This document summarizes research on using composite bamboo pile reinforcement to increase the stability of slopes. Laboratory experiments were conducted using a 1.5m x 1m x 1m box filled with sand to model various slope geometries. Composite bamboo piles of different diameters and spacings were installed in the slope models. Continuous loading was applied to a strip footing on the slope until failure. Finite element analysis was also used to model the slopes. The results showed that using composite bamboo pile reinforcement: 1) Increased the bearing capacity and safety factor of the reinforced slopes compared to unreinforced slopes; 2) Slopes experienced higher failure loads with larger diameter and closer spaced piles; and 3) Reinforcing slopes with composite bamboo piles is an innovative
Numerical study of behavior of square footing on geogrid reinforced flyash be...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Analytical Investigation on External Beam-Column Joint Using ANSYS By Varying...IJERA Editor
This document analyzes the effect of varying the diameter of longitudinal reinforcement in the beam on the strength, deformation, and ductility of exterior beam-column joints using finite element analysis software ANSYS. Six beam-column joint models were created with beam longitudinal reinforcement diameters of 8mm, 10mm, and 12mm. The results showed that as the diameter increased, the load carrying capacity and cracking load decreased. Ductility also decreased as the diameter increased, with ductility reducing by 12.8% from 8mm to 12mm reinforcement. Deflection at working load and ultimate deformation increased as the diameter increased. In conclusion, the diameter of beam longitudinal reinforcement plays a major role in the behavior and performance of beam-column joints.
This document describes a study that modifies the shape of conventional geogrids to increase their pull-out capacity when reinforcing soil. The researchers developed an "Isometric Cogged Biaxial Geogrid" (ICB-GGR) by adding cubic cogs to the ribs. Pull-out tests were conducted on prototypes of the ICB-GGR, a conventional biaxial geogrid, and a solid plate under different overburden pressures. The results showed that the pull-out resistance of the ICB-GGR was about 50% higher than the conventional geogrid, demonstrating that the modified shape enhanced the soil-geogrid interaction.
The document summarizes an experimental study on the behavior of piles under static vertical and lateral loading in sand. Pile load tests were conducted with model PVC piles installed in a sand-filled box. Piles were loaded with different vertical and lateral loads and deflections were measured. Results show that lateral deflection decreases with increasing pile length-to-diameter ratio and when a vertical load is applied. Load-deflection curves are presented and conclusions are that vertical loading reduces lateral deflection of the pile and increased L/D ratio also decreases lateral deflection. The study provides data on pile behavior under combined loading conditions in sand.
This document presents a study that aims to develop correlations between uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and point load index (I50) for single and double jointed rocks. Over 180 plaster samples were prepared with different joint conditions like orientation, roughness, and number of joints. Samples were tested for UCS and I50. Statistical analysis identified two groups of jointed rocks that showed different trends between UCS and I50. Multiple linear regression was used to develop new correlation equations for each group to predict UCS from I50 for jointed rocks. The proposed equations were compared to previous studies and may be applied to actual rocks like weathered limestone.
Improvement of bearing capacity of square footing on compacted pond ash with ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Pond ash is waste by product which is producing in huge quantity by thermal power plants. The disposal of pond ash is the major problem to the environment. The way for disposing pond ash would be as a structural fill for low lying areas and used as embankment material. In this paper laboratory investigations are carried out to improve the bearing capacity of pond ash reinforced with geo-grid by conducting load tests in a model tank. The parameters varied during the tests were number of reinforcement layers and overlapping of reinforcement. The improvement of ultimate bearing capacity is observed. The ultimate bearing capacity ratios were evaluated. Keywords: Pond ash, Geogrid, Square footing, u/B, h/B, b/B, Bearing capacity ratio
LABORATORY MODEL TESTS TO EFFECT OF DENSITY TO FILL MATERIAL ON THE PERFORMAN...IAEME Publication
The effective functioning of reinforced earth structures is very much dependent on the quality of materials and construction. Many times, due to poor quality of the materials used and poor quality control measures exercised, the density of the reinforced soil fill is not up to the design requirements, leading to underperformance or distress of the reinforced soil walls. Therefore, it becomes necessary to evaluate the level of underperformance vis-à-vis that of relative compaction. In view of this, in the present study, a series of laboratory experiments were carried out on a model soil wall of 300 mm high with vertical face, prepared at different density states of 95%, 80% and 70% of MDD of IS HCT. The wall was subjected to monotonic load applied through a model square footing of size (B) equal to 50 mm on the surface at an offset distance of 1(B). Similar tests were carried out on the soil wall reinforced with a Woven Geotextile in wrap around form; to study the effect of density on the performance of reinforced soil wall. The results indicated proportionality between relative compaction level and performance of soil wall without and with reinforcement.
The study investigated the pullout resistance of a suitable fill material reinforced with steel. Laboratory tests were conducted to classify the fill material as GW-GC. A parametric study evaluated the effects of reinforcement type, embedded length, diameter, and moisture content on pullout resistance. Ribbed bars and higher moisture content resulted in higher pullout resistance. Pullout resistance increased with embedded length and diameter. A regression model predicted pullout resistance based on diameter and length. Recommendations included quantifying bar roughness and expanding the study to additional variables and soil types.
