Pancreatitis is a dreaded condition associated with development of acute and sudden inflammation of the pancreas.
Pancreatic enzymes are released in the abdomen and cause inflammation by the damage from digestion of normal body structures, especially fat in the abdomen.
Mortality ranges from 3 percent in patients with interstitial edematous pancreatitis to 17 percent in patients who develop pancreatic necrosis.
Pancreatitis is a dreaded condition associated with development of acute and sudden inflammation of the pancreas.
Pancreatic enzymes are released in the abdomen and cause inflammation by the damage from digestion of normal body structures, especially fat in the abdomen.
Mortality ranges from 3 percent in patients with interstitial edematous pancreatitis to 17 percent in patients who develop pancreatic necrosis.
Acute pancreatitis means inflammation of the pancreas that develops quickly. The main symptom is tummy (abdominal) pain. It usually settles in a few days but sometimes it becomes severe and very serious. The most common causes of acute pancreatitis are gallstones and drinking a lot of alcohol.
Pancreatitis - being one of the differentials for acute abdomen which includes Acute & Chronic pancreatitis, their aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features & possible complications.
Acute pancreatitis means inflammation of the pancreas that develops quickly. The main symptom is tummy (abdominal) pain. It usually settles in a few days but sometimes it becomes severe and very serious. The most common causes of acute pancreatitis are gallstones and drinking a lot of alcohol.
Pancreatitis - being one of the differentials for acute abdomen which includes Acute & Chronic pancreatitis, their aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features & possible complications.
Acute Pancreatitis (According to American College of Gastroenterology 2013 gu...Jibran Mohsin
This Presentation focuses on definition, new classification, different scoring systems for severity, rationale for radiological signs and new management recommendations as per 2013 American College of Gastroenterology guidelines
by Bushra Ibnauf as part of SAMA's Visiting Faculty Program in Salam Rotana Hotel on June 24th 2011. This was in collaboration with the Sudanese Society for Gastroenterology.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
4. The pancreas is situated in the retroperitoneum.
It is divided into a head, body and tail.
The head lies within the curve of the duodenum, overlying
the body of the second lumbar vertebra and the vena cava.
The aorta and the superior mesenteric vessels lie behind the
neck of the gland.
Coming off the side of the pancreatic head and passing to
the left and behind the superior mesenteric vein is the
uncinate process of the pancreas.
Behind the neck of the pancreas, near its upper border, the
superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein to form the
portal vein.
The tip of the pancreatic tail extends up to the splenic hilum.
5. The pancreas is a dual-function gland, having
features of both endocrine and exocrine glands.
The part of the pancreas with endocrine function is
made up of cell clusters called islets of Langerhans.
Four main cell types exist in the islets.
α alpha cells secrete glucagon (increase glucose in
blood), β beta cells secrete insulin (decrease
glucose in blood), Δ delta cells secrete somatostatin
(regulates/stops α and β cells) and PP cells, or γ
(gamma) cells, secrete pancreatic polypeptide.
6. The pancreas also functions as an exocrine
gland that assists the digestive system.
Exocrine cells make and release pancreatic
juice. The juice travels through the pancreatic
duct into the duodenum. Enzymes in the
pancreatic juice help digest fat, carbohydrates
and protein in food.
Pancreatic juice discharges into the duodenum
through ducts. It is alkaline as it
contains bicarbonate and chloride ions.
7.
8.
9. The pancreas receives parasympathetic nerve fibers
from the posterior vagal trunk via its celiac branch.
Sympathetic supply comes from T6-T10 via the
thoracic splanchnic nerves and the celiac plexus
10. Pancreatitis is inflammation of the gland
parenchyma of the pancreas.
Acute pancreatitis is defined as an acute
condition presenting with abdominal pain
and is usually associated with raised
pancreatic enzyme levels in the blood or
urine as a result of pancreatic inflammation.
Acute pancreatitis may recur.
11. ETIOLOGY
The two major causes of acute pancreatitis are
biliary calculi, which occur in 50–70 per cent of
patients, and alcohol abuse, which accounts
for 25 per cent of cases.
