This document discusses design for all and user diversity in dimensions. It defines design for all as ensuring environments, products, services, and interfaces work for people of all ages and abilities. It describes various dimensions of user diversity that impact design, including perception, motion, cognition, age, computer expertise, culture and language, and temporary states caused by the technological environment. Specific considerations are provided for designing for visual impairments, hearing impairments, physical disabilities, children, and older users. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding user diversity through methods like observations, surveys, interviews, and activity diaries.

1. Design For All
Team 9
Shandy Tsai, Elena Li, Nicky Feeney, Vicky Xie

2. IMAGINE

5. Defini/on
• Design for All is about ensuring that environments,
products, services and interfaces work for people of
all ages and abiliGes. (including future generaGons,
regardless of age, gender, capaciGes or cultural background)
• Design for All aims to enable all people to have equal
opportuniGes to parGcipate in every aspect of society.
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6. How?
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• RespecSul
• Safe
• Health
• Comprehensible
• Affordable
• FuncGonal
• Sustainable
• Appealing
Accessibility
Usability

7. Where?
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8. Why?
• Drive Business
• Equal OpportuniGes
• We’re one of them. All human beings are involved.
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9. Dimensions
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10. Dimensions
• Diversity: user vs. technological environment
• User Diversity: the various differences among users in their
percepGon, manipulaGon, and uGlizaGon of technology
• Technological Environment Diversity: conGnuous changes
and diversificaGons of interacGon environments and
technologies
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11. Dimensions – User Diversity
• “Understanding the various dimensions of user
diversity helps design and develop user interface that
maximize benefits for different types of users”
• Disability
• PercepGon
• MoGon
• CogniGon
• Age
• Children
• Older users
• Computer use experGse
• Culture and language
• Social issues
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12. Dimensions – User Diversity
• PercepGon
• Visual
• Blindness: users benefit from auditory and the hapGc modality for
i/o purposes; keyboards and joysGcks but no mouse
• Visual impairment: increase the size of interacGve arGfacts;
colour contrast; specific color combinaGon
• Auditory
• Hearing impairment: hearing-aid; lip-reading
• Deaf: sign language
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13. Dimensions – User Diversity
• MoGon
• Common problems: poor muscle control; weakness and faGgue;
difficulty in walking, talking, seeing, speaking, sensing or grasping;
difficulty doing complex or compound manipulaGons
• AccommodaGons: mobility aids, manipulaGon aids,
communicaGon aids, computer interface aids
• Specialized input devices that minimize physical effort: adapGve
keyboard; voice input; eye tracking; brain-computer interfaces
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14. Dimensions – User Diversity
• CogniGon
• The ability of human mind to process informaGon, think,
remember, reason, and make decisions
• Causes and symptoms vary greatly from user to user
• Design consideraGons: simple and minimalist design; reduce
the need to rely on memory; allow sufficient Gme for
interacGon; support user amenGon; special user in colour,
font, contrast to support user comprehension
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15. Dimensions – Age
• Of great interest to designers because it provides “vital
clues about how to present informaGon, feedback,
video, audio, etc.”
• ClassificaGon of interest:
• Children: users below the age of 18, with parGcular focus on
children under the age of 12
• Older persons: users over the age of 65
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16. Dimensions – Age
• Children
• Young children lack a wide repertoire of experiences that can
guide their responses to cues
• With their disGnct preferences and percepGon of the world,
children should be regarded as a different user group
• Challenge: to understand and perceive the world from
children’s perspecGve
• AddiGon challenge: children with disabiliGes
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17. Dimensions – Age
• Older Persons
• Open with different physical, sensory, and cogniGve capabiliGes
• Common design principles: improved contrast;
enlargement of informaGon; careful organizaGon of informaGon;
choice of appropriate input devices; avoid relying on memory;
simple and minimalist design
• Large repertoire that might influence their feelings towards
technology, especially with aids.
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18. Dimensions – Computer User ExperGse
• Experience level with different devices
• Experience level with convenGonal designs
• Help, guides, error prevenGon
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19. Dimensions – Culture & Language
• Language barriers
• Different interpretaGons and convenGons of colour,
symbol, gesture etc. due to cultural differences
• GlobalizaGon vs. localizaGon
• Design for all acknowledges, recognizes, appreciates,
and integrates these differences (Marcus and Rau, 2009)
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20. Dimensions – Social Issues
• Social and economical status
• EducaGon level, especially technical educaGon
• Closely related to culture differences and access to
technology in certain regions
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21. Dimensions – Tech Environment
• Temporary states of impairment caused by the
environment in which the user interact with the device
• Noise level
• LighGng
• Time differences
• Physical locaGon
• Desktop vs. mobile compuGng vs. VR
• Network coverage
• Interface design
• Permission to use the device under certain circumstances
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22. PerspecGve and Approach
Web Accessibility
• helps people with disabiliGes use the internet
• allows for them to receive, understand, navigate, and
interact with the Web
• Help guide developers to bemer understand user
• Unfortunately not well integrated
• Microsop, Adobe, IBM have launched accessibility iniGaGves
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23. PerspecGve and Approach
User Interface AdapGon
• UI must be personalizable and adaptable to
accommodate all users
• Hide/View desktop icons, live help menu, ect.
• Most current commercial adaptaGons are purely aestheGc
• view/zoom toggle, color change, sound change
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24. PerspecGve and Approach Dimensions
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25. PerspecGve and Approach