Numerical study of behavior of square footing on geogrid reinforced flyash be...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Analytical Investigation on External Beam-Column Joint Using ANSYS By Varying...IJERA Editor
This document analyzes the effect of varying the diameter of longitudinal reinforcement in the beam on the strength, deformation, and ductility of exterior beam-column joints using finite element analysis software ANSYS. Six beam-column joint models were created with beam longitudinal reinforcement diameters of 8mm, 10mm, and 12mm. The results showed that as the diameter increased, the load carrying capacity and cracking load decreased. Ductility also decreased as the diameter increased, with ductility reducing by 12.8% from 8mm to 12mm reinforcement. Deflection at working load and ultimate deformation increased as the diameter increased. In conclusion, the diameter of beam longitudinal reinforcement plays a major role in the behavior and performance of beam-column joints.
This document describes a study that modifies the shape of conventional geogrids to increase their pull-out capacity when reinforcing soil. The researchers developed an "Isometric Cogged Biaxial Geogrid" (ICB-GGR) by adding cubic cogs to the ribs. Pull-out tests were conducted on prototypes of the ICB-GGR, a conventional biaxial geogrid, and a solid plate under different overburden pressures. The results showed that the pull-out resistance of the ICB-GGR was about 50% higher than the conventional geogrid, demonstrating that the modified shape enhanced the soil-geogrid interaction.
The document summarizes an experimental study on the behavior of piles under static vertical and lateral loading in sand. Pile load tests were conducted with model PVC piles installed in a sand-filled box. Piles were loaded with different vertical and lateral loads and deflections were measured. Results show that lateral deflection decreases with increasing pile length-to-diameter ratio and when a vertical load is applied. Load-deflection curves are presented and conclusions are that vertical loading reduces lateral deflection of the pile and increased L/D ratio also decreases lateral deflection. The study provides data on pile behavior under combined loading conditions in sand.
This document presents a study that aims to develop correlations between uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and point load index (I50) for single and double jointed rocks. Over 180 plaster samples were prepared with different joint conditions like orientation, roughness, and number of joints. Samples were tested for UCS and I50. Statistical analysis identified two groups of jointed rocks that showed different trends between UCS and I50. Multiple linear regression was used to develop new correlation equations for each group to predict UCS from I50 for jointed rocks. The proposed equations were compared to previous studies and may be applied to actual rocks like weathered limestone.
Improvement of bearing capacity of square footing on compacted pond ash with ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Pond ash is waste by product which is producing in huge quantity by thermal power plants. The disposal of pond ash is the major problem to the environment. The way for disposing pond ash would be as a structural fill for low lying areas and used as embankment material. In this paper laboratory investigations are carried out to improve the bearing capacity of pond ash reinforced with geo-grid by conducting load tests in a model tank. The parameters varied during the tests were number of reinforcement layers and overlapping of reinforcement. The improvement of ultimate bearing capacity is observed. The ultimate bearing capacity ratios were evaluated. Keywords: Pond ash, Geogrid, Square footing, u/B, h/B, b/B, Bearing capacity ratio
LABORATORY MODEL TESTS TO EFFECT OF DENSITY TO FILL MATERIAL ON THE PERFORMAN...IAEME Publication
The effective functioning of reinforced earth structures is very much dependent on the quality of materials and construction. Many times, due to poor quality of the materials used and poor quality control measures exercised, the density of the reinforced soil fill is not up to the design requirements, leading to underperformance or distress of the reinforced soil walls. Therefore, it becomes necessary to evaluate the level of underperformance vis-à-vis that of relative compaction. In view of this, in the present study, a series of laboratory experiments were carried out on a model soil wall of 300 mm high with vertical face, prepared at different density states of 95%, 80% and 70% of MDD of IS HCT. The wall was subjected to monotonic load applied through a model square footing of size (B) equal to 50 mm on the surface at an offset distance of 1(B). Similar tests were carried out on the soil wall reinforced with a Woven Geotextile in wrap around form; to study the effect of density on the performance of reinforced soil wall. The results indicated proportionality between relative compaction level and performance of soil wall without and with reinforcement.
The study investigated the pullout resistance of a suitable fill material reinforced with steel. Laboratory tests were conducted to classify the fill material as GW-GC. A parametric study evaluated the effects of reinforcement type, embedded length, diameter, and moisture content on pullout resistance. Ribbed bars and higher moisture content resulted in higher pullout resistance. Pullout resistance increased with embedded length and diameter. A regression model predicted pullout resistance based on diameter and length. Recommendations included quantifying bar roughness and expanding the study to additional variables and soil types.
Model studies on footing beam resting on geogrid reinforced soil bedAlexander Decker
This document describes a 2D finite element analysis of a square footing resting on a geogrid-reinforced soil bed consisting of an upper compacted soil layer and lower loose soil layer. The analysis models different geogrid materials and placement depths to optimize geogrid performance. It is found that geogrid reinforcement significantly reduces settlement, contact pressure, and elastic strain compared to an unreinforced system. Polypropylene geogrid provides the best reinforcement, with settlement reduced over 90% and contact pressure and strain reduced over 80%. Optimal geogrid placement is immediately below the footing, and increased thickness up to a ratio of 1 offers marginal additional benefits beyond a ratio of 0.5.
IRJET- Evaluation of Effect of Stiffness and Orientation of Reinforcement on ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the effect of reinforcement orientation on the shear strength of sand. A series of direct shear tests were conducted on clean sand with two types of reinforcement: rigid wire and flexible wire mesh strips, embedded in loose and medium dense sand. The reinforcement orientation was varied from 0 to 40 degrees from vertical. Previous studies found that maximum shear strength improvement occurs when the reinforcement is oriented in the direction of principal tensile strains in unreinforced soil. The objective of this study was to further evaluate how reinforcement orientation impacts the shear strength of sand using small-scale direct shear testing.
