This document reviews different methods for verifying the strength of profiled deck composite slabs (PDCS) without expensive laboratory testing. It discusses two common methods - the slope-intercept method and partial shear connection method - which both require experimental test data. The document also reviews attempts to use numerical modeling as an alternative to testing, but notes limitations in accurately modeling the complex shear behavior. It concludes that laboratory testing remains the most accurate assessment of PDCS strength, and further work is needed to develop a rational, reliability-based numerical approach to determine strength without testing.
Review on the Effect of Shear Connectors on Composite Deck SlabsIJAEMSJORNAL
This paper presents a review on the effect of shear connectors on composite deck slabs. Composite deck slabs consist of profile deck sheet and concrete. Several researchers have been studying the behaviour of composite slab but due to its complex behaviour yet it is not completely understood. The behaviour of composite slab directly depends on the deformability and contact strength. Here, some important literature reviews regarding composite slab behavior incorporating different profiles were discussed.
Effect of prism height on strength of reinforced hollow concrete block masonryeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON ANCHORAGE BOND IN HIGH STRENGTH REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS IAEME Publication
This paper discuses experimentally the effect of steel bar diameter and embedment length on
the bond stresses, bond stress versus slip relation, failure pattern and load versus deflection
response of high strength reinforced concrete beams with dimensions (100 mm width x200 mm
height x1100 length). Four beams specimens were provided with three embedment lengths (80
mm), (100 mm) and (120 mm) in addition to two different bar diameters (10mm) and (16mm). The
test results concluded that the bond stresses and the relative displacement decrease with increasing
the embedment length and bar diameter.
Review on the Effect of Shear Connectors on Composite Deck SlabsIJAEMSJORNAL
This paper presents a review on the effect of shear connectors on composite deck slabs. Composite deck slabs consist of profile deck sheet and concrete. Several researchers have been studying the behaviour of composite slab but due to its complex behaviour yet it is not completely understood. The behaviour of composite slab directly depends on the deformability and contact strength. Here, some important literature reviews regarding composite slab behavior incorporating different profiles were discussed.
Effect of prism height on strength of reinforced hollow concrete block masonryeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON ANCHORAGE BOND IN HIGH STRENGTH REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS IAEME Publication
This paper discuses experimentally the effect of steel bar diameter and embedment length on
the bond stresses, bond stress versus slip relation, failure pattern and load versus deflection
response of high strength reinforced concrete beams with dimensions (100 mm width x200 mm
height x1100 length). Four beams specimens were provided with three embedment lengths (80
mm), (100 mm) and (120 mm) in addition to two different bar diameters (10mm) and (16mm). The
test results concluded that the bond stresses and the relative displacement decrease with increasing
the embedment length and bar diameter.
Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size on the Compressive Strength and the Flexural ...IJERA Editor
Concrete structures deflect, crack, and loose stiffness when subjected to external load. Loss of flexural strength of concrete is largely responsible for cracks in structure. In reinforced concrete structures, the mix proportions of the materials of the concrete and aggregate type determine the compressive strength while the composite action of concrete and steel reinforcement supplies the flexural strength. In occasion of loss of stiffness, steel reinforcement no longer supports flexural stresses; concrete in turn is subjected to flexure. The compressive strength and flexural strength therefore play a crucial role. Effect of varying coarse aggregate size on the flexural and compressive strengths of concrete beam was investigated. Concrete cubes and beams were produced in accordance with BS 1881-108 (1983) and ASTM C293 with varying aggregate sizes 9.0mm, 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm, using a standard mould of internal dimension 150x150x150 for the concrete cubes and a mould of internal dimension of 150 x 150 x 750mm for the reinforced concrete beam. The water cement ratio was kept at 0.65 with a mix proportion of 1:2:4. The specimen produced were all subjected to curing in water for 28days and were all tested to determine the compressive strength and flexural strength using Universal Testing Machine. Compressive strength of cubes is 21.26N/mm2, 23.41N/mm2, 23.66N/mm2, and 24.31N/mm2 for coarse aggregate sizes 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm respectively. That of flexural strength of test beams is 4.93N/mm2, 4.78N/mm2, 4.53N/mm2, 4.49N/mm2, 4.40N/mm2 respectively. In conclusion, concrete to be used mostly to resist flexural stresses should be made of finer coarse aggregates.
