1.SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE CONTROLLED CONVERTER WITH RESISTIVEINDUCTIVE LOAD
2 SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTER WITH RESISTIVEINDUCTIVE LOAD
3 SPEED CONTROL OF 3-PHASE SLIP RING (WOUND ROTOR) INDUCTION MOTOR
4 THYRISTORISED DRIVE FOR DC MOTOR WITH CLOSED LOOP CONTROL
5 THYRISTORISED DRIVE FOR PMDC MOTOR WITH SPEED MEASUREMENT & CLOSED LOOP CONTROL
6 SPEED MEASUREMENT OF PMDC MOTOR WITH CLOSED LOOP CONTROL
7 IGBT USING SINGLE 4 QUADRANT CHOPPER DRIVE FOR PMDC MOTOR WITH SPEED MEASUREMENT AND CLOSED LOOP AND CONTROL
8 SINGLE PHASE CYCLO CONVERTER BASED AC INDUCTION MOTOR CONTROLLER
9 THREE PHASE INPUT THYRISTORISED DRIVE 3HP DC MOTOR WITH CLOSED LOOP CONTROL
10 THREE PHASE INPUT IGBT DRIVE FOR 4 QUADRANT CHOPPER OF 3HP DC MOTOR WITH CLOSED LOOP CONTROL
1.SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE CONTROLLED CONVERTER WITH RESISTIVEINDUCTIVE LOAD
2 SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTER WITH RESISTIVEINDUCTIVE LOAD
3 SPEED CONTROL OF 3-PHASE SLIP RING (WOUND ROTOR) INDUCTION MOTOR
4 THYRISTORISED DRIVE FOR DC MOTOR WITH CLOSED LOOP CONTROL
5 THYRISTORISED DRIVE FOR PMDC MOTOR WITH SPEED MEASUREMENT & CLOSED LOOP CONTROL
6 SPEED MEASUREMENT OF PMDC MOTOR WITH CLOSED LOOP CONTROL
7 IGBT USING SINGLE 4 QUADRANT CHOPPER DRIVE FOR PMDC MOTOR WITH SPEED MEASUREMENT AND CLOSED LOOP AND CONTROL
8 SINGLE PHASE CYCLO CONVERTER BASED AC INDUCTION MOTOR CONTROLLER
9 THREE PHASE INPUT THYRISTORISED DRIVE 3HP DC MOTOR WITH CLOSED LOOP CONTROL
10 THREE PHASE INPUT IGBT DRIVE FOR 4 QUADRANT CHOPPER OF 3HP DC MOTOR WITH CLOSED LOOP CONTROL
O.C & S.C Test, Sumpner or back to back Test, Condition for maximum efficienc...Abhishek Choksi
Sub: DC Machines and Transformer (2130904)
Active Learning Assignment
Topic: O.C & S.C Test, Sumpner or back to back Test, Condition for maximum efficiency, All day Efficiency
To understand the basic working principle of a transformer.
To obtain the equivalent circuit parameters from Open circuit and Short circuit tests, and to estimate efficiency & regulation at various loads.
Inverter is a device which convert a DC input supply voltage into symmetric AC voltage of desired magnitude and frequency at the output side. It is also know as DC-AC converter.
Ideal and practical inverter have sinusoidal and no-sinusoidal waveforms at output respectively.
If the input dc is a voltage source, the inverter is called a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). One can similarly think of a Current Source Inverter (CSI), where the input to the circuit is a current source. The VSI circuit has direct control over ‘output (ac) voltage’ whereas the CSI directly controls ‘output (ac) current.
Inverter is a device which convert a DC input supply voltage into symmetric AC voltage of desired magnitude and frequency at the output side. It is also know as DC-AC converter.
Ideal and practical inverter have sinusoidal and no-sinusoidal waveforms at output respectively.
If the input dc is a voltage source, the inverter is called a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). One can similarly think of a Current Source Inverter (CSI), where the input to the circuit is a current source. The VSI circuit has direct control over ‘output (ac) voltage’ whereas the CSI directly controls ‘output (ac) current.
Chopper basically uses a Thyristor for high power applications. The process of turning off a conducting Thyristor is known as commutation. Here Thyristor is turned off by a current pulse that is why it is called a Current Commutated Chopper.
O.C & S.C Test, Sumpner or back to back Test, Condition for maximum efficienc...Abhishek Choksi
Sub: DC Machines and Transformer (2130904)
Active Learning Assignment
Topic: O.C & S.C Test, Sumpner or back to back Test, Condition for maximum efficiency, All day Efficiency
To understand the basic working principle of a transformer.
To obtain the equivalent circuit parameters from Open circuit and Short circuit tests, and to estimate efficiency & regulation at various loads.
