides reliable, ordered data streams using mechanisms like three-way handshake, sequence numbers, acknowledgments, retransmissions, flow control via sliding windows, and connection termination handshaking. UDP provides simple datagram transmissions without reliability or flow control.
Transport Layer
Transport layer protocols provide services like reliable data transfer and connection establishment between applications on networked devices. They address this need through protocols like TCP and UDP. TCP provides reliable, ordered data streams using mechanisms like three-way handshake, sequence numbers, acknowledgments, retransmissions, flow control via sliding windows, and connection termination handshaking. UDP provides simple datagram transmissions without reliability or flow control.
T Tcp
T/TCP solves two TCP performance problems for transaction-oriented communications:
1) It bypasses the three-way handshake to reduce latency by including a connection count in packets.
2) It shortens the TIME_WAIT state delay after closing connections to improve transaction rates by including a connection count in FIN packets.
Anycast & Multicast
Anycast is a new address type in IPv6 that refers to one among many interfaces with the same address. It is used to identify sets of routers or servers. Anycast addresses are allocated from unicast space and packets sent to an anycast address are routed to the nearest interface. Multicast addresses use a class D range in IPv4 from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 and have a specific format in IPv6 to identify multicast groups and allow delivery of packets to many destinations.
Igmp
IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) allows hosts to dynamically join multicast groups and routers to manage delivery of multicast data packets. IGMP version 1 uses query and report messages between routers and hosts to discover which hosts belong to which multicast groups on local networks. Version 2 and 3 added new message types and formats to more efficiently manage group membership and enhance security.
Mobile I Pv6
Mobile IPv6 integrates mobility support directly into IPv6 and offers improvements over Mobile IPv4 such as no need for foreign agents, auto-configuration of care-of addresses, support for multiple care-of addresses, and route optimization as a fundamental part of the protocol. Security measures in Mobile IPv6 include using hash-based message authentication codes and nonces to authenticate nodes and prevent replay attacks during registration and data forwarding.
Mld
MLD is the IPv6 equivalent of IGMPv2 for IPv4. It uses ICMPv6 messages to enable routers to discover the set of multicast addresses for which there are listening nodes on each attached interface. MLD messages include Multicast Listener Query to query for listeners, Multicast Listener Report for listeners to report interest, and Multicast Listener Done for listeners to inform routers they are no longer listening.
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Address Resolution Protocol
- 1. Address Resolution Protocol Presenting By:- Jatin Kumar
- 10. 222 101 33 29 11011110 01100101 00100001 00101001 29 00101001 8 bit h/w address (#29) Decimal Binary 32 bit IP address (222.101.33.29) Address Resolution through direct mapping
- 13. 32 bit IP address (?) 0 8 16 24 32 40 4 8 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Decimal Binary 0A A7 94 07 CB D0 00001010 10100111 10010100 00000111 11001011 11010000 48 bit h/w address(0A-A7-94-07-CB-D0)
- 15. LAN Switch Device C IP address: IPC H/W address: #46 Device A IP address: IPA H/W address: #43 Device B IP address: IPB H/W address: #79 Device D IP address: IPD H/W address: #48 Who is IPB? IPB is #79