Numerical Investigations on Blast Protection System with Metallic Tube Core S...IJLT EMAS
Effect of blast loads from explosion can be mitigated by using thick armor systems that are often heavy and significantly increase the self-weight of the structure. In the design of structure for blast protection, sacrificial claddings which consist of high energy absorbing elements are used. A sandwich type protective structure consists of light weight core which is often used for blast mitigation. The choice of core type has an influence on the performance of sandwich panel. The cores can be of wood, foam material and tubular elements. In this study, behavior of sandwich panel with square tubular core is investigated through numerical studies. Panel is made of mild steel having top plate dimension of 150 mm x 150 mm x 2.5 mm; bottom plate of 150 mm x 150 mm x 5 mm and square tube core of 12.5 mm x 12.5 mm with 0.6 mm thickness. A finite element model is developed and validated using experimental results in literature. Parametric studies are carried out using the validated finite element model. By varying the tube length of the core, the responses of the panels in terms of energy absorption and reaction forces are compared.
System shear connector jakarta digunakan sebagai aplikasi dalam konstruksi bangunan untuk menghasilkan kekuatan coran beton lebih kuat dan stabil sesuai dengan perhitungan engineering civil. Dalam hal ini ada 2 hal perhitungan kekuatan secara umum yaitu kekuatan kelengketan stud pada batang baja sesudah dilas. Dan yang kedua adalah kekuatan stud bolt yang digunakan.
NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS UNDER PUNCHIN...IAEME Publication
This paper presents an implementation of a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model for evaluating the behavior of reinforced concrete slabs under centric load. The concrete was idealized by using eight-nodded solid elements. While flexural reinforcement and the shear were modeled as line elements, a perfected bond between solid elements and line elements was assumed. The nonlinear behavior of concrete in compression is simulated by an elasto-plastic work-hardening model, and in tension a suitable post-cracking model based on tension stiffening and shear retention models are employed. The steel was simulated using an elastic-full plastic model. The validity of the theoretical formulations and the program used was verified through comparison with available experimental data, and the agreement has proven to be good. A parametric study has been also carried out to investigate the influence of the slab thickness on column-slab connection response
Comparative study of experimental and analytical results of frp strengthened ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The purpose of the experimental work presented in this study is to study the effect
of concrete compressive strength and steel reinforcement ratio on capacity and
deflection of reinforced concrete two-way slabs. Three steel reinforcement ratios are
considered which are minimum, maximum and average of them in addition to two
concrete compressive strength
values of 20 and 30 MPa. The results from
experimental work show that increasing the reinforcing steel ratio leads to increase the
ultimate capacity of the slab in addition to decrease the maximum deflection. For slabs
with
= 20 MPa, increasing the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the
maximum, i.e. 600 %, leads to increase ultimate capacity by about 156 % and decrease
maximum deflection by about 52 %. Wheras, For slabs with
= 30 MPa, increasing
the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the maximum, i.e. 900 %, leads to
increase ultimate capacity by about 155 % and decrease maximum central deflection
by about 27 %. In addition, matmatical expresions for load-deflection relationships are
presented in the current study
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON THE PUNCHING BEHAVIOR OF RC FLAT SLABS STRENGTHENI...IAEME Publication
In this paper, the effectiveness of textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) and fiberreinforced
polymer (FRP), as a means of improving the punching behavior of
reinforced concrete flat slabs were numerically investigated. Finite element (FE)
model using ABAQUS computer program was developed to analyze eight half-scaled
slabs, in terms of load-carrying capacity, ductility, stiffness, and crack patterns. These
eight specimens were divided into two groups (G1 and G2) with four specimens for
each of them. Specimens of G1 was similar to that of G2 in all details but differ in the
eccentricity of the applied load. Specimens of G1 were tested with concentric load,
while these of G2 were tested with 150 mm eccentricity. For each group, one specimen
was built as control (unstrengthened), one was strengthened by FRP-sheet, and the
other two was strengthened by TRM-jacket with two different mesh opening (10 and
20 mm). The results obtained from FE analysis showed that the efficiency of TRM in
increasing the punching shear capacity of strengthened slabs was less than that of
FRP. In addition, the slabs strengthened by TRM showed stiffer behavior than that
strengthened by FRP, but lesser ductile. TRM effectiveness was sensitive to the mesh
size of the textile. When the mesh size decreased, stiffness was increased and ductility
was decreased.
MODELS FOR CONFINED CONCRETE COLUMNS WITH FIBER COMPOSITESIAEME Publication
Many studies have been done to find a convenient representation of physical behavior Fiber Reinforced Polymers for strengthening or retrofitted techniques which can enhance stress-strain performance of existing reinforced concrete structures. FRP composites are used for strengthening applications mainly due to the lightweight, high compressive strength, resistance to corrosion, speed and ease of application and formed on site. Conceptually, the s tress strain relation of concrete as a non-homogenous and nonlinear composite material is not unique that depends on the many variables.
