THIS PPT IS FULL EXPLATION OF AC GENERATOR.IT CONTAINS ALL THE TOPICS UNDER WORKING ,CUNSTRUCTION,ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES REGARDING AC GENERATOR.
IT IS HELPFULL FOR EVERY SCIENCE STUDENT.HOPE YOU ALL LIKE MY WORK.
Short circuit analysis is performed so that existing and new equipment ratings were sufficient to with stand the available short circuit current. short circuit studies are performed using power system software as per IEEE standards.
A Project made for my School in the 10th Grade explaining the differences and working of AC and DC Generators.
Contents:
-Introduction
-Electromagnetic induction
-EMF- Electromotive Force
-Fleming’s Right Hand Rule
-Components of a Generator
*Rotor
*Armature
*Coil
*Stator
*Field electromagnets
*Brushes
-A.C. generators
-Commercial A.C generators
-DC generators
-Principle
-Working
-Differences between AC and DC
Discusses Ohm's Law and current electricity and related to energy transfer in circuits.
**More good stuff available at:
www.wsautter.com
and
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wnsautter&aq=f
THIS PPT IS FULL EXPLATION OF AC GENERATOR.IT CONTAINS ALL THE TOPICS UNDER WORKING ,CUNSTRUCTION,ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES REGARDING AC GENERATOR.
IT IS HELPFULL FOR EVERY SCIENCE STUDENT.HOPE YOU ALL LIKE MY WORK.
Short circuit analysis is performed so that existing and new equipment ratings were sufficient to with stand the available short circuit current. short circuit studies are performed using power system software as per IEEE standards.
A Project made for my School in the 10th Grade explaining the differences and working of AC and DC Generators.
Contents:
-Introduction
-Electromagnetic induction
-EMF- Electromotive Force
-Fleming’s Right Hand Rule
-Components of a Generator
*Rotor
*Armature
*Coil
*Stator
*Field electromagnets
*Brushes
-A.C. generators
-Commercial A.C generators
-DC generators
-Principle
-Working
-Differences between AC and DC
Discusses Ohm's Law and current electricity and related to energy transfer in circuits.
**More good stuff available at:
www.wsautter.com
and
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wnsautter&aq=f
NETWORK ANALYSIS PART 3 For GATE IES PSU -2020 RRB/SSC AE JE TECHNICAL INT...Prasant Kumar
for youtube video visit link
https://youtu.be/eq5UnA1e17E
Single phase AC circuits is most basic and important portion topic for GATE,IES,PSU,SSC,and different state level examinations.which covers following topics.1-Phase AC Circuits,AC & DC SIGNALS,Differentiate AC vs DC signal,PROPERTIES OF AC SIGNALS,peak value and peak to peak value,average value,R.M.S. value,instantaneous value,form factor,peak factor,WAVEFORM ANALYSIS OF AC SIGNAL,advantages of sinusoidal waveform,cycle, time periods and frequency,Phasor,Differentiate between Active, Reactive and Apparent Power,power triangle ,MCQ FOR PRACTICES,unilateral circuit ,bilateral circuit , irreversible circuit , reversible circuit series with each other , parallel with each other , series with the voltage source., parallel with the voltage source ,linear network , non-linear network , passive network , active network
# Previous videos in channel for learning
https://youtu.be/NSdIbrxIE74
# Network Analysis Part 1
https://youtu.be/UWSHxL8Daro
# Network Analysis Part 2
https://youtu.be/fPzCrnBlsIA
AC motors Comparision
https://youtu.be/Nwo8IfNdQZA
Wound Rotor and squirrel cage rotor
https://youtu.be/Y_WoddRiVSE
What is electrical Machine
https://youtu.be/N4xWOwgi8I4
Overview of Power plants
https://youtu.be/kPWElNXvxGs
How to Study for success
https://youtu.be/A_L1lI3zOsc
Why unemployment of Indian engineers
https://youtu.be/pdLe1Z4RRGs
Why I do engineering
https://youtu.be/DTtRl1t2DaM
Ekeeda Provides Online Video Lectures, Tutorials & Engineering Courses Available for Top-Tier Universities in India. Lectures from Highly Trained & Experienced Faculty!