Seismic rehabilitation of beam column joint using gfrp sheets-2002Yara Mouna
The document summarizes a study that tested different rehabilitation techniques for improving the seismic performance of reinforced concrete beam-column joints. Three beam-column joints were tested: a control specimen and two specimens that were rehabilitated using glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets. The control specimen failed in a brittle shear and bond failure mode, while the rehabilitated specimens exhibited a more ductile flexural failure of the beam. The rehabilitation techniques strengthened the joint shear capacity and prevented bond-slip failures of the beam reinforcement in the joint. A simple design methodology for the GFRP rehabilitation is proposed.
IRJET - Evaluation of Effect of Stiffness and Orientation of Reinforcemen...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the effect of reinforcement orientation on the shear strength of sand. Small direct shear tests were conducted on sand with rigid wire and flexible wire mesh reinforcements embedded at various orientations. Previous studies found that the optimum orientation is parallel to the direction of principal tensile strains in unreinforced soil. Reinforcements function by limiting tensile strains, and shear strength increases as orientation approaches this direction up to 45 degrees from the shear plane. The maximum efficiency in increasing shear resistance occurs when the reinforcement orientation coincides with the direction of tensile strain in the soil.
This document analyzes the use of geotextile reinforcement in road embankments built on soft soil using the PLAXIS 2D finite element method. Three analyses were conducted: 1) stability without reinforcement, 2) determining optimal reinforcement length, and 3) stability with varying tensile strengths of geotextile reinforcement. The results showed that factor of safety increased with higher tensile strength up to an optimum value of 600 kN/m. Displacement along the base was also reduced but did not significantly impact the optimum strength determination. The study concluded the optimum tensile strength is influenced by achieving sufficient factor of safety for embankment stability.
Analytical study of abutment and pile behaviour of iab with soil interactioneSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study of Buckling Restrained Braces in Steel Frame BuildingIJERA Editor
Conventional braces have limited deformation ductility capacity, and exhibit unsymmetrical hysteretic cycles, with marked strength deterioration when loaded in compression. To overcome the above mentioned problems, a new type of brace was developed in Japan called as buckling restrained braces, designated as BRB’s. These braces are designed such that buckling is inhibited to occur, exhibiting adequate behavior and symmetrical hysteretic curves under the action of both tensile and compressive cycles, produced by the action of seismic and wind forces. This paper presents experimental results concerning the lateral load carrying capacity of steel frame model by use of buckling restrained brace. This paper also includes the comparative study of lateral load carrying capacity of frame model for bare frame, frame with Conventional brace and frame with buckling restrained brace.
The document summarizes research testing the effect of steel fiber volume fraction on the flexural strength of high-strength concrete beams. 25 beams were tested with steel fiber volumes from 0.5-4%. Testing showed flexural strength increased with higher fiber volumes. As fiber content increased, the failure mode transitioned from shear to flexure. Load-deflection curves showed higher maximum loads and deflections for beams with more fibers. In conclusion, adding steel fibers increases flexural strength of beams, especially at lower fiber volumes.
1) Laboratory model tests were conducted to study the behavior of prestressed geotextile-reinforced sand bed supporting a loaded square footing. Reinforcement depth, prestressing force, and prestress directions were varied to determine their effect on improving the load bearing capacity of the footing.
2) The addition of prestress to the geotextile reinforcement resulted in significant improvements to the settlement and load-bearing capacity of the foundation. For a surface footing, the maximum improvement in load bearing capacity and minimum settlement occurred with biaxial prestressing at a reinforcement depth of B/4 and a prestress equal to 3% of the geotextile's allowable tensile strength.
3) In
The document summarizes research on bioinspired designs of the feather shaft. Specifically:
- Researchers created simplified models of the feather shaft using foam cylinders to mimic the medulla surrounded by fiberglass strands to mimic the cortex.
- Four composite designs were tested with fiberglass oriented axially, at 45 degrees, in both axial and circumferential directions, and circumferentially.
- Four-point bending tests were conducted and results like flexural stiffness, strength and failure modes were analyzed.
- The axial and 45 degree fiberglass orientations had the most consistent results, while mixed and circumferential orientations were less consistent, suggesting fiber orientation impacts flexural properties.