This paper involves an experimental investigation on the flexural behaviour of curved beams and comparison of its results with conventional beams. Curved beams of size 1200 x 150 x 100 mm with varying initial curvature as 4000mm, 2000mm and the concrete strength as M40 is considered. Various reinforcement are provided in the curved beams to predict which reinforcement detail would give more resistant over maximum loading. The material properties of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and the compressive strength of concrete cube were found out. A total of 12 specimens of curved beams were casted with various combination of reinforcement along with three control specimens. The beams are tested under two point loading both horizontally and vertically. The deflection and maximum moment carrying capacity are investigated to understand its strength. Also analytical modelling is done to determine the ultimate moment carrying capacity using Finite Element Software ABAQUS to compare with the experimental model.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An experimental investigation was conducted to investigate the behavior of ultra-high strength reactive concrete (RPC) columns before and after strengthening with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets jacketing under eccentric axi al load. Twelve columns were tested up to failure, strengthened and retested to examine strengthening efficiency and to evaluate the effects of variation of the concrete type (normal or RPC), presence of steel fibers and main steel reinforcement ratio. Experimental results showed that CFRP jacketing increases the ultimate failure load of strengthened columns up to 185%, highly stiffens them (reduces lateral displacements) and allow more ductile failure than the original columns. Also, inclusion of steel fibers in RPC columns increases failure loads up to 86%, prevents palling of the concrete cover and increase the ductility.
Under repeated impact composite domes subjected 6 J energy, changes locally with
increasing drop height. The action of the dynamic load generates reactions at the
support and bending moments at points on the surface of the composite. The peak loads
were noted to increase and stabilise about some mean value; and the 150mm diameter
shell was more damage tolerant compared to the 200 mm diameter one.
Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size on the Compressive Strength and the Flexural ...IJERA Editor
Concrete structures deflect, crack, and loose stiffness when subjected to external load. Loss of flexural strength of concrete is largely responsible for cracks in structure. In reinforced concrete structures, the mix proportions of the materials of the concrete and aggregate type determine the compressive strength while the composite action of concrete and steel reinforcement supplies the flexural strength. In occasion of loss of stiffness, steel reinforcement no longer supports flexural stresses; concrete in turn is subjected to flexure. The compressive strength and flexural strength therefore play a crucial role. Effect of varying coarse aggregate size on the flexural and compressive strengths of concrete beam was investigated. Concrete cubes and beams were produced in accordance with BS 1881-108 (1983) and ASTM C293 with varying aggregate sizes 9.0mm, 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm, using a standard mould of internal dimension 150x150x150 for the concrete cubes and a mould of internal dimension of 150 x 150 x 750mm for the reinforced concrete beam. The water cement ratio was kept at 0.65 with a mix proportion of 1:2:4. The specimen produced were all subjected to curing in water for 28days and were all tested to determine the compressive strength and flexural strength using Universal Testing Machine. Compressive strength of cubes is 21.26N/mm2, 23.41N/mm2, 23.66N/mm2, and 24.31N/mm2 for coarse aggregate sizes 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm respectively. That of flexural strength of test beams is 4.93N/mm2, 4.78N/mm2, 4.53N/mm2, 4.49N/mm2, 4.40N/mm2 respectively. In conclusion, concrete to be used mostly to resist flexural stresses should be made of finer coarse aggregates.
Numerical Investigations on Blast Protection System with Metallic Tube Core S...IJLT EMAS
Effect of blast loads from explosion can be mitigated by using thick armor systems that are often heavy and significantly increase the self-weight of the structure. In the design of structure for blast protection, sacrificial claddings which consist of high energy absorbing elements are used. A sandwich type protective structure consists of light weight core which is often used for blast mitigation. The choice of core type has an influence on the performance of sandwich panel. The cores can be of wood, foam material and tubular elements. In this study, behavior of sandwich panel with square tubular core is investigated through numerical studies. Panel is made of mild steel having top plate dimension of 150 mm x 150 mm x 2.5 mm; bottom plate of 150 mm x 150 mm x 5 mm and square tube core of 12.5 mm x 12.5 mm with 0.6 mm thickness. A finite element model is developed and validated using experimental results in literature. Parametric studies are carried out using the validated finite element model. By varying the tube length of the core, the responses of the panels in terms of energy absorption and reaction forces are compared.