Ekeeda - First Year Enginering - Basic Electrical EngineeringEkeedaPvtLtd
The First Year engineering course seems more like an extension of the subjects that students have learned in their 12th class. Subjects like Engineering Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics, are incorporated into the curriculum. Students will learn about some of the engineering subjects in this first year, and these subjects are similar to all the branches. Everyone will learn some basics related to the other streams in their first year. Ekeeda offers Online First Year Engineering Courses for all the Subjects as per the Syllabus.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
2. Content
•What is AC Circuit
•AC Transformers
•Resistance in an AC circuit
•Inductance in an AC circuit
•AC waveform
•Simple AC circuit calculations
•Where does the energy go?
3. What is alternating current (AC)?
Electric current that reverses direction
periodically, usually many times per
second. Electrical energy is
ordinarily generated by a public or
a private utility organization and
provided to a customer, whether
industrial or domestic, as
alternating current.
One complete period, with current flow
first in one direction and then in the
other, is called a cycle, and 60
cycles per second (60 hertz) is the
customary frequency of alternation
in the United States and in all of
North America. In Europe and in
many other parts of the world, 50
Hz is the standard frequency. On
aircraft a higher frequency, often
400 Hz, is used to make possible
lighter electrical machines.
•AC stands for “Alternating
Current,” meaning voltage or current
that changes polarity or direction,
respectively, over time.
•AC electromechanical generators,
known as alternators, are of simpler
construction than DC
electromechanical generators.
In General
In dept
4. What is alternating current (AC)?
One might wonder why anyone would
bother with such a thing as AC. It is true
that in some cases AC holds no
practical advantage over DC. In
applications where electricity is used to
dissipate energy in the form of heat, the
polarity or direction of current is
irrelevant, so long as there is enough
voltage and current to the load to
produce the desired heat (power
dissipation). However, with AC it is
possible to build electric generators,
motors and power distribution systems
that are far more efficient than DC, and
so we find AC used predominately
across the world in high power
applications.
To explain the details of why this is so, a bit
of background knowledge about AC is
necessary. If a machine is constructed
to rotate a magnetic field around a set of
stationary wire coils with the turning of a
shaft, AC voltage will be produced
across the wire coils as that shaft is
rotated, in accordance with Faraday's
Law of electromagnetic induction. This
is the basic operating principle of an AC
generator, also known as an alternator:
5. The fundamental significance of a transformer is its ability to step voltage
up or down from the powered coil to the unpowered coil. The AC
voltage induced in the unpowered (“secondary”) coil is equal to the
AC voltage across the powered (“primary”) coil multiplied by the
ratio of secondary coil turns to primary coil turns. If the secondary
coil is powering a load, the current through the secondary coil is
just the opposite: primary coil current multiplied by the ratio of
primary to secondary turns. This relationship has a very close
mechanical analogy, using torque and speed to represent voltage
and current, respectively
Speed multiplication gear train steps torque down and speed up. Step-
down transformer steps voltage down and current up.
If the winding ratio is reversed so that the primary coil has less turns than
the secondary coil, the transformer “steps up” the voltage from the
source level to a higher level at the load:
speed reduction gear train steps torque up and speed down. Step-up
transformer steps voltage up and current down.
AC Transformers
Transformers enable efficient long distance
high voltage transmission of electric energy.
Transformer technology has made long-range
electric power distribution practical. Without the
ability to efficiently step voltage up and down, it
would be cost-prohibitive to construct power sys
tems for anything but close-range (within a few
miles at most) use.
The transformer's ability to step AC
voltage up or down with ease gives AC an
advantage unmatched by DC in the realm
of power distribution in figure below.
When transmitting electrical power over
long distances, it is far more efficient to do
so with stepped-up voltages and stepped-
down currents (smaller-diameter wire with
less resistive power losses), then step the
voltage back down and the current back
up for industry, business, or consumer
use.
6. Resistance in an
ac ciRcuit
The relationship V = IR applies for resistors in an AC circuit,
so
In AC circuits we'll talk a lot about the phase of the current
relative to the voltage. In a circuit which only involves
resistors, the current and voltage are in phase with
each other, which means that the peak voltage is
reached at the same instant as peak current. In circuits
which have capacitors and inductors (coils) the phase
relationships will be quite different.
plates). With the inductor, the voltage comes from changing
the flux through the coil, or, equivalently, changing the current
through the coil, which changes the magnetic field in the coil.
To produce a large positive voltage, a large increase in
current is required. When the voltage passes through zero,
the current should stop changing just for an instant. When the
voltage is large and negative, the current should be decreasin
g quickly. These conditions can all be satisfied by having the c
urrent vary like a negative cosine wave, when the voltage follo
ws a sine wave.