Theoretical study for r.c. columns strengthened with gfrp with different main...Ahmed Ebid
DOI: 10.13140/2.1.3631.9041
It becomes a common practice to strength and repair reinforced concrete columns by wrapping them with GFRP sheets. The aim of this research is to develop a formula to describe the relation between the gain of strength of reinforced concrete square columns, their longitudinal reinforcement and number of warped layers of GFRP sheets. The research is based on simulating loading tests of a set of 12 reinforced concrete columns with different reinforcement ratios and different number of warped layers of GFRP sheets using ANSYS software. The outputs of the ANSYS models are verified using experimental tests results carried out by the author in earlier research. The results of the study are used to develop a proposed formula to correlate the axial capacity of the warped square RC column with its reinforcement ratio and the confining stress caused by the sheets. Values from both proposed formula design and formula of Egyptian Code of Practice (ECP) are compared with ANSYS outputs and experimental results. The final conclusion is that gained strength due to confining equals to (confining stress / Fcu)
Finite Element Analysis of honeycomb using AbaqusUdayan Ghosh
Prepared 3D CAD model of honeycomb in SolidWorks; studied structural behavior for static and dynamic loading
Performed mesh refinement, verification, validation and error analysis for the FEA
A study on the performance of circular footing embedded in geogrid reinforced...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Finite Element Modeling On Behaviour Of Reinforced Concrete Beam Column Joint...IJERA Editor
Recent earthquakes have demonstrated that most of the reinforced concrete structures were severely damaged during earthquakes and they need major repair works. Beam column joints, being the lateral and vertical load resisting members in reinforced concrete structures are particularly vulnerable to failures during earthquakes. The existing reinforced concrete beam column joints which are not designed as per code IS13920:1993 must be strengthened since they do not meet the ductility requirements. The Finite element method (FEM) has become a staple for predicting and simulating the physical behaviour of complex engineering systems. The commercial finite element analysis (FEA) programs have gained common acceptance among engineers in industry and researchers. The details of the finite element analysis of beam column joints retrofitted with carbon fibre reinforced polymer sheets (CFRP) carried out using the package ANSYS are presented in this paper. Three exterior reinforced concrete beam column joint specimens were modelled using ANSYS package. The first specimen is the control specimen. This had reinforcement as per code IS 456:2000. The second specimen which is also the control specimen. This had reinforcement as per code IS 13920:1993. The third specimen had reinforcement as per code IS 456:2000 and was retrofitted with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. During the analysis both the ends of column were hinged. Static load was applied at the free end of the cantilever beam up to a controlled load. The performance of the retrofitted beam column joint was compared with the control specimens and the results are presented in this paper.
Effect of width and layers of GFRP strips on deflection of Reinforced Concret...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Comparative study of experimental and analytical results of frp strengthened ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Numerical modeling on behaviour of reinforced concrete exterior beam column j...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
PERFORMANCE OF STRIP FOOTINGS ON SLOPE REINFORCED WITH INCLINED PILEIAEME Publication
The footing that placed on slope surface results in decreasing the bearing capacity of soil. The pile reinforcing the slope may affect the bearing capacity of footing and factor of safety of slope. The piles installed within the slope mechanically provide a resistance to slope system along the failure surface. The present work was focused on the analysis of strip footing behavior on slope with and without pile using a finite element software PLAXIS 2D. The various parameters considered for present work includes location of pile from slope crest, inclination of pile, effect of pile length and effect of width of load. The results indicated that stabilizing pile has a significant effect in improving the bearing capacity and factor of safety of slope. The bearing capacity of footing was found to be maximum when slope was reinforced by pile at crest. For smaller width of strip, the factor of safety of slope was maximum when pile is placed at crest while for larger width the pile location at 0.5 horizontal widths of slope gave maximum factor of safety.
Performance Study of Bi-Angle Shape Skirted Footing in Yellow Soil Subjected ...IDES Editor
In clayey soil region of Malwa (M.P.), normally footing
rest on yellow soil strata having low bearing capacity.
Environmental changes have great impact on the behavior
and strength parameter of the yellow soil. skirted footing in
which vertical walls surrounds sides of the soil mass beneath
the footing, is one of the recognized bearing capacity
improvement technique. Construction of vertical skirts at the
base of the footing, confining the underlying soil, generates a
soil resistance on skirt sides that helps the footing to resist
sliding. Biangle shaped skirt in which vertical walls surrounds
two adjacent sides of the footing is a special case of skirted
footing. A model study has been performed to investigate the
behavior of Bi-angle shape skirted footing resting on yellow
soil and subjected to two way eccentric load. The study helps
in evaluating performance of skirted footing. The differential
settlement of extreme corners of the footing is affected
considerably due to presence of skirts. Skirts have been found
to be helpful in reducing differential settlement due to
eccentric loading.
Experimental and Analytical Study on Uplift Capacity -Formatted Paper.pdfSamirsinh Parmar
Horizontal Plate Anchor,
Cohesion less soil,
Uplift anchor,
The uplift capacity of the anchor,
Breakout factor,
ground anchors,
Experimental analysis,
Analytical Verification,
Embedment Ratio
The document summarizes a series of centrifuge model tests conducted to study the failure behavior and mechanisms of slopes reinforced with soil nail walls under different loading conditions. The tests observed and measured the deformation and failure processes of the reinforced slopes. Results showed that soil nailing significantly increased slope stability and restricted tension cracks. Longer nails improved stability of deeper slip surfaces. Reinforced slopes exhibited coupled slope slippage failure and cement layer fracture. Loading induced deformation localization within slopes that ultimately developed into slip surfaces. Nailing significantly delayed localization and reinforced slopes by restricting deformation. Nail failure involved pull-out and bending. Loading conditions significantly affected slope deformation, nail deflection, and influenced failure behavior and sequence.
Model studies on footing beam resting on geogrid reinforced soil bedAlexander Decker
This document describes a 2D finite element analysis of a square footing resting on a geogrid-reinforced soil bed consisting of an upper compacted soil layer and lower loose soil layer. The analysis models different geogrid materials and placement depths to optimize geogrid performance. It is found that geogrid reinforcement significantly reduces settlement, contact pressure, and elastic strain compared to an unreinforced system. Polypropylene geogrid provides the best reinforcement, with settlement reduced over 90% and contact pressure and strain reduced over 80%. Optimal geogrid placement is immediately below the footing, and increased thickness up to a ratio of 1 offers marginal additional benefits beyond a ratio of 0.5.