System shear connector jakarta digunakan sebagai aplikasi dalam konstruksi bangunan untuk menghasilkan kekuatan coran beton lebih kuat dan stabil sesuai dengan perhitungan engineering civil. Dalam hal ini ada 2 hal perhitungan kekuatan secara umum yaitu kekuatan kelengketan stud pada batang baja sesudah dilas. Dan yang kedua adalah kekuatan stud bolt yang digunakan.
NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS UNDER PUNCHIN...IAEME Publication
This paper presents an implementation of a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model for evaluating the behavior of reinforced concrete slabs under centric load. The concrete was idealized by using eight-nodded solid elements. While flexural reinforcement and the shear were modeled as line elements, a perfected bond between solid elements and line elements was assumed. The nonlinear behavior of concrete in compression is simulated by an elasto-plastic work-hardening model, and in tension a suitable post-cracking model based on tension stiffening and shear retention models are employed. The steel was simulated using an elastic-full plastic model. The validity of the theoretical formulations and the program used was verified through comparison with available experimental data, and the agreement has proven to be good. A parametric study has been also carried out to investigate the influence of the slab thickness on column-slab connection response
Comparative study of experimental and analytical results of frp strengthened ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The purpose of the experimental work presented in this study is to study the effect
of concrete compressive strength and steel reinforcement ratio on capacity and
deflection of reinforced concrete two-way slabs. Three steel reinforcement ratios are
considered which are minimum, maximum and average of them in addition to two
concrete compressive strength
values of 20 and 30 MPa. The results from
experimental work show that increasing the reinforcing steel ratio leads to increase the
ultimate capacity of the slab in addition to decrease the maximum deflection. For slabs
with
= 20 MPa, increasing the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the
maximum, i.e. 600 %, leads to increase ultimate capacity by about 156 % and decrease
maximum deflection by about 52 %. Wheras, For slabs with
= 30 MPa, increasing
the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the maximum, i.e. 900 %, leads to
increase ultimate capacity by about 155 % and decrease maximum central deflection
by about 27 %. In addition, matmatical expresions for load-deflection relationships are
presented in the current study
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON THE PUNCHING BEHAVIOR OF RC FLAT SLABS STRENGTHENI...IAEME Publication
In this paper, the effectiveness of textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) and fiberreinforced
polymer (FRP), as a means of improving the punching behavior of
reinforced concrete flat slabs were numerically investigated. Finite element (FE)
model using ABAQUS computer program was developed to analyze eight half-scaled
slabs, in terms of load-carrying capacity, ductility, stiffness, and crack patterns. These
eight specimens were divided into two groups (G1 and G2) with four specimens for
each of them. Specimens of G1 was similar to that of G2 in all details but differ in the
eccentricity of the applied load. Specimens of G1 were tested with concentric load,
while these of G2 were tested with 150 mm eccentricity. For each group, one specimen
was built as control (unstrengthened), one was strengthened by FRP-sheet, and the
other two was strengthened by TRM-jacket with two different mesh opening (10 and
20 mm). The results obtained from FE analysis showed that the efficiency of TRM in
increasing the punching shear capacity of strengthened slabs was less than that of
FRP. In addition, the slabs strengthened by TRM showed stiffer behavior than that
strengthened by FRP, but lesser ductile. TRM effectiveness was sensitive to the mesh
size of the textile. When the mesh size decreased, stiffness was increased and ductility
was decreased.
MODELS FOR CONFINED CONCRETE COLUMNS WITH FIBER COMPOSITESIAEME Publication
Many studies have been done to find a convenient representation of physical behavior Fiber Reinforced Polymers for strengthening or retrofitted techniques which can enhance stress-strain performance of existing reinforced concrete structures. FRP composites are used for strengthening applications mainly due to the lightweight, high compressive strength, resistance to corrosion, speed and ease of application and formed on site. Conceptually, the s tress strain relation of concrete as a non-homogenous and nonlinear composite material is not unique that depends on the many variables.