Accessibility in the cloud
• Try to make UI personable for everyone not just
disability access
• Goal is to create infrastructure capable of soluGons to
accommodate complete user diversity
• Users have accessibility profiles that set framework to
automaGcally adapt commercial products to their tailored
needs (currently in conceptualizaGon/design phases)
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26. Design Methods and Techniques Dimensions
PerspecGve
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What?
Why?
How?
Knowing the Users
Knowing the Diversity of Users
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27. Observa/ons
Dimensions
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- gain insight into the user experience
- understood within the contexts of use
- richer understanding of the relaGonships between
preference, behavior, problems and values
- can be used for older people and users with disabiliGes
Difficulty: “invasion” of the user’s space and privacy
e.g disabled or older people who are not keen to reveal their problems
in everyday acGviGes.
Anthropology
Ethnography
Ethnomethodology
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28. Survey and Ques/onnaires
Dimensions
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a set of wrimen quesGons to a sample populaGon of users
targeted to obtaining staGsGcally relevant results
in the early design phases but also for evaluaGon
Difficulty:
Age Difference
E.g Young people VS old people
not always possible to be aware of the exact user characterisGcs
E.g FormaGons
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29. Interviews
Dimensions
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With older people, interviews as a means
for gathering user requirements has also
proven to be an effecGve method
- ethnographically inspired method
- users, stakeholders and domain experts are
quesGoned to obtain informaGon about their
needs or requirements in relaGon to a system
- unstructured
- structured
- semi-structured
Difficulty:
composed of cogniGvely and
communicaGon impaired people
E.g deaf people
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30. Ac/vity Diaries and Cultural Probes
Dimensions
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Difficulty:
process for the blind and users with motor
impairments
soluGon: electronic formed or audio
recorded diaries
- Ethnographically inspired method
- Self-reported record of user behavior over
a period of Gme
- ParGcipants are required to record
acGviGes they are engaged in during a
normal day.
- textual
- visual, pictures and videos
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31. Group Discussions
Dimensions
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Methods
and Techniques
Difficulty:
- user group has severe
communicaGon problems
- important that the discussion
leader manages the discussion
effecGvely and efficiently
- Older People
Brainstorming
- recoded
- cri7sm is forbidden
Focus groups:
that each parGcipant can act to
sGmulate ideas, and that by a process
of discussion, a collecGve view is
established
6-12 people, guided by a facilitator
it does not discriminate against
people who with disabiliGes
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32. Empathic Modeling
Dimensions
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Conclusions
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Design
Methods
and Techniques Difficulty:
differences from a real
disability
- help designers/developers put themselves in the posiGon of a
disabled user, usually through disability simulaGon
- done by simulaGng the disability by various techniques
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33. Scenario, Storyboards and Personas
Dimensions
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Conclusions
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Design
Methods
and Techniques
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34. Prototyping
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Methods
and Techniques
a concrete representaGon of part or all of an interacGve system
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35. User Trials
Dimensions
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Conclusions
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Design
Methods
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- tested by “real users”
- performed for usability evaluaGon purposes
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36. Coopera/ve and Par/cipatory Design
Dimensions
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Conclusions
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Q&A
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Design
Methods
and Techniques
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37. Dimensions
PerspecGve
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InteracGon
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Conclusions
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Design
Methods
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✓ Appropriate
∎ Needs modifica7ons
and adjustments
⌧ Not recommended
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38. Dimensions
PerspecGve
and
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Methods
and Techniques
InteracGon
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Conclusions
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Interac/on Techniques
• Sign Language
• Speech
• HapGcs
• Scanning-based interacGon
• Eye tracking
• Gestures & head tracking
• Brain Interfaces
• MulGmodal interfaces
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39. Dimensions
PerspecGve
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Design
Methods
and Techniques
InteracGon
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Conclusions
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Q&A
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Sign Language
• American Sign Language (ASL)
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40. Dimensions
PerspecGve
and
Approach
Design
Methods
and Techniques
InteracGon
Techniques
Conclusions
and
Q&A
IntroducGon
Speech
Speech
input
systems
Speech
recogniGon
systems
Speech
output
systems
• User speak
• Capture voice
• Convert from
analog to digital
• Read digital data
• DigiGze the sounds
• Filter unwanted noise
• Divided into small
segments
• Phoneme predicGon
• Recognize phonemes
• Context interpretaGon
• Decode
• Process funcGon
• Life like generaGon
• Speech
Speech Dialogue System
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41. Dimensions
PerspecGve
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Approach
Design
Methods
and Techniques
InteracGon
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Conclusions
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Q&A
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Scanning-based interac/on
Hugh Herr: The new bionics
Aimee Mullins, athlete, actor and acGvist 37