IRJET- Evaluation of Effect of Stiffness and Orientation of Reinforcement on ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the effect of reinforcement orientation on the shear strength of sand. A series of direct shear tests were conducted on clean sand with two types of reinforcement: rigid wire and flexible wire mesh strips, embedded in loose and medium dense sand. The reinforcement orientation was varied from 0 to 40 degrees from vertical. Previous studies found that maximum shear strength improvement occurs when the reinforcement is oriented in the direction of principal tensile strains in unreinforced soil. The objective of this study was to further evaluate how reinforcement orientation impacts the shear strength of sand using small-scale direct shear testing.
Seismic rehabilitation of beam column joint using gfrp sheets-2002Yara Mouna
The document summarizes a study that tested different rehabilitation techniques for improving the seismic performance of reinforced concrete beam-column joints. Three beam-column joints were tested: a control specimen and two specimens that were rehabilitated using glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets. The control specimen failed in a brittle shear and bond failure mode, while the rehabilitated specimens exhibited a more ductile flexural failure of the beam. The rehabilitation techniques strengthened the joint shear capacity and prevented bond-slip failures of the beam reinforcement in the joint. A simple design methodology for the GFRP rehabilitation is proposed.
IRJET - Evaluation of Effect of Stiffness and Orientation of Reinforcemen...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the effect of reinforcement orientation on the shear strength of sand. Small direct shear tests were conducted on sand with rigid wire and flexible wire mesh reinforcements embedded at various orientations. Previous studies found that the optimum orientation is parallel to the direction of principal tensile strains in unreinforced soil. Reinforcements function by limiting tensile strains, and shear strength increases as orientation approaches this direction up to 45 degrees from the shear plane. The maximum efficiency in increasing shear resistance occurs when the reinforcement orientation coincides with the direction of tensile strain in the soil.
This document analyzes the use of geotextile reinforcement in road embankments built on soft soil using the PLAXIS 2D finite element method. Three analyses were conducted: 1) stability without reinforcement, 2) determining optimal reinforcement length, and 3) stability with varying tensile strengths of geotextile reinforcement. The results showed that factor of safety increased with higher tensile strength up to an optimum value of 600 kN/m. Displacement along the base was also reduced but did not significantly impact the optimum strength determination. The study concluded the optimum tensile strength is influenced by achieving sufficient factor of safety for embankment stability.
Analytical study of abutment and pile behaviour of iab with soil interactioneSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study of Buckling Restrained Braces in Steel Frame BuildingIJERA Editor
Conventional braces have limited deformation ductility capacity, and exhibit unsymmetrical hysteretic cycles, with marked strength deterioration when loaded in compression. To overcome the above mentioned problems, a new type of brace was developed in Japan called as buckling restrained braces, designated as BRB’s. These braces are designed such that buckling is inhibited to occur, exhibiting adequate behavior and symmetrical hysteretic curves under the action of both tensile and compressive cycles, produced by the action of seismic and wind forces. This paper presents experimental results concerning the lateral load carrying capacity of steel frame model by use of buckling restrained brace. This paper also includes the comparative study of lateral load carrying capacity of frame model for bare frame, frame with Conventional brace and frame with buckling restrained brace.
The document summarizes research testing the effect of steel fiber volume fraction on the flexural strength of high-strength concrete beams. 25 beams were tested with steel fiber volumes from 0.5-4%. Testing showed flexural strength increased with higher fiber volumes. As fiber content increased, the failure mode transitioned from shear to flexure. Load-deflection curves showed higher maximum loads and deflections for beams with more fibers. In conclusion, adding steel fibers increases flexural strength of beams, especially at lower fiber volumes.
1) Laboratory model tests were conducted to study the behavior of prestressed geotextile-reinforced sand bed supporting a loaded square footing. Reinforcement depth, prestressing force, and prestress directions were varied to determine their effect on improving the load bearing capacity of the footing.
2) The addition of prestress to the geotextile reinforcement resulted in significant improvements to the settlement and load-bearing capacity of the foundation. For a surface footing, the maximum improvement in load bearing capacity and minimum settlement occurred with biaxial prestressing at a reinforcement depth of B/4 and a prestress equal to 3% of the geotextile's allowable tensile strength.
3) In
The document summarizes research on bioinspired designs of the feather shaft. Specifically:
- Researchers created simplified models of the feather shaft using foam cylinders to mimic the medulla surrounded by fiberglass strands to mimic the cortex.
- Four composite designs were tested with fiberglass oriented axially, at 45 degrees, in both axial and circumferential directions, and circumferentially.
- Four-point bending tests were conducted and results like flexural stiffness, strength and failure modes were analyzed.
- The axial and 45 degree fiberglass orientations had the most consistent results, while mixed and circumferential orientations were less consistent, suggesting fiber orientation impacts flexural properties.