This paper involves an experimental investigation on the flexural behaviour of curved beams and comparison of its results with conventional beams. Curved beams of size 1200 x 150 x 100 mm with varying initial curvature as 4000mm, 2000mm and the concrete strength as M40 is considered. Various reinforcement are provided in the curved beams to predict which reinforcement detail would give more resistant over maximum loading. The material properties of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and the compressive strength of concrete cube were found out. A total of 12 specimens of curved beams were casted with various combination of reinforcement along with three control specimens. The beams are tested under two point loading both horizontally and vertically. The deflection and maximum moment carrying capacity are investigated to understand its strength. Also analytical modelling is done to determine the ultimate moment carrying capacity using Finite Element Software ABAQUS to compare with the experimental model.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An experimental investigation was conducted to investigate the behavior of ultra-high strength reactive concrete (RPC) columns before and after strengthening with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets jacketing under eccentric axi al load. Twelve columns were tested up to failure, strengthened and retested to examine strengthening efficiency and to evaluate the effects of variation of the concrete type (normal or RPC), presence of steel fibers and main steel reinforcement ratio. Experimental results showed that CFRP jacketing increases the ultimate failure load of strengthened columns up to 185%, highly stiffens them (reduces lateral displacements) and allow more ductile failure than the original columns. Also, inclusion of steel fibers in RPC columns increases failure loads up to 86%, prevents palling of the concrete cover and increase the ductility.
Under repeated impact composite domes subjected 6 J energy, changes locally with
increasing drop height. The action of the dynamic load generates reactions at the
support and bending moments at points on the surface of the composite. The peak loads
were noted to increase and stabilise about some mean value; and the 150mm diameter
shell was more damage tolerant compared to the 200 mm diameter one.
There appears to have been no review made of existing test data in which the size effect in punching has been given any special consideration and the proposed paper seeks to fill this gap. Its objectives are to set out the current state of knowledge on size effects and the parameters that influence them by considering of experimental results of 87 reinforced concrete flat slabs without shear reinforcement. These tests are carefully selected to form a large database, including specimens with a significant variation of effective depth. These experimental results are compared with design codes of EUROCODE 2, FIB Model 2010 and to the Critical Shear Crack Theory (CSCT) by Muttoni et al. The comparison show that both EC2 and CSCT have good prediction to test results
while MC90 is rather underestimate the punching shear strength of thinner slab compared to EC2 particularly for reinforcement ratio less than 0.1% and this is due to ignoring the limit on the factor of size effect beyond of 2.0.
Finite Element Analysis of Composite Deck Slab Using Perfobond Rib as Shear C...IJERA Editor
Nowadays, the composite decks are very common to use in composite or steel construction. In this case of study
the composite slabs have been investigated numerically by Finite Element Method (FEM). Five composite slabs
were analyzed using finite element software LUSAS. The deflection of each model were obtained and compared
with experimental test. Results showed a good agreement with the experimental data and indicate that the
perfobond rib is appropriate shear connector for the bridges decks
Finite Element Analysis of Composite Deck Slab Using Perfobond Rib as Shear C...IJERA Editor
Nowadays, the composite decks are very common to use in composite or steel construction. In this case of study
the composite slabs have been investigated numerically by Finite Element Method (FEM). Five composite slabs
were analyzed using finite element software LUSAS. The deflection of each model were obtained and compared
with experimental test. Results showed a good agreement with the experimental data and indicate that the
perfobond rib is appropriate shear connector for the bridges decks.
System shear connector digunakan sebagai aplikasi dalam konstruksi bangunan untuk menghasilkan kekuatan coran beton lebih kuat dan stabil sesuai dengan perhitungan engineering civil. Dalam hal ini ada 2 hal perhitungan kekuatan secara umum yaitu kekuatan kelengketan stud pada batang baja sesudah dilas. Dan yang kedua adalah kekuatan stud bolt yang digunakan.
SHEAR PERFORMANCE OF FIBER REINFORCED SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE DEEP BEAMSIAEME Publication
The self-compacting concrete (SCC) is the newest innovating category of high performance concrete. The shear behavior of Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacted Concrete (FRSCC) deep beams was investigated. The experimental program consisted of twelve simply supported beams tested up to failure under four-point load. The key parameters covered in this investigation were steel fibers ratios (0.0, 0.50, 0.75 & 1.00%) and the effective shear span to depth ratio; a/d that varied from 0.6 to 1.0. Also, the main flexure reinforcement ratio was variable (1.0, 1.60 and 2.20 percent). In addition, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement effect was investigated. The mid-span deflection, cracks, reinforcement and concrete strains of the tested beams were recorded and compared. Test results pointed out that the steel fibers enhanced the cracking load, ultimate capacity, displacement and energy absorption of the tested FRSCC deep beams.
