Acute Respiratory Infection is an important topic that one must know about in the health care field. This is just a short presentation of a very vast topic.
At the end of the session, the students should be able to:
a)
b) list the types and clinical features of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI)
c) explain the epidemiological determinants of ARI
d) classify the illness based on signs during clinical assessment describe the elements of management of ARI
e) enumerate various preventive measures for control of ARI
At the end of the session, the students should be able to:
a)
b) list the types and clinical features of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI)
c) explain the epidemiological determinants of ARI
d) classify the illness based on signs during clinical assessment describe the elements of management of ARI
e) enumerate various preventive measures for control of ARI
Acute respiratory infection in children, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment. Common infections in children including common cold, tonsillitis, LTB, Croup, Epiglottitis etc.
Acute respiratory infection in children, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment. Common infections in children including common cold, tonsillitis, LTB, Croup, Epiglottitis etc.
Heritage of any nation is best represented by its culture, beliefs and traditions. A subset of these that has given India, a profound identity for India is Art. Art forms in India exist since time immemorial. Over the past century, Indian Art has undergone through vast and diverse change in their forms that exist in the present. For instance, the themes chosen by the traditional painters were societal. But later with the emergence of modernists followed by the contemporaries, the facets of Indian painting were changed radically.
In not less than 250 words. You are expected to critically evaluat.docxcoubroughcosta
In not less than 250 words. You are expected to critically evaluate and challenge the ideas of your classmate to help them develop better and more sustainable programming. References in APA.
The United Nations established the fifth Millennium Development Goal in 2000 to substantially reduce maternal mortality by 2015, but many sub-Saharan African countries have not seen any significant changes towards meeting this goal.
1
Kenya is no exception, and this country, especially rural areas like the Asembo region in western Kenya, experiences high maternal and infant mortality rates.
Many of the leading causes of maternal mortality include severe bleeding, obstructed labor, infection, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, HIV/AIDS, malaria, anemia, and unsafe abortion.
2
Many women in rural area receive very limited antenatal care, due reasons such as lack of transport, inability to pay for such services, and lack of clinics/healthcare professionals to provide care.
3
On top of that, many women do not deliver under the supervision of a healthcare professional.
4
Children born in Kenya are also plagued from various diseases ranging from malaria to upper respiratory infections to HIV/AIDS. The mother’s health is tied closely to her infant’s and child’s health, and the same barriers that affect maternal mortality also apply to infant/child mortality.
5
A horizontal program that focused on the recruitment of community healthcare workers and increasing maternal and child healthcare coverage would be the best way to address the high maternal and child mortality rates in the Asembo region. This program would focus on three main things: education, prevention, and improved documentation.
One study conducted in Asembo Bay found that some of the barriers to women accessing maternity care included fears of HIV testing, gender inequalities, and negative perceptions of facility-based care.
6
Out of the million of women who die each year, one-third die from pregnancy-related conditions and at least 75% of those deaths are avoidable.
1
A cross-sectional WHO Global Survey on Maternal and Perinatal Health found that women without education had a 2.7 times more likely risk of maternal mortality compared to women with greater than 12 years of education and that this increased risk carried over even when women gave birth in health care institutions.
1
Educational programs taught by community healthcare workers could decrease maternal mortality by increasing the capacity of these women to understand basic health information such as good prenatal care, greater autonomy in deciding how many children they will have, what reproductive services are available, nutritional needs during pregnancy, and greater access to health care.
1
In terms of infant/children health, these programs could also educate parents in preventing infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS and malaria and identifying symptoms of the most common childhood illnesses such as those in an upper respirato.
Combination vaccines against diarrheal diseasesMalabi M Venk.docxdrandy1
Combination vaccines against diarrheal diseases
Malabi M Venkatesan1,* and Lillian L Van de Verg2
1Bacterial Diseases Branch; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring, MD USA; 2Enteric Vaccine Initiative; Vaccine Development Global Program;
PATH; Washington, DC USA
Keywords: combination, diarrhea, ETEC, Shigella, vaccines
Diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of global
childhood mortality and morbidity. Several recent
epidemiological studies highlight the rate of diarrheal
diseases in different parts of the world and draw attention to
the impact on childhood growth and survival. Despite the
well-documented global burden of diarrheal diseases,
currently there are no combination diarrheal vaccines, only
licensed vaccines for rotavirus and cholera, and Salmonella
typhi-based vaccines for typhoid fever. The recognition of the
impact of diarrheal episodes on infant growth, as seen in
resource-poor countries, has spurred action from
governmental and non-governmental agencies to accelerate
research toward affordable and effective vaccines against
diarrheal diseases. Both travelers and children in endemic
countries will benefit from a combination diarrheal vaccine,
but it can be argued that the greater proportion of any
positive impact will be on the public health status of the
latter. The history of combination pediatric vaccines indicate
that monovalent or single disease vaccines are typically
licensed first prior to formulation in a combination vaccine,
and that the combinations themselves undergo periodic
revision in response to need for improvement in safety or
potential for wider coverage of important pediatric
pathogens. Nevertheless combination pediatric vaccines have
proven to be an effective tool in limiting or eradicating
communicable childhood diseases worldwide. The landscape
of diarrheal vaccine candidates indicates that there now
several in active development that offer options for potential
testing of combinations to combat those bacterial and viral
pathogens responsible for the heaviest disease burden—
rotavirus, ETEC, Shigella, Campylobacter, V. cholera and
Salmonella.