42. Dimensions
PerspecGve
and
Approach
Design
Methods
and Techniques
InteracGon
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Conclusions
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Hap/cs
Braille display Refreshable Braille Device
Shape Display Technology Cars for Blind Drivers 38

43. Dimensions
PerspecGve
and
Approach
Design
Methods
and Techniques
InteracGon
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Conclusions
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Q&A
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Eye Tracking
• DifficulGes
1. Slow typing
2. Hard to correct
3. Missing feedback
4. Limited user requirements
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44. Dimensions
PerspecGve
and
Approach
Design
Methods
and Techniques
InteracGon
Techniques
Conclusions
and
Q&A
IntroducGon
Gesture and head tracking
Myo Armband Henry Evans: Meet the robots for humanity
40

45. Dimensions
PerspecGve
and
Approach
Design
Methods
and Techniques
InteracGon
Techniques
Conclusions
and
Q&A
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Brain interfaces
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46. Dimensions
PerspecGve
and
Approach
Design
Methods
and Techniques
InteracGon
Techniques
Conclusions
and
Q&A
IntroducGon
Conclusions
1. Extend human’s possibiliGes
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47. Dimensions
PerspecGve
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Approach
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Methods
and Techniques
InteracGon
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Conclusions
and
Q&A
IntroducGon
Conclusions
1. Extend human’s possibiliGes
2. Unlock human’s senses, feelings and power
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48. Dimensions
PerspecGve
and
Approach
Design
Methods
and Techniques
InteracGon
Techniques
Conclusions
and
Q&A
IntroducGon
Conclusions
1. Extend human’s possibiliGes
2. Unlock human’s senses, feelings and power
3. Benefit for all human beings
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49. References
• Design for All
hmp://designforall.org/design.php
• Difference Between Usability and Accessibility
hmp://www.apaddedcell.com/what-s-the-difference-between-usability-and-accessibility
• Web Accessibility
hmps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bEM9Fn9aOG8
• Behind the Mic: The Science of Talking with Computers
hmps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxxRAHVtafI
• Dennis Hong: Making a car for blind drivers
hmps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2OQxHNVLNY
• Michigan Engineering: Refreshable Braille Device
hmps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fIg4rI4cDw
• Hugh Herr: The new bionics that let us run, climb and dance
hmp://www.ted.com/talks/hugh_herr_the_new_bionics_that_let_us_run_climb_and_dance#t-907059
• Evelyn Glennie: How to truly listen
hmp://www.ted.com/talks/evelyn_glennie_shows_how_to_listen#t-1909218
48

50. • Can you name 3 different user diversiGes?
Dimensions
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and Techniques
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Conclusions
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Q&A
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51. • What’s the difference between “Knowing the Users”
and “Knowing the Diversity of Users”?
Dimensions
PerspecGve
and
Approach
Design
Methods
and Techniques
InteracGon
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Conclusions
and
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Q&A
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52. • If you had To Lose a Sense, Which Would You Choose?
or If you could only keep one sense, what would it be?
Why?
Dimensions
PerspecGve
and
Approach
Design
Methods
and Techniques
InteracGon
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Conclusions
and
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IntroducGon
Q&A
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53. Thank You