12. POSSIBLE CAUSES OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS
Gallstones
Alcoholism
Post-ERCP
Abdominal trauma
Following biliary, upper gastrointestinal or cardiothoracic
surgery
Ampullary tumour
Drugs (corticosteroids, azathioprine, asparaginase, valproic
acid, thiazides, oestrogens)
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypercalcaemia
Pancreas divisum
Autoimmune pancreatitis
Hereditary pancreatitis
Viral infections (mumps, Coxsackie B)
14. CLASSIFICATION
V All-russian convention of surgeons, 1978
Clinico-anatomical forms:
• Arching form
• Fatty pancreatonecrosis
• Hemorrhagic pancreatonecrosis
Prevelence of necrosis:
• Local(focus) damage of gland
• Subtotal dmage of the gland
• Total damage of the gland
Accordng to progress:
• Abortive
• progressive
Periods of disease:
• Hemodynamic violations and pancreatogenic shock
• Functional insufficiency of parenchymatous organ
• Degenerative and suppuration complication
15. PATHOGENESIS OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS
Interstitial oedema
Impaired blood flow
Ischaemia
Acinar cell injury
Interstitial inflammation
oedema
Gallstone
Chronic alcoholism
Release of intracellular
proenzymes and
lysosomal hydrolases
Activation of enzymes
ACTIVATED ENZYMES
Delivery of proenzymes to
lysosomal compartment
Intracellular activation of
enzymes
Proteolysis
(proteases)
Fat necrosis
(lipase, phospholipase)
Haemorrhage
(elastase)
Alcohol, drugs
trauma, ischaemia,
viruses
Metabolic injury
(experimental)
Alcohol, duct obstruction
DUCT OBSTRUCTION ACINAR CELL INJURY DEFECTIVE INTRACELLULAR
TRANSPORT
16.
17.
18. • Autodigestion is a currently accepted pathogenic theory; according
to it, pancreatitis results when proteolytic enzymes (e.g.,
trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase, and lipolytic enzymes
such as phospholipase A 2 ) are activated in the pancreas rather than
in the intestinal lumen. A number of factors (e.g., endotoxins,
exotoxins, viral infections, ischemia, anoxia, lysosomal calcium,
and direct trauma) are believed to facilitate activation of trypsin.
Activated proteolytic enzymes, especially trypsin, not only digest
pancreatic and peripancreatic tissues but also can activate other
enzymes, such as elastase and phospholipase A 2 .
• Spontaneous activation of trypsin also can occur.
• Activation of pancreatic enzymes in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis.
• Theory of “general duct” with the reflux of bile into the ducts of pancreas.
• Theory of blockade of outflow of pancreatic juice with the development of
intraductal hypertension and penetration of secret into the interstial tissue.
• Violation of blood flow of pancreatic juice (vasculitis, thrombophelibitis, and
embolism).
• Toxic and allergic damage of gland.
19. PATHOMORPHOLOGY
•The process of acute inflamation of pancreas passes through the
stages of edema,pancreatonecrosis and suppuration
•Edema : Hyperemia, increased in volume, with shallow nodes of
necrosis .
•Pancreatonecrosis can be fatty or hemorrhagic character (shows
whitish yellow necrosis).
•Dystrophy : its exposed microscopically .
•Necrosis: hemorrhages, thrombosis of vessels and signs of
inflammatory.
23. SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
Main symptoms :
• Upper abdominal pain that radiates into the back. It may
be aggravated by eating, especially foods high in fat.
• Swollen and tender abdomen
• Nausea and vomiting (coffee ground appearence)
• Fever
• Increased heart rate
24. Additional symptoms:
• Weight loss caused by poor absorption (malabsorption) of
food.
• This malabsorption happens because the gland is not
releasing enough enzymes to break down food.
• Also, diabetes may develop if the insulin-producing cells
of the pancreas are damaged.
• Severe intoxication
25. CULLEN SIGN – DISCOLOURATION AROUND
UMBILICUS
Grey-Turner sign- discolouration in the flanks
26. • The abdominal is distended, peristaltic sounds inaudible.
• The signs of paresis of stomach and intestine appears
early.
• On palpation tenderness in the epigastria area and in
right and some times in the left hypochondria also
marked.
*
27. Complication:
Early
• Shock
• Acute cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic insufficiency
Late
• Abscess of pancreas
• Subdiaphargmatic, interintestinal abscesses
• Pyogenic abscesses of omentum
• Phelgmons of retro peritoneal space.
• Erosive bleeding.
29. predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis:
At admission
age in years > 55 years
white blood cell count > 16000 cells/mm3
blood glucose > 11 mmol/L (> 200 mg/dL)
serum AST > 250 IU/L
serum LDH > 350 IU/L
At 48 hours
Calcium (serum calcium < 2.0 mmol/L (< 8.0 mg/dL)
Hematocrit fall > 10%
Oxygen (hypoxemia PO2 < 60 mmHg)
BUN increased by 1.8 or more mmol/L (5 or more mg/dL) after IV fluid hydration
Base deficit (negative base excess) > 4 mEq/L
Sequestration of fluids > 6 L
30. Score 0 to 2 : 2% mortality Score 3 to 4 : 15% mortality
Score 5 to 6 : 40% mortality Score 7 to 8 : 100%
mortality
Hemorrhagic peritoneal fluid
Obesity
Indicators of organ failure
Hypotension (SBP <90 mmHG) or tachycardia > 130
beat/min
PO2 <60 mmHg
Oliguria (<50 mL/h) or increasing BUN and creatinine
Serum calcium < 1.90 mmol/L (<8.0 mg/dL)
serum albumin <33 g/L (<3.2.g/dL)>
31. Balthazar Grade
Balthazar Grade Appearance on CT CT Grade Points
Grade A Normal CT 0
points
Grade B Focal or diffuse enlargement of the pancreas 1
point
Grade C Pancreatic gland abnormalities and peripancreatic inflammation
2points
Grade D Fluid collection in a single location 3
points
Grade E Two or more fluid collections and / or gas bubbles in or adjacent to
pancreas4points
Necrosis Score
Necrosis Percentage Points
No necrosis 0 points
0 to 30% necrosis 2 points
30 to 50% necrosis 4 points
Over 50% necrosis 6 points
The numerical CTSI (Computed Tomography Severity Index) has a maximum of
ten points, it is the sum of the Balthazar grade points and pancreatic necrosis
grade points
32. Diagnostic criteria:
Blood test
Urine test
Biochemical test (amylase, bilirubin, sugar)
Ultrasound
CT scan
Cholecystocholangiography
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatgraphy
Laparoscopy
Laprocentesis
34. LIVER ENZYMES :
Determine alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and
alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels to search for evidence of gallstone pancreatitis. An
ALT level higher than 150 U/L suggests gallstone pancreatitis and a more fulminant disease
course.
Obtain measurements for blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and electrolytes; a great
disturbance in the electrolyte balance is usually found, secondary to third spacing of fluids.
Measure blood glucose level because it may be elevated from B-cell injury in the pancreas.
Measure calcium, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels to search for an etiology of
pancreatitis (eg, hypercalcemia or hyperlipidemia) or complications of pancreatitis (eg,
hypocalcemia resulting from saponification of fats in the retroperitoneum). However, be
aware that baseline serum triglyceride levels can be falsely lowered during an episode of
acute pancreatitis.
Elevated serum amylase and lipase levels, in combination with severe abdominal pain,
often trigger the initial diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.
Serum lipase rises 4 to 8 hours from the onset of symptoms and normalizes within 7 to 14
days after treatment.
Serum amylase may be normal (in 10% of cases) for cases of acute or chronic pancreatitis
(depleted acinar cell mass) and hypertriglyceridemia.
Reasons for false positive elevated serum amylase include salivary gland disease (elevated
salivary amylase), bowel obstruction, infarction, cholecystitis, and a perforated ulcer.
If the lipase level is about 2.5 to 3 times that of amylase, it is an indication of pancreatitis
due to alcohol.[9]
Decreased serum calcium
35. Ultrasound exam:
Increase in size of pancreas, thickening
of walls and presence or absence of
calculus of gall bladder and common
bile duct.
42. CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT:
Fluid replacement:
Aggressive hydration at a rate of
5 to 10 mL/kg per hour of isotonic
crystalloid solution (e.g., normal
saline or lactated Ringer’s
solution) to all patients with acute
pancreatitis.
Pain control:
1. Opioids are safe and effective
at providing pain control in
patients with acute
pancreatitis.
2. Hydromorphone or fentanyl (I
ntravenous) may be used for
pain relief in acute pancreatitis
43. Etiological treatment:
1. Antibiotic, antiviral drugs in
case of etiology is bacteria or
virus.
2. Carbapenems 0.5 gram
intravenously every eight
hours for two weeks.
Anticholinergic
drug(atropine sulphate,
methacin)
H2-histamine
drug(cimetidine, ranisan,
ranitidine)
45. Sphincterotomy. Using a small wire on the endoscope, the doctor
finds the muscle that surrounds the pancreatic duct or bile ducts and
makes a tiny cut to enlarge the duct opening. When a pseudocyst is
present, the duct is drained.
Gallstone removal. The endoscope is used to remove pancreatic or
bile duct stones with a tiny basket. Gallstone removal is sometimes
performed along with a sphincterotomy.
Stent placement. Using the endoscope, the doctor places a tiny piece
of plastic or metal that looks like a straw in a narrowed pancreatic or
bile duct to keep it open.
Balloon dilatation. Some endoscopes have a small balloon that the
doctor uses to dilate, or stretch, a narrowed pancreatic or bile duct. A
temporary stent may be placed for a few months to keep the duct
open.
People who undergo therapeutic ERCP are at slight risk for
complications, including severe pancreatitis, infection, bowel
perforation, or bleeding. Complications of ERCP are more common in
people with acute or recurrent pancreatitis. A patient who experiences
fever, trouble swallowing, or increased throat, chest, or abdominal pain
after the procedure should notify a doctor immediately.