Nonlinear fe modelling of anchorage bond in reinforced concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract The transfer of forces from the surrounding concrete to the reinforcing bars in reinforced concrete (RC) can be influenced by several parameters. In this paper an attempt has been made to study the influence of specimen geometry, bar diameter, strength of concrete, lateral confinement and embedment length on the bond properties of concrete. The embedment length of the bar was varied between 50mm and 400mm by varying the diameter of the bar, strength of concrete and lateral confinement. The different bar diameters of 16, 20 and 25mm were selected along with three different concrete strengths of 25, 40 and 65MPa. The specimens with the above parameters were modeled by using a nonlinear finite element analysis package. It has been found that for the same geometry, the specimens with small bond length exhibited high bond strength. With the range of bar diameters considered the bond strength of concrete decreases as the diameter of the bar increases. The splitting failure has been observed in unconfined concrete, while the pullout failure was predominant when the concrete laterally confined. In case of large embedment length, the post peak plateau is prolonged with small diameter bars when compared to the large diameter bars. The descending branch of the bond stress-slip response with large diameter bars has been found to be steep. Keywords: Bond Stress, FE Analysis, Embedment Length, Confinement, Bar Diameter, Pull-out Specimens.
THEORETICAL BEHAVIOR OF COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION PRECAST REACTIVE POWDER RC GIR...IAEME Publication
This study displays numerically (or theoretically) investigation by using the finite element models for experimental work of composite behavior for hybrid reinforced concrete slab on girder from locale material in Iraq, ordinary concrete in slab and reactive powder concrete in girder, RPC, with steel fibers of different types (straight, hook, and mix between its), tested as simply supported span subjected under two point loading. Which ANSYS version 15.0 is utilized. By studying the compatibility between the experimental results and the theoretical results. As well as, parametric study of many others variables are investigated by using ANSYS (version 15.0), such as: changing the compressive strength of the slab, changing the main reinforcement of the girder, and changing thickness of resin bond layer between girder and slab.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Shear behavior of reinforced concrete slender beams using high strength concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
An experimental investigation is carried out on Nine Slender HSC beams with constant size 125mm x 130mm and effective length
900mm by varying (i) The longitudinal reinforcement ratio and (ii) the web reinforcement ratio were casted and tested to understand
the shear behavior of the beams with minimum web reinforcement as per IS CODE and ACI CODE and maximum web reinforcement.
The load-deflection behavior and the failure pattern of the beams, ultimate shear strength are studied with varying longitudinal
reinforcement and varying shear reinforcement. The experimental results obtained are compared with the theoretical values as per
code. Based on these observations, it can be concluded that, there are many parameters influencing the shear behavior of RC beams
such as shear span to depth ratio (a/d ratio>2), concrete grade, depth of the beam, the percentage of the longitudinal reinforcement
and shear reinforcement. It can be concluded that, the shear failure is brittle, sudden and very explosive. As the spacing of shear
reinforcement reduced (75mm) the load carrying capacity increased and as the spacing of shear reinforcement increased (225,
300mm) the load carrying capacity decreased. Shear failure is characterized by small deflection, lack of ductility and catastrophic
failure.
Keywords: High strength concrete, shear span to depth ratio, failure pattern, ultimate shear capacity, codal provisions.
Similar to Profiled Deck Composite Slab Strength Verification: A Review (20)
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2. Mohammed et al.: Profiled Deck Composite Slab Strength Verification: A Review, AZOJETE, 13(6):655-
661. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng
656
Figure 1: PDCS failure modes (Johnson, 2004)
1.2 Longitudinal Shear Bond
Longitudinal shear failure for PDCS (
Figure 1) always occurs before reaching the plastic bending capacity of the composite slab system
due to an inadequate shear connection between the profiled sheeting deck and the hardened
concrete (Tzaros et al, 2010).
An overview of this occurrence shows that several authors (Abbas et al, 2015; Abdullah et al.,
2015; Burnet and Oehlers, 2001; Chen, 2003; Tenhovuori and Leskelä, 1998; Tsalkatidis and
Avdelas, 2010) carried out studies on composite slab behaviour as influenced by the bond failure
in the longitudinal direction. For example, Marimuthu et al, (2007) carried out experimental study
on composite slab with the aimed of understanding shear bond behaviours of embossed profiled
sheeting deck under simulated variable load after incorporating several strength influencing
parameters. The authors’ finding revealed that shear span defined the behaviour of embossed
profiled composite slab deck (Mäkeläinen and Sun, 1999), and re-affirmed that shear bond failures
governed the strength requirement for the embossed profiled sheeting deck. Intuitively,
longitudinal shear capacity determines the ultimate strength of composite slab with profiled steel
sheeting (Marčiukaitis et al., 2006).