Inverter is a device which convert a DC input supply voltage into symmetric AC voltage of desired magnitude and frequency at the output side. It is also know as DC-AC converter.
Ideal and practical inverter have sinusoidal and no-sinusoidal waveforms at output respectively.
If the input dc is a voltage source, the inverter is called a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). One can similarly think of a Current Source Inverter (CSI), where the input to the circuit is a current source. The VSI circuit has direct control over ‘output (ac) voltage’ whereas the CSI directly controls ‘output (ac) current.
Inverter is a device which convert a DC input supply voltage into symmetric AC voltage of desired magnitude and frequency at the output side. It is also know as DC-AC converter.
Ideal and practical inverter have sinusoidal and no-sinusoidal waveforms at output respectively.
If the input dc is a voltage source, the inverter is called a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). One can similarly think of a Current Source Inverter (CSI), where the input to the circuit is a current source. The VSI circuit has direct control over ‘output (ac) voltage’ whereas the CSI directly controls ‘output (ac) current.
Chopper basically uses a Thyristor for high power applications. The process of turning off a conducting Thyristor is known as commutation. Here Thyristor is turned off by a current pulse that is why it is called a Current Commutated Chopper.
Alternating current signal
AC means Alternating Current and DC means Direct Current. AC and DC are also used when referring to voltages and electrical signals which are not currents! For example: a 12V AC power supply has an alternating voltage (which will make an alternating current flow).
Ekeeda Provides Online Video Lectures, Tutorials & Engineering Courses Available for Top-Tier Universities in India. Lectures from Highly Trained & Experienced Faculty!
Ekeeda - First Year Enginering - Basic Electrical EngineeringEkeedaPvtLtd
The First Year engineering course seems more like an extension of the subjects that students have learned in their 12th class. Subjects like Engineering Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics, are incorporated into the curriculum. Students will learn about some of the engineering subjects in this first year, and these subjects are similar to all the branches. Everyone will learn some basics related to the other streams in their first year. Ekeeda offers Online First Year Engineering Courses for all the Subjects as per the Syllabus.
Electricity and Electromagnetism (experimental study)Raboon Redar
You’ll understand the way to calculate and measure resistance in parallel and series circuits by knowing two of the three values of voltage, current, or resistance. In this experiment, there are 3 resistors, 1 power supply and wires you need for connecting resistors to each other, then to power supply. You can measure each resistor by an ohmmeter, voltages by voltmeter and currents by amperemeter (ammeter), while all of them can be measured by a multimeter. Use a multimeter for measuring resistance for better accuracy.
Current Electricity and Effects of CurrentOleepari
Electric current, potential difference and electric current. Ohm’s law; Resistance, Resistivity,
Factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends. Series combination of resistors,
parallel combination of resistors and its applications in daily life. Heating effect of electric
current and its applications in daily life. Electric power, Interrelation between P, V, I and R
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. What we are going to cover
20.1 Resistors in an AC Circuit
21.2 Capacitors in an AC Circuit
21.3 Inductors in an AC Circuit
21.4 The RLC Series Circuit
21.5 Power in an AC Circuit
21.6 Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit
21.7 The Transformer
3. INTRODUCTION
• Every time we turn on a television set, a stereo
system, or any of a multitude of other electric
appliances, we call on alternating currents (AC) to
provide the power to operate them.
• We begin our study of AC circuits by examining the
characteristics of a circuit containing a source of emf
and one other circuit element: a resistor, a capacitor, or
an inductor.
• Then we examine what happens when these elements
are connected in combination with each other.
• Our discussion is limited to simple series configurations
of the three kinds of elements
4. INTRODUCTION
In an AC circuit, the charge flow reverses direction periodically.
In circuits that contain only resistance, the current reverses direction each time
the polarity of the generator reverses.
The output of an AC generator is
sinusoidal and varies with time according
to the equation:
5. 21.1 RESISTORS IN AN AC CIRCUIT
An AC circuit consists of combinations of circuit
elements and an AC generator or an AC
source, which provides the alternating current.
Previously we have seen that The output of an
AC generator is sinusoidal and varies with time
according to the equation:
6. 21.1 RESISTORS IN AN AC CIRCUIT
• Let us consider a simple circuit consisting of a resistor and an
AC source (designated by the symbol . T .
• The current and the voltage across the resistor are shown in
Active Figure 21.2.
7. • To explain the concept of alternating
current, we begin by discussing the
current-versus-time curve in Active Figure
21.2.
• At point a on the curve, the current has a
maximum value in one direction, arbitrarily
called the positive direction.