Introduction
Several recent large scale studies of global diarrheal disease
burden and epidemiology, renewed recognition of multiple
diarrhea episodes as a serious impediment to the health and
development of children in resource-poor countries, an
upsurge in the investment by charitable foundations and gov-
ernmental entities in combatting global infectious diseases
and the emergence of new concepts in vaccination strategies
collectively point to opportunities to develop new vaccines
against very old diseases. In this paper, we first review up-to-
date information on diarrheal disease burden as a rationale
for the pursuit of vaccine development. The history of the
development and challenges of combination pediatric vaccines
are presented as a model for combination diarrheal vaccines
for children in endemic parts of the world as well as for trav.
Combination vaccines against diarrheal diseasesMalabi M Venk.docxcargillfilberto
Combination vaccines against diarrheal diseases
Malabi M Venkatesan1,* and Lillian L Van de Verg2
1Bacterial Diseases Branch; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring, MD USA; 2Enteric Vaccine Initiative; Vaccine Development Global Program;
PATH; Washington, DC USA
Keywords: combination, diarrhea, ETEC, Shigella, vaccines
Diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of global
childhood mortality and morbidity. Several recent
epidemiological studies highlight the rate of diarrheal
diseases in different parts of the world and draw attention to
the impact on childhood growth and survival. Despite the
well-documented global burden of diarrheal diseases,
currently there are no combination diarrheal vaccines, only
licensed vaccines for rotavirus and cholera, and Salmonella
typhi-based vaccines for typhoid fever. The recognition of the
impact of diarrheal episodes on infant growth, as seen in
resource-poor countries, has spurred action from
governmental and non-governmental agencies to accelerate
research toward affordable and effective vaccines against
diarrheal diseases. Both travelers and children in endemic
countries will benefit from a combination diarrheal vaccine,
but it can be argued that the greater proportion of any
positive impact will be on the public health status of the
latter. The history of combination pediatric vaccines indicate
that monovalent or single disease vaccines are typically
licensed first prior to formulation in a combination vaccine,
and that the combinations themselves undergo periodic
revision in response to need for improvement in safety or
potential for wider coverage of important pediatric
pathogens. Nevertheless combination pediatric vaccines have
proven to be an effective tool in limiting or eradicating
communicable childhood diseases worldwide. The landscape
of diarrheal vaccine candidates indicates that there now
several in active development that offer options for potential
testing of combinations to combat those bacterial and viral
pathogens responsible for the heaviest disease burden—
rotavirus, ETEC, Shigella, Campylobacter, V. cholera and
Salmonella.
Introduction
Several recent large scale studies of global diarrheal disease
burden and epidemiology, renewed recognition of multiple
diarrhea episodes as a serious impediment to the health and
development of children in resource-poor countries, an
upsurge in the investment by charitable foundations and gov-
ernmental entities in combatting global infectious diseases
and the emergence of new concepts in vaccination strategies
collectively point to opportunities to develop new vaccines
against very old diseases. In this paper, we first review up-to-
date information on diarrheal disease burden as a rationale
for the pursuit of vaccine development. The history of the
development and challenges of combination pediatric vaccines
are presented as a model for combination diarrheal vaccines
for children in endemic parts of the world as well as for trav.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
1. HOST FACTORS AND RISK
FACTORS OF ACUTE
RESPIRATORY
INFECTIONS
- BY : DEEPIKA CHIVUKULA
2. INTRODUCTION
• Acute respiratory infections (ARIs), a group of diseases that
includes pneumonia, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus
(RSV), result in 4.25 million deaths worldwide every year.
• ARIs are also the leading cause of illness in children and their
leading killer.
• Acute respiratory infections cause at least six percent of the
disability and death around the globe, affecting the most
vulnerable populations, especially the young, the old, the
ailing, and the poor.
3.
4. RISK FACTORS
• Although bacteria and viruses are the immediate causes of most acute
respiratory infections, malnutrition, air pollution, smoking, and overcrowding
are the underlying drivers of vulnerability.
• Australian studies have identified that gender, maternal education, exposure to
childcare, preschool, family income, and private health insurance coverage have
an association with ARI amongst children.
5. • Malnutrition – mucous membranes and other mechanical
structures designed to keep the respiratory tract intact are
impaired.
• In developing countries of Africa and Asia more than one quarter
of childhood deaths due to ARI’s is associated with malnutrition.
6.
7. • Air Pollution - The body’s innate and acquired immune
systems are damaged by long term exposure to pollutants like
ozone, sulphur dioxide.
8. • Smoking – As tobacco burns, it releases vaporized chemicals
that penetrate normally sterile air sacs of the lungs and depress th
epathogen fighting capacity of white blood cells.
• Tobacco use is associated with 2,41,000 deaths from ARI’s annually
9.
10. • Overcrowding – In combination with poor ventilation, poor
sanitation, and other toxic effects of poverty, pathogens spread
rapidly in overcrowded areas.
• According to a research in Sao Paulo, if 4 or more children share a
bedroom they are 2.5 times more likely to have ARI’s.