The shear bond analysis obtained from shear bond formulations in codes requires the use of
experimental test data on composite slab decks that are obtained through regression analysis on
the test data as the case with slope-intercept or the generation of partial interaction curve and
subsequent determination of other required parameters as applies to the partial shear connection
method. Test data are required to provide input for strength design formulations. There are two
methods for the longitudinal shear estimation that are currently useful in deck strength appraisal,
and the EC4 (2003) provides the general guide for the bending resistance calculation for
composite slab using either of the methods.
1.3 The Slope-intercept Method
The slope-intercept, m-k method for the longitudinal shear value is from the linear relationship
plots of vertical shear, ⁄ against shear bond, ⁄ for two groups of test values that
comprises a long, x and short, y specimens (
Figure 2). These requirements are from the standards. Therefore, the slope (m) and the intercept
(k) are the outcome variables from the plots
Figure 2.
3. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, October, 2017; Vol. 13(6):655-661.
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657
Figure 2: Typical m-k parameter determination showing both short and long specimen zones
(Johnson, 2004)
In Figures 1 and 2, is the effective sectional area of the sheeting deck with yield strength
value, . The parameter is the clear centroid distance to the topmost concrete face that has a
width and is the testing shear span length. Under ductile failure condition, the support
reaction, tv from the failure load, w is (Johnson, 2004):
(1)
A 20% reduction is applied upon the equation (1) if the failure condition is brittle in nature
(Stephen, 2008). Notwithstanding the failure mode type, the ratio plays a critical role in
any of the expected failure modes, and the maximum bending moment occurs at higher ratio.
Hence, the vertical shear at equilibrium will be (Johnson, 2004)
(2)
Interestingly, is found to have no significant influence on longitudinal shear (Johnson, 2004),
and low ratio will leads to shear failure. Hence, equation (2) reduces to
( ) (3)
The design shear resistance is by using Equation(3).
1.4 The Partial Shear Connection Method
Partial interaction is also another means other than the m-k method that can be used to obtained
longitudinal shear strength of profiled composite slab. The method assumed complete re-
distribution of longitudinal shear between the sheeting deck and the concrete interface (Stephen,
2008). The degree of shear connection, ⁄ ( is the compressive force while
stands for the steel yield force) defines the activity level between the sheeting deck and the
concrete, and comes under three groups. First, , signifying no composite action between the
sheeting deck and the concrete. Second, , full shear connection exist, slip and strain are
assumed to be zero in this case. Finally, if is between 0 and 1, partial shear connection is said to
exist between concrete and the sheeting deck. Similar to the expression given in Equation (3) for
4. Mohammed et al.: Profiled Deck Composite Slab Strength Verification: A Review, AZOJETE, 13(6):655-
661. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng
658
the m-k method, the longitudinal shear, for a given value of bending resistance under Partial
Shear Connection (PSC), neglecting the support reaction is given by Equation (4).
(4)
The variables were the overhung length, and represented the steel yield force.
However, in this method, the bending resistance determination is highly dependent on the neutral
axis position within the system, and is either within or above the deck with . Because of
complexity involved with the estimation of the stress block depth x, from the neutral axis, the
sheeting tensile force is decomposed to equal compressive force. Thus, the design bending
resistance, is computed from the expression:
(5)
Where
( )
(6)
The parameters , and represents distance of plastic neutral axis above the base, overall
deck thickness ( 80 )mm , and concrete thickness, respectively. These restrictions are to control the
minimum fire protection requirement and load concentration resistance for the composite system.
The parameter is the design value of the profile sheeting deck plastic moment of resistance,
and the manufacturer provides it normally.
The PSC method involves the determinations of all the parameters defined through Equations (4)
to (6). However, the task of determining the experimental degree of shear connection, can
only be achieve through the use of partial interaction diagram by plotting, ⁄ as depicted in
Figure 3. The and are moments signifying when there are no interaction ( ) and full
interaction ( ). Afterwards, with the ratio ⁄ the equivalent value is located as
shown with
Figure 3. The maximum bending moment testm is determined from the full-scale test (Abdullah et
al., 2015). Once, the design shear strength is known, the design envelope for the particular deck
profile can be drawn.
Figure 3: Degree of shear connection determination using PSC method (Johnson, 2004)
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It was evident from the two methods for determining the longitudinal shear capacity of PDCS, the
experimental failure test is essential in determining the requisite shear parameters (Abbas et al, 2015).
