Prochordates
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The document discusses the classification of animals into chordates and non-chordates based on the presence or absence of a notochord. It notes that some animals like Balanoglossus have a notochord that is not present throughout their lifecycle, so they are classified separately as Protochordata. It then describes the two sub-phyla of Protochordata: Urochordata, characterized by tadpole larvae that undergo retrogressive metamorphosis, and Cephalochordata, where the notochord persists throughout life.
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Urochordata
- Urochordata, also known as tunicates, are marine chordates characterized by having a notochord only in their larval stage. They belong to the subphylum Urochordata within the phylum Chordata.
- Sea squirts have a free-swimming larval stage with a notochord and tail, but undergo metamorphosis where the notochord is resorbed and they attach themselves permanently to surfaces as sessile filter-feeding adults encased in a tunic.
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Phylum mollusca
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- Molluscs are soft-bodied or shelled animals including snails, slugs, clams, squid and octopuses.
- They have a mantle, visceral mass, and in most cases a shell secreted by the mantle.
- Major classes include gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods, chitons and others.
- Life cycles typically involve a trochophore larva, veliger larva and indirect development to adulthood.
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Protochordates
Protochordates are lower chordates that lack a true skull. They are divided into three sub-phyla and display characteristics like bilateral symmetry and a notochord at some life stage. Hemichordates live solitarily or in colonies and have a proboscis, collar, and trunk. Urochordates are sessile, filter-feeding tunicates surrounded by a tunic. Cephalochordates have a notochord that extends to the head and retain their nerve cord and tail. While having little economic importance, protochordates have great phylogenetic significance as they retain chordate features and are considered the most primitive chordates closely related to the vertebrate ancestor.
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Protochordates
Protochordates have two subphyla: urochordates and cephalochordates. Urochordates include sea squirts and related invertebrate groups, while cephalochordates are represented by amphioxus. Amphioxus is considered the most basal chordate and shares several anatomical similarities with the larval stage of lampreys, including a dorsal nerve cord, brain, myomeres, and filter feeding behavior, though amphioxus lacks a heart and organized kidney.
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Protochordates are lower chordates that lack a true skull. They are divided into three sub-phyla and display characteristics like bilateral symmetry and a notochord at some life stage. Hemichordates live solitarily or in colonies and have a proboscis, collar, and trunk. Urochordates are sessile, filter-feeding tunicates surrounded by a tunic. Cephalochordates have a notochord that extends to the head and retain their nerve cord and tail. While having little economic importance, protochordates have great phylogenetic significance as they retain chordate features and are considered the most primitive chordates closely related to the vertebrate ancestor.
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The chordates are a phylum that includes vertebrates as well as some non-vertebrate subphyla like tunicates and lancelets. Chordates are defined by five characteristics - a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches/slits, endostyle/thyroid gland, and postanal tail. While some chordate lineages retain these traits as adults, in others like vertebrates the notochord is replaced by a vertebral column in embryos. Chordates are further divided into protostomes and deuterostomes based on their early embryonic development.
Characteristics of chordata1
The document summarizes the characteristics of the phylum Chordata. It describes that chordates are defined by having a notochord, dorsal nerve chord, pharyngeal gill slits, post-anal tail, and an endostyle. The phylum is divided into two subphyla - Protochordata and Vertebrata. Protochordata includes hemichordates, calcichordates, urochordates, and cephalochordates. Urochordates are commonly called sea squirts and are mostly sessile, while cephalochordates include lancelets which have characteristics more developed than other protochordates. The phylum exhibits advancement over non-chordates in features
Protochordata by Tiasha De (University of Calcutta)
It's all about Protochordates. It contains features, classes, orders along with respective examples and diagrams from Young's and Kotpal's book.
Animalia
The document discusses the key features of different phyla from Porifera to Mammalia. It provides details on their general characteristics like habitat, body structure, organ system level, symmetry, coelom, circulatory and other systems. Examples are also given for most phyla. The phyla are porifera, coelenterata, platyhelminths, nematodes, annelids, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms, protochordates, vertebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria
Class Monogenea
Class Trematoda
Class Cestoidea
Characteristics
Reproduction and Development
Presentation
Best of Luck
Animal Animal kingdom
This document provides an overview of different animal phyla, including invertebrates like sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, segmented worms, mollusks, echinoderms, arthropods and vertebrates like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. It describes key characteristics of each group such as their anatomy, habitat, examples of types of animals within each phylum, and some ecological information.
Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
The document provides an overview of comparative vertebrate anatomy and chordate origins and phylogeny. It discusses key vertebrate characteristics like the notochord and dorsal hollow nervous system. It describes the subclasses within the phylum Chordata, including vertebrates, tunicates, and amphioxus. It also outlines the classes and characteristics of early jawless fishes and jawed fishes, as well as the evolution of land vertebrates.
Classification of Phylum: chordates up to class
this presentation provide classification of phylum chordata up to class and gives proper introduction.