How does the current through the inductor depend on the
frequency and the inductance? If the frequency is raised, ther
e is less time to change the voltage. If the time interval is redu
ced, the change in current is also reduced, so the current is lo
wer. The current is also reduced if the inductance is increased
.
As with the capacitor, this is usually put in terms of the
effective resistance of the inductor. This effective resistance i
s known as the inductive reactance. This is given by:
where L is the inductance of the coil (this depends on the
geometry of the coil and whether its got a ferromagnetic
core). The unit of inductance is the henry.
As with capacitive reactance, the voltage across the inductor
is given by:
Inductance in an AC circuit
An inductor is simply a coil of wire (often wrapped around
a piece of ferromagnet). If we now look at a circuit compos
ed only of an inductor and an AC power source, we will aga
in find that there is a 90° phase difference between the volt
age and the current in the inductor. This time, however, the
current lags the voltage by 90°, so it reaches its peak 1/4 c
ycle after the voltage peaks.
The reason for this has to do with the law of induction:
Applying Kirchoff's loop rule to the circuit above gives:
As the voltage from the power source increases from zero,
the voltage on the inductor matches it. With the capacitor, t
he voltage came from the charge stored on the capacitor pl
ates (or, equivalently, from the electric field between the
7. When an alternator
produces AC voltage,
the voltage switches
polarity over time, but
does so in a very
particular manner.
When graphed over
time, the “wave”
traced by this voltage
of alternating polarity
from an alternator
takes on a distinct
shape, known as a
sine wave:
In the voltage plot
from an electromecha
nical alternator, the c
hange from one
polarity to the other is
a smooth one, the vol
tage level changing m
ost rapidly at the zero
(“crossover”) point an
d most slowly at its pe
ak. If we were to grap
h the trigonometric fu
nction of “sine” over a
horizontal range of 0 t
o 360 degrees, we wo
uld find the exact sam
e pattern as in Table
AC waveform
Graph of AC voltage over time
(the sine wave).
8. Over the course of the next few chapters, you will learn that AC circuit measurements and calculations
can get very complicated due to the complex nature of alternating current in circuits with inductance and
capacitance. However, with simple circuits (figure below) involving nothing more than an AC power source and
resistance, the same laws and rules of DC apply simply and directly.
AC circuit calculations for resistive circuits are the same as for DC.
Series resistances still add, parallel
resistances still diminish, and the Laws of
Kirchhoff and Ohm still hold true. Actually,
as we will discover later on, these rules
and laws always hold true, its just that we
have to express the quantities of voltage,
current, and opposition to current in more
advanced mathematical forms. With purely
resistive circuits, however, these
complexities of AC are of no practical
consequence, and so we can treat the
numbers as though we were dealing with
simple DC quantities.
Simple AC circuit calculations
9. One of the main differences between resistors,
capacitors, and inductors in AC circuits is in what
happens with the electrical energy. With resistors,
power is simply dissipated as heat. In a capacitor, no
energy is lost because the capacitor alternately stores
charge and then gives it back again. In this case,
energy is stored in the electric field between the
capacitor plates. The amount of energy stored in a
capacitor is given by:
In other words, there is energy
associated with an electric field. In gener
al, the energy density (energy per unit vo
lume) in an electric field with no dielectri
c is:
With a dielectric, the energy density is
multiplied by the dielectric constant.
There is also no energy lost in an
inductor, because energy is alternately
stored in the magnetic field and then
given back to the circuit. The energy
stored in an inductor is:Again, there is energy associated with the
magnetic field. The energy density in a
magnetic field is:
Where does the energy go?
10. References
• http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/ACcircui
ts.html
• http://www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electrom
ag/java/diode/index.html
• http://www.answers.com/topic/alternating-
current
• Harvey Lew (February 7, 2004):
Corrected typographical error: “circuit” sho
uld have been “circle”.
• Duane Damiano (February 25, 2003):
Pointed out magnetic polarity error in DC
generator illustration.
• Mark D. Zarella (April 28, 2002):
Suggestion for improving explanation of “a
verage” waveform amplitude.
• John Symonds (March 28, 2002):
Suggestion for improving explanation of
the unit “Hertz.”
• Jason Starck (June 2000): HTML
document formatting, which led to a much
better-looking second edition.