• Between points a and b, the current is
decreasing in magnitude but is still in the
positive direction. At point b, the current is
momentarily zero; it then begins to
increase in the opposite (negative)
direction between points b and c.
• At point c, the current has reached its
maximum value in the negative direction.
8. • The current and voltage are in step with each
other because they vary identically with time.
• Because the current and the voltage reach
their maximum values at the same time, they
are said to be in phase.
• Notice that the average value of the current
over one cycle is zero. This is because the
current is maintained in one direction (the
positive direction) for the same amount of
time and at the same magnitude as it is in the
opposite direction (the negative direction).
However, the direction of the current has no effect on the behavior of the resistor
in the circuit: the collisions between electrons and the fixed atoms of the resistor
result in an increase in the resistor’s temperature regardless of the direction of the
current
9. Power
• We can quantify this discussion by recalling that the rate at
which electrical energy is dissipated in a resistor, the power
is
• where i is the instantaneous current in the resistor.
• Because the heating effect of a current is proportional to
the square of the current, it makes no difference whether
the sign associated with the current is positive or negative.
• However, the heating effect produced by an alternating
current with a maximum value of Imax is not the same as
that produced by a direct current of the same value.
• The reason is that the alternating current has this
maximum value for only an instant of time during a cycle.
10. RMS
The important quantity in an AC circuit is a special kind of average value of
current, called the rms current—the direct current that dissipates the same amount of
energy in a resistor that is dissipated by the actual alternating current.
To find the rms current, we first square the current, Then find its average value, and
finally take the square root of this average value. Hence, the rms current is the
square root of the average (mean) of the square of the current.
Therefore, the rms current I rms is related to the maximum value of the
alternating current Imax by
• This equation says that an alternating current with a maximum value of 3 A produces
the same heating effect in a resistor as a direct current of (3/2 ) A.
• We can therefore say that the average power dissipated in a resistor that carries
alternating current I is
12. • When we speak of measuring an AC voltage of 120 V from an electric outlet, we
really mean an rms voltage of 120 V.
• A quick calculation using Equation 21.3 shows that such an AC voltage actually
has a peak value of about 170 V. In this chapter we use rms values when
discussing alternating currents and voltages.
• One reason is that AC ammeters and voltmeters are designed to read rms
values. Further, if we use rms values, many of the equations for alternating
current will have the same form as those used in the study of direct-current
(DC) circuits.
Consider the series circuit in Figure 21.1, consisting of a resistor connected to an AC
generator. A resistor impedes the current in an AC circuit, just as it does in a DC
circuit. Ohm’s law is therefore valid for an AC circuit, and we have
13. Problem
Solution
Obtain the maximum voltage by
comparison of the given expression for the
output with the general expression:
Next, substitute into Equation 21.3 to
find the rms voltage of the source:
Substitute this result into Ohm’s law to
find the rms current:
14. 21.2 CAPACITORS IN AN AC CIRCUIT
• In a purely resistive circuit, the
current and voltage are always in
step with each other. This isn’t the
case when a capacitor is in the
circuit.
• In Figure 21.5, when an alternating
voltage is applied across a
capacitor, the voltage reaches its
maximum value one-quarter of a
cycle after the current reaches its
maximum value.
• We say that the voltage across a
capacitor always lags the current by
90°.
16. Note
Substitute the values of f and C
Solve Equation 21.6 for the current, and
substitute Xc and the rms voltage to find the
rms current:
Capacitors do not behave the same as resistors. Whereas resistors allow a flow of
electrons through them directly proportional to the voltage drop, capacitors oppose
changes in voltage by drawing or supplying current as they charge or discharge to the
new voltage level. The flow of electrons “through” a capacitor is directly proportional
to the rate of change of voltage across the capacitor. This opposition to voltage
change is another form of reactance, but one that is precisely opposite to the kind
exhibited by inductors.
17. 21.3 INDUCTORS IN AN AC CIRCUIT
• Now consider an AC circuit consisting only of an inductor
connected to the terminals of an AC source, as in Active Figure
21.6. (In any real circuit, there is some resistance in the wire
forming the inductive coil, but we ignore this for now.)
• The changing current output of the generator produces a back
emf that impedes the current in the circuit. The magnitude of
this back emf is
• The effective resistance of the coil in an AC circuit is measured
by a quantity called the inductive reactance,
• When f is in hertz and L is in henries, the unit of XL is the ohm.
The inductive reactance increases with increasing frequency and increasing inductance.
Inductors do not behave the same as resistors. Whereas resistors simply oppose the flow of
electrons through them (by dropping a voltage directly proportional to the
current), inductors oppose changes in current through them, by dropping a voltage
directly proportional to the rate of change of current