Theoretical study for r.c. columns strengthened with gfrp with different main...Ahmed Ebid
DOI: 10.13140/2.1.3631.9041
It becomes a common practice to strength and repair reinforced concrete columns by wrapping them with GFRP sheets. The aim of this research is to develop a formula to describe the relation between the gain of strength of reinforced concrete square columns, their longitudinal reinforcement and number of warped layers of GFRP sheets. The research is based on simulating loading tests of a set of 12 reinforced concrete columns with different reinforcement ratios and different number of warped layers of GFRP sheets using ANSYS software. The outputs of the ANSYS models are verified using experimental tests results carried out by the author in earlier research. The results of the study are used to develop a proposed formula to correlate the axial capacity of the warped square RC column with its reinforcement ratio and the confining stress caused by the sheets. Values from both proposed formula design and formula of Egyptian Code of Practice (ECP) are compared with ANSYS outputs and experimental results. The final conclusion is that gained strength due to confining equals to (confining stress / Fcu)
Finite Element Analysis of honeycomb using AbaqusUdayan Ghosh
Prepared 3D CAD model of honeycomb in SolidWorks; studied structural behavior for static and dynamic loading
Performed mesh refinement, verification, validation and error analysis for the FEA
A study on the performance of circular footing embedded in geogrid reinforced...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Finite Element Modeling On Behaviour Of Reinforced Concrete Beam Column Joint...IJERA Editor
Recent earthquakes have demonstrated that most of the reinforced concrete structures were severely damaged during earthquakes and they need major repair works. Beam column joints, being the lateral and vertical load resisting members in reinforced concrete structures are particularly vulnerable to failures during earthquakes. The existing reinforced concrete beam column joints which are not designed as per code IS13920:1993 must be strengthened since they do not meet the ductility requirements. The Finite element method (FEM) has become a staple for predicting and simulating the physical behaviour of complex engineering systems. The commercial finite element analysis (FEA) programs have gained common acceptance among engineers in industry and researchers. The details of the finite element analysis of beam column joints retrofitted with carbon fibre reinforced polymer sheets (CFRP) carried out using the package ANSYS are presented in this paper. Three exterior reinforced concrete beam column joint specimens were modelled using ANSYS package. The first specimen is the control specimen. This had reinforcement as per code IS 456:2000. The second specimen which is also the control specimen. This had reinforcement as per code IS 13920:1993. The third specimen had reinforcement as per code IS 456:2000 and was retrofitted with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. During the analysis both the ends of column were hinged. Static load was applied at the free end of the cantilever beam up to a controlled load. The performance of the retrofitted beam column joint was compared with the control specimens and the results are presented in this paper.
Effect of width and layers of GFRP strips on deflection of Reinforced Concret...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Comparative study of experimental and analytical results of frp strengthened ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Numerical modeling on behaviour of reinforced concrete exterior beam column j...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
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The footing that placed on slope surface results in decreasing the bearing capacity of soil. The pile reinforcing the slope may affect the bearing capacity of footing and factor of safety of slope. The piles installed within the slope mechanically provide a resistance to slope system along the failure surface. The present work was focused on the analysis of strip footing behavior on slope with and without pile using a finite element software PLAXIS 2D. The various parameters considered for present work includes location of pile from slope crest, inclination of pile, effect of pile length and effect of width of load. The results indicated that stabilizing pile has a significant effect in improving the bearing capacity and factor of safety of slope. The bearing capacity of footing was found to be maximum when slope was reinforced by pile at crest. For smaller width of strip, the factor of safety of slope was maximum when pile is placed at crest while for larger width the pile location at 0.5 horizontal widths of slope gave maximum factor of safety.
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In clayey soil region of Malwa (M.P.), normally footing
rest on yellow soil strata having low bearing capacity.
Environmental changes have great impact on the behavior
and strength parameter of the yellow soil. skirted footing in
which vertical walls surrounds sides of the soil mass beneath
the footing, is one of the recognized bearing capacity
improvement technique. Construction of vertical skirts at the
base of the footing, confining the underlying soil, generates a
soil resistance on skirt sides that helps the footing to resist
sliding. Biangle shaped skirt in which vertical walls surrounds
two adjacent sides of the footing is a special case of skirted
footing. A model study has been performed to investigate the
behavior of Bi-angle shape skirted footing resting on yellow
soil and subjected to two way eccentric load. The study helps
in evaluating performance of skirted footing. The differential
settlement of extreme corners of the footing is affected
considerably due to presence of skirts. Skirts have been found
to be helpful in reducing differential settlement due to
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Experimental and Analytical Study on Uplift Capacity -Formatted Paper.pdfSamirsinh Parmar
Horizontal Plate Anchor,
Cohesion less soil,
Uplift anchor,
The uplift capacity of the anchor,
Breakout factor,
ground anchors,
Experimental analysis,
Analytical Verification,
Embedment Ratio
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Indonesia as an archipelago country has a very long coastline about 90.000 kms. Specifically for shore and offshore, there are many buildings utilizing structures including floating deck, mooring dolphin, offshore platforms etc. Those requires a solution to maintain the stability of the structures due to the vertical movement of tides and horizontal movement of currents, wind and waves. To maintain the stability due to buoyant force, structure of anchors are needed. Various types of the anchor have been widely used such as drag, helical, anchor plate circular shape and square. This study aims to do the development of new modifications of a plate anchor type star with 4 leaves with an area of a fixed and diameter equivalent different on any variations. Ultimate pullout capacity was obtained by using numerical geomechanics analysis within finite difference method. A perfectly plastic soil model was used with a tresca yield criterion. Results are presented including break-out factors based on various anchor shapes and embedment depth. Our findings are also compared with previous numerical and empirical solutions.
