This document describes characteristics of various algal divisions including Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta, Cryptophyta, Dinophyta, Euglenophyta, and Haptophyta. It provides details on their nuclei, pigmentation, flagellation, morphology, reproduction, life cycles, chloroplast structures, storage products, cell walls, and other distinguishing features. Examples are given for many algal types along with diagrams of their cells and organelles. Key aspects like ploidy levels, life histories, and reproductive structures are outlined for important brown and red algal orders.

1. CHLOROPHYTA

2. Acrosiphonia sp. Chlorophyta N Sporic

3. Codium fragile Chlorophyta 2n Gametic

4. Codium Sporangia

5. Codium Utricle

6. Prasiola sp. Chlorophyta *

7. Ulvalinza Chlorophyta *

8. Ulvaintestinalis Chlorophyta * Tubular blade formation

9. Ulvalactuca Chlorophyta * Parenchymatous blade formation

10. RHODOPHYTA

11. Mastocarpuspapillatus/Petrocelis Masto = n -------------- Petro = 2n Sporic

12. Chondracanthusexasperatus Rhodophyta * Sporic

13. Mazzaellasplendens Rhodophyta can only tell if there are cystocarps (2n +n) on the gametophyte (n) otherwise it is a tetrasporophyte (2n) Sporic

14. Sparlingiapertusa Rhodophyta if with bumps then gametophyte (n) with cytocarps (2n+n) otherwise it is the tetrosporophyte (2n) (Swiss cheese algae) Sporic

15. Polysiphoniapacifica Rhodophyta * Sporic

16. Hildenbrandia Rhodophyta * Sporic

17. Gracilariapacifica Rhodophyta *same as mazaella & sparlingia Sporic

18. Polyneuralatissima Rhodophyta *same as mazaella & sparlingia Sporic

19. Grateloupiadoryphora Rhodophyta * Sporic

20. Porphyrafallax Rhodophyta n Sporic

21. PHAEOPHYTA

24. Long flagellum has 2 rows of mastigonemes

25. Shorter flagellum is smooth and directed backward

26. Has a light receptor

28. Sometimes very large

29. Unbranched filaments

30. Parenchymatous

31. Pseudoparenchymatous is rare

32. Have a meristoderm:

33. small surface cells with chloroplasts and capable of division

34. cortex:

35. general larger cells lacking chloroplasts which do not divide

36. Medulla:

38. Asexual: by zoospores formed in plurilocular sporangia

40. gametes range from oogamous to isogamous

43. Storage product is stored outside the chloroplast

44. 4 membranes surround the chloroplast

45. 2 membrane envelope and PER

46. Thylakoids are in stacks of 3

48. RUBISCO in the pyrenoids

49. Cell wall always present – made of cellulose, alginic acid and polysaccharides

51. Fucales: Fucusgardneri Ploidy: 2N Life History: gametic meiosis forms gametes which fuse to form a 2N zygote that grows into the adult plant Other: parenchymatousthalli with apical meristems Anatomy: meristoderm, cortex and medulla present - Receptacles (ends of blades) contain pores (small depressions) under which are conceptacles (spaces) within which are oogonia, antheridia or both

52. Fucus Life Cycle

53. Fucales: Pelvetiopsislimitata Ploidy: 2N Life History: Gametic meiosis forms gametes which fuse to form a diploid zygote that grows into the adult plant

55. Ralfsia *

56. Scytosiphonales: Petalonia fascia Ploidy: N(crusts are diploid sporophytes) Life History: Sporic Other: Growth is diffuse

57. Scytosiphonales: Scytosiphonlomentaria Ploidy: N (crusts are diploid sporophytes) Life History: Sporic Other: growth is diffuse

58. Laminariales: Saccharinalatissima Ploidy: 2N Life History: SporicHeteromorphic, with microscopic filamentous gametophytes

59. Laminariales: Nereocystisluetkeana Ploidy: 2N Life History: Sporicheteromorphic with microscopic filamentous gametophytes

61. their cross-walls have fields of pored with plasmodesmata

63. Laminariales: Saccharinasessilis Ploidy: 2N Life History: SporicHeteromorphic with microscopic filamentous gametophytes

64. Laminariales: Alaria sp. Ploidy: 2N Life History: Sporicheteromorphic with microscopic filamentous gametophytes

65. Laminariales: Costariacostata Ploidy: 2N Life History: Sporicheteromorphic with microscopic filamentous gametophytes

66. Laminariales: Egregiamenziesii Ploidy: 2N Life History: Sporicheteromorphic with microscopic filamentous gametophytes

67. Laminariales Reproduction

68. Desmarestiales: Desmarestiaacuelata Ploidy: 2N Life History: SporicHeteromorphic with microscopic filamentous gametophytes Other: trichothallicmeristem (at the base of hair) which produces a pseudoparenchymatousuniaxialthallus ** only pseudoparenchymatous brown

69. Desmarestiales: Desmarestia sp. Ploidy: 2N Life History: SporicHeteromorphic with microscopic filamentous gametophytes Other: trichothallicmeristem (at the base of hair) which produces a pseudoparenchymatousuniaxialthallus ** only pseudoparenchymatous brown

72. borne on the diploid plant

73. this thallus is called the sporophyte

75. Pyrenoids of a brown algal cell

76. Chloroplast of Fucus

77. Spermatangia

78. Polysiphonous

79. Heterocysts

81. Pennate Centric

82. Girdle VIew Valve View

83. Geminata

84. Diatom Silica wall formation

85. VolvoxGonidium

86. Oogonia Antheridia

87. Heterocyst & Akinete heterocyst akinete

88. CRYPTOPHYTA

91. Tan

92. Blue-green

96. Thylakoids usually in stacks of 2

97. Chlorophylls a and c

98. Phycobilins present

99. Chloroplast DNA in scattered nucleoids

100. 4 membranes around chloroplast

102. Ejectosomes line the gullet

105. they are located with in the chloroplast but not close to the flagella

106. the eyespot operates by either intercepting light (shading) or reflecting light (increasing the illumination) onto the photoreceptor pigment

109. DINOPHYTA

111. Golden-brown

112. Red-brown

114. One is flattened and wraps around the cell

117. Chlorophylls a and c

118. No phycobilins

119. Thylakoids in stacks of 3

121. Cell wall internal if present

122. Has a girdle

123. Has a sulcus

124. Hypotheca is located posterior on area that has the sulcus

125. Epitheca is apical

127. Example of a Dinoflagellate 2 Displace girdle sulcus

128. Example of a Dinoflagellate 3 Ventral View: sulcus and girdle Is flattened therefore has jerky swimming motion Dorsal View: girdle only

133. Eukaryotic

136. Usually only one is emergent

138. No phycobilins

139. Store paramylon which is similar to starch

140. 3 membranes around the chloroplast

141. Thylakoids in stacks of 3

143. It is large, anterior, near the reservoir

144. Not located in the chloroplast

147. Example of an Euglenophyte 2

148. Example of an Euglenophyte 3 Show no metaboly

149. Euglena longitudinal section - Note the distinctive outer covering, the pellicle

157. No phycobilins

158. 4 membranes around the chloroplast

159. 1 or 2 chloroplasts present

160. Thylakoids in stacks of 3

161. 2 membrane PER