LIVING ORGANISMS AND THEIR SPECIES
1. The document describes the phylum Chordata, which includes animals with a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, and pharyngeal slits.
2. Chordata is divided into Protochordata and Vertebrata. Protochordata includes Urochordata and Cephalochordata. Vertebrata includes Agnatha and Gnathostomata.
3. The classes within Gnathostomata are described, including characteristics of Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia.
Phylum arthropoda
1. Arthropods are a phylum of joint-legged invertebrate animals including insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others.
2. They have segmented bodies, jointed appendages, a hard exoskeleton and molt to grow.
3. Major groups include insects, arachnids like spiders and scorpions, crustaceans like crabs and lobsters, and extinct trilobites.
Phylum arthropoda
1. Arthropods are invertebrate animals with jointed legs and external skeletons made of chitin. They include insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others.
2. They have segmented bodies and jointed appendages. Most have compound eyes and breathe through trachea, gills, or their exoskeletons.
3. The four subphyla of arthropods are trilobites, chelicerates, crustaceans, and uniramians. Major classes include insects, arachnids, crustaceans, centipedes, and millipedes.
Lecture on arthropods and echinoderms.ppt
The document discusses the phylum Arthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others. It describes their key characteristics such as a jointed exoskeleton made of chitin, jointed limbs, and growth through molting. Arthropods are the largest and most diverse phylum, making up over 75% of animal species, mostly insects. Their success is attributed to traits like metamerism, tagmatization, their exoskeleton, hemocoel circulatory system, and ability to undergo metamorphosis. The phylum contains five subphyla characterized by their body plans, appendages, and habitats.
Phylum Chordata.pptx
The document discusses the phylum Chordata, which includes animals that possess a notochord, post-anal tail, and pharyngeal pouches. It is divided into 3 subphylums: Urochordata (tunicates), Cephalochordata (lancelets), and Vertebrata. Vertebrates are further divided into 7 classes: Agnatha (jawless fish), Chondrichthyes (cartilage fish), Osteichthyes (bony fish), Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves (birds), and Mammalia. Each class is described in 1-2 sentences highlighting their key characteristics.
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Prochordates
- 1. Kingdom Animalia chordates non-chordates (presence of notochord.) (absence of notochord.)
- 2. The notochord serves as a guide for the axial skeleton.
- 3. Therefore, can all animals be classified as chordates and non-chordates? The answer is NO.
- 4. Some animals like Balanoglossus
- 5. have a notochord,which is not present at all stages in their lifecycle, nor does it run the entire length of an animal’s body. Therefore, these animals are kept in a separate sub-phylum named Protochordata Amphioxus
- 6. Saccoglossus
- 7. Classification of Protochordata or Acraniates The notochord is only present in the tail of the larva and disappears in the adult
- 9. BLUE BELL TUNICATE The tunic may shelter a single animal (as here), or a colony composed of clones budded from a parent individual
- 10. Unusual in having an outer skin ('test' or 'tunic') composed of carbohydrates - structural polymers more usually associated with plants..
- 11. Transparent outer skin or tunic, through which relatively complex internal structures are clearly visible.
- 12. Sub-phylum 1. Urochordata This sub-phylum is also called Tunicata because the adult body is enclosed within a leathery test or tunic formed of a cellulose-like organic substance termed tunicin .
- 13. The notochord is only present in the tail of the larva ( hence named urochardata) and disappears in the adult.
- 14. The pharynx is perforated by numerous apertures called stigmata formed by sub-division of the larval gill slits.
- 15. The stigmata open into an ectoderm lined cavity, the atrium.
- 16. The larva (tadpole) undergoes retrogressive metamorphosis , i.e., change from better developed larva to less developed adult, e.g., Herdmania (Sea squirt) . Dorsal ganglion is found in adult which is formed from dorsal tubular nerve cord of larva.
- 17. Vanadocytes(BLOOD CELLS) are present except Herdmania. Excretion, by neural gland, pyloric gland and nephrocyte.
- 18. Circulatory system is open in tunicates.
- 21. Examples: Herdmania (Sea squirt),
- 22. Salpa
- 23. Doliolum,
- 24. Oikopleura etc.
- 25. Herdmania
- 26. Pyrosoma a colonial phosphorescent form .
- 27. Sub-phylum 2. Cephalochordata The notochord extends upto anterior end of the body hence this sub-phylum is named
- 28. The notochord persists throughout life .
- 29. Pharyngeal gill slits are more numerous and are better developed.
- 30. The tail is present throughout life, e.g., Branchiostoma (=Amphioxus).
- 31. A wheel organ of producing currents of water in vestibulae.
- 32. Paired appendages absent, median fins (dorsal, ventral and caudal) are present.
- 33. Amphioxus has both ends pointed like lens hence it is commonly called lancelet.
- 35. Done By Ms. S. Seethakutty Karur.