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Beams with shear span to depth ratio (a/d) less than or equal to 2 are considered as deep beams. They have wide
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bars are small inclined bars, whose both ends are bent horizontally and welded to both top and bottom flexural
reinforcement. Swimmer bars forming a plane crack interceptor system is effective in carrying shear. Also, a
reinforcement caging provided at the centre of a simply supported beam is supposed to enhance its flexural
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caging and swimmer bars is done. Various parameters like ultimate load, deflection and failure modes of
different reinforcement patterns are studied.
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IRJET - Experimental Investigation on Behaviour of Footings Subjected to Hori...IRJET Journal
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- The tests found that lateral deformation decreases with increasing depth of footing and vertical load, as these factors increase confinement of the soil around the footing.
- Inclination or tilt of the footing under combined loading was also found to decrease with increased depth.
- The addition of micropiles was found to improve the lateral load-deformation behavior by decreasing lateral displacement.
NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS UNDER PUNCHIN...IAEME Publication
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This document analyzes the use of geotextile reinforcement in road embankments built on soft soil using the PLAXIS 2D finite element method. Three analyses were conducted: 1) stability without reinforcement, 2) determining optimal reinforcement length, and 3) stability with varying tensile strengths of geotextile reinforcement. The results showed that factor of safety increased with higher tensile strength up to an optimum value of 600 kN/m. Displacement along the base was not significantly affected by higher tensile strengths. Therefore, the optimal tensile strength is influenced primarily by achieving a sufficient factor of safety.
Effective Use of Shelves in Cantilever Retaining WallsIRJET Journal
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2. The analysis finds that a single shelf located at 7/12 of the stem height is most effective for reducing lateral earth pressure and increasing stability.
3. For double shelf walls, shelves located at 4/12 and 7/12 of the stem height provide the greatest benefits in terms of reduced material needs and increased stability compared to walls without shelves.
1. The study investigated using geo-grid as a strengthening material for one-way reinforced concrete slabs. Six slabs strengthened with different types of geo-grids and one control slab were tested.
2. Experimental results found that geo-grid strengthening increased slab flexural strength by 11-20% and reduced deflections. Geo-grids with higher tensile strength provided greater energy dissipation.
3. Finite element modeling in ANSYS correlated well with experimental results for load-deflection behavior and ultimate loads. The study demonstrated geo-grid is an effective alternative to conventional strengthening techniques for reinforced concrete slabs.
This document discusses a study on the effect of liquid additives on the strength and behavior of reinforced concrete model beams. Six model beams were tested with different proportions of high-range water reducing admixtures by weight of cement ranging from 0% to 2%. Compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, shear modulus, modulus of volume change, Poisson's ratio, deflection, and cracking were measured and calculated at 28 days. The best results were achieved using an admixture ratio of 1.6%, which improved compressive strength and modulus of elasticity but had no effect on cracking behavior. Control cube specimens were also tested to determine compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. The experimental results are presented in tables.
This document discusses a study on the influence of interference between symmetrical footings on the bearing capacity of soil. The study involved plate load tests on square, circular and rectangular footings placed with varying spacing (15 cm and 20 cm) on sand. The results showed that:
1) The ultimate bearing capacity of footings increased as the spacing between them decreased, with capacities up to 20% higher than isolated footings.
2) The efficiency factor, which represents the ratio of bearing capacity of interfering footings to isolated footings, ranged from 0.7 to 1.2 and decreased with increased spacing.
3) Settlement of footings generally remained the same or increased compared to isolated footings, and increased
The document describes a study on the seismic response of plane frames considering soil-structure interaction (SSI). Plane frames with varying numbers of stories (9m to 33m) and bay lengths (2m to 10m) were modeled in STAAD Pro software. The frames were analyzed under fixed base conditions and flexible base conditions where SSI was incorporated using Winkler soil springs. Results showed that accounting for SSI led to changes in seismic responses like bending moments, axial forces, and lateral displacements compared to fixed base conditions. The influence of SSI increased with softer soil and was more pronounced for frames with greater heights and bay lengths.
The document summarizes an experimental study that investigated using external prestressing technique (EPT) to strengthen reinforced concrete box beams under pure torsion. Ten box beams were tested, with and without transverse openings. Beams were strengthened using longitudinal or vertical EPT tendons. Results showed that EPT strengthening increased cracking torque and torsional capacity by up to 58%. Vertical EPT strengthening was more effective than longitudinal strengthening. While openings decreased capacity, EPT strengthening at openings increased capacity compared to beams without openings. The study provides information on failure modes, stresses, and presents a method to predict torsional capacity.
The document summarizes an experiment that tested 24 bamboo reinforced concrete beam specimens to investigate the effect of adding bamboo pegs along the bamboo reinforcements. The beams varied in concrete strength (23 MPa and 31 MPa), peg spacing (6 cm and 12 cm), and reinforcement ratio (0.8% and 1.6%). Beams with pegs showed higher strength capacity than control beams without pegs. While there were small differences between 6 cm and 12 cm peg spacing, all specimens with pegs performed better than those without, demonstrating that adding pegs increased the bonding strength between the bamboo reinforcement and concrete.
Effect of Pile Length on the Settlement and Straining Actions for the pile Ra...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on the effect of pile length on settlement and straining actions for pile raft foundations. Finite element analysis was used to model pile raft foundations with pile lengths of 28D, 32D, 36D, and 40D. The analysis found that as pile length increased from 28D to 40D:
1) The bending moment in the raft decreased by 29% under static and dynamic loads
2) The shear force in the raft decreased by 0.5% under static and dynamic loads
3) The settlement of the piled raft decreased by 40% under static and dynamic loads.