The process is cumbersome and expensive. However, the volumes of research findings and proposals on
the complex shear characteristics of profiled deck composite slab, the laboratory performance testing stands
to be the only accurate means for the determination of composite slab strength (Abbas et al, 2015). The
issue is critical and warrants much further thoughts from different perspective other than the deterministic
approach that are expensive and time consuming (Crisinel and Marimon, 2004).
2. Overview on the Numerical Approach for Failure Test Method
Generally, steel deck fabricator provides design data for the engineers and builders for the commonly
available profiled sheeting deck for composite construction. However, in special cases where the use of
non-standard dimensions, which may be because of either choice by design engineer or strict architectural
requirement, such privilege information on the steel deck behaviours may not be available. Hence, the need
to carry out full laboratory test that is uneconomical and time consuming is unavoidable in order to
establish the design parameters necessary for the design and construction of the composite slab. This
limitation has led to many research developments using numerical solutions all with the aim of eliminating
the uneconomical full-scale test that is required to verify the performance of composite slab (Abbas et al.,
2015; Marimuthu et al., 2007).
The quest for replacing the uneconomical and complex strength verification of composite slab, the
exploration of numerical approach in solving the problem becomes the only option. Abdullah and Samuel
(2009) and Abdullah et al. (2015) presented proposals for new method for modelling horizontal shears in
composite slab systems that takes in to account the slab slenderness as a major parameter that influences
the horizontal shear bond. In Abdullah and Samuel (2009) experiment, the shear bond-end slip behaviour
of composite slab in bending is determined using force equilibrium method. The study result shows that
shear bond varies with the slenderness in bending, and the slab slenderness affects the strength of the
composite slab. Furthermore, the authors modelled the slab using finite element (FE) analysis with the aim
of replacing uneconomical and time-consuming full-scale test on composite slab. However, modelling
limitation on the factors affecting the shear bond capacity hinders to yield effective result due to lack of
quantitative information on them. On the other hand, Abdullah et al. (2015) finding reveals the slenderness
influence the longitudinal shear bond. They presented results of linear interpolation of shear bond that
includes the effect of the slenderness, and concluded that it performed satisfactorily.
Furthermore, in a related Finite Element (FE) modelling study on PDCS, the simulation results for long
slab specimens reflect true resemblances of the slab performance with previous similar study results.
However, comparative behavioural analysis for the short span shows behavioural variations between the
modelled slabs from the real (An, 1993; Crisinel and Marimon, 2004). The critics of FE analysis
application for shear bond capacity for composite slab is that shear bond is geometry dependent, and this
signifies that full-scale experimental testing must be conducted. Hence, FE modelling will become
uneconomical since the test has to be conducted before utilizing the data for the modelling (Abdullah and
Samuel 2009).To augment the flaws, an approach that does not require the complex and expensive
laboratory procedures for PDCS strength verification is still required. This shifts the focus on the use of
more rational method, which will be the probability-based design concept, for example.
Literature related to reliability studies on the performance of composite slab are scanty (Degtyarev, 2012),
very few areas is indeed covered. Degtyarev (2012) presented reliability based analysis result on composite
slab at construction stage to the United State design provision. The author considers the failure analysis of
allowable stress design and load resistance factor design using First Order Reliability Method for strength
and deflection limit state conditions. The finding reveals high level of conservatism in the US design
provision for composite steel deck construction. Notwithstanding the effort, analysis at construction stage
may have little or no influence on the deck behaviour, and the much-needed simplification for the PDCS
strength determination devoid of the complex and expensive laboratory procedure is still yet to be
developed. Therefore, further work in exploring the potential associated with this rational-based approach
in order to develop a simplified strength determination function for PDCS is required.
6. Mohammed et al.: Profiled Deck Composite Slab Strength Verification: A Review, AZOJETE, 13(6):655-
661. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng
660
3. Conclusion
Informed by the literature reviewed, the complexity in the design and strength verification of profiled
composite slab is largely due to the uneconomical and the mandatory laboratory procedure required for its
strength determination. The manufacturer provides the required test data and independent verification of
such vital information posed a serious challenge. However, several research findings and proposals on the
complex shear characteristics of profiled deck composite slab showed that the laboratory performance
testing stands to be the only accurate means for the determination of composite slab strength. The issue is
critical and warrant much further thoughts from different perspective other than the deterministic approach
that are expensive, uneconomical and time consuming. Therefore, the development of a rational-based
numerical test load function from longitudinal shear capacity consideration is a necessity in augmenting the
previous futile attempts for profiled composite slab strength determination devoid of the uneconomically
expensive laboratory procedure.
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