Behaviour of Retaining Wall in Black CottonIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the behavior of a 4m high cantilever retaining wall in black cotton soil through numerical modeling and analysis using PLAXIS software.
2) Four cases are analyzed: a baseline retaining wall design, a wall with the stem moved back 0.5m from the toe, a wall with 1m of fill in front of the toe, and a wall with 1m of fill and supported by end bearing piles.
3) The results show that moving the stem back and adding fill in front of the toe reduces shear forces and bending moments on the wall, but can increase vertical displacement into the soil. Supporting the wall with piles significantly reduces horizontal and vertical displacements of over
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
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The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
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TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
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Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
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Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
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Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
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While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
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1. As’ad Munawir, Sri Murni Dewi, Agoes Soehardjono, MD, Yulvi Zaika / International Journal
of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.150-154
150 | P a g e
Safety Factor on Slope Modeling with Composite Bamboo Pile
Reinforcement
As’ad Munawir*, Sri Murni Dewi**, Agoes Soehardjono, MD***, Yulvi
Zaika****
*(Civil Engineering, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia)
**(Civil Engineering, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia)
***(Civil Engineering, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia)
****(Civil Engineering, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia)
ABSTRAC
Landslide phenomenon especially on
slopes always become interesting issues to be
discussed. Last few years, composite bamboo pile
is one of the innovative slope reinforcement
methods to increase slope stability. Slope
modeling with composite bamboo reinforcement
was using an experiment box with 1,50 m as
length; 1,0 m as width and 1,0 m as height. It
used sand soil with fine gradation and composite
bamboo pile with various diameters and space
between piles. The load has modeled as a strip
footing with continuous increases load by load
cell until the limit load reached. The problem
that occurred in laboratory has analysed with
Finite Element Method. It changed 3D slope
modeling to be 2D modeling. Composite bamboo
pile has choosen as a new utilization innovation
of bamboo to be pile reinforced and a positive
value to optimize bamboo local material to be a
steel reinforced replacement material. The result
of experiment shown that utilizing of pile
reinforcement on slope has increased slope
stability. It shown with significally increase of
safety factor, bearing capacity improvement and
maximum limit load that able to reached on slope.
Keyword - Bearing capacity improvement,
Composite bamboo pile, Finite element method,
Slope reinforcement, Slope stability
1. INTRODUTION
When a shallow footing placed on slope
surface, not only bearing capacity of footing but also
slope stability will be significally decreased, depend
on location of the footing to slope inclination. For
solve that problem, it is used a reinforced system
with install the composite bamboo pile. The method
to install pile at the top of slope has a function as a
resistant element and at once to resist all lateral
forces that work. It work with reduced that lateral
forces by transfer of the force to composite
bamboo pile reinforcement that installed on some
distance at slope.
Some researches has been done to
researched the slope stability with pile reinforcement
(De Beer and Wallays, 1970; Ito and Matsui, 1975;
Ito et al, 1981; Viggiani, 1981; Ito et al, 1982;
Poulos, 1995; Lee et al, 1995; Hong da Han, 1996;
Chen et al, 1997; Hassiotis et al, 1997; Ausilio et al,
2001; Hull and Poulos, 1999; Cai and Ugai, 2000;
Won et al, 2005; Eng Chew Ang, 2005; Lee and
Wang , 2006; Wei and Cheng , 2009). One of the
most important things on evaluating slope stability
with pile reinforcement is limit soil pressure which
mobilized on pile-soil interface. There are two
system analysis on slope stability with pile
reinforcement, which are pile stability and slope
stability
2. SLOPE STABILITY WITH PILE
REINFORCEMENT
2.1 Bearing Capacity Improvement Analysis
(BCI)
Bearing capacity improvement factor is
factor that explain the differences of limit load
before and after pile reinforcement. The increasing
of BCI values shows the increasing of slope stability
as seen on greater limit load. BCI values can be
wrote as equation 1:
BCIu=
𝑞 𝑢 (𝑅)
𝑞 𝑢
(1)
Where :
qu(R) = ultimit bearing capacity with reinforcement
qu = ultimit bearing capacity without
reinforcement
2.2 Slope Stability Analysis
The result from earlier research showed global
safety factor for slope stability with pile
reinforcement estimated from limit equilibrium or
finite element method. Duncan (1990) explained,
slope stability with pile reinforcement can adopted
from same method for slope stability without
reinforcement. Ito et al (1979) suggested, slope
stability with pile reinforcement analysis to resist
shear moment. Safety factor of slope stability with
reinforcement can be wrote as equation 2:
FSlereng=
𝑀 𝑟
𝑀 𝑑
=
𝑀 𝑟𝑠 +𝑀 𝑟𝑝
𝑀 𝑑
(2)
Where :
Mr = resistance momen
Md = driving momen
Mrs = resistance momen along critical circle
2. As’ad Munawir, Sri Murni Dewi, Agoes Soehardjono, MD, Yulvi Zaika / International Journal
of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.150-154
151 | P a g e
𝑴 𝒓𝒑 = additional resistance pile reinforcement
momen
2.3 Safety Factor Analysis Using Finite Element
Method
This research used PLAXIS 8.2 as a finite
element method program to analize safety factor on
slope with non-reinforcement and safety factor on
slope with pile reinforcement. PLAXIS 8.2 is used
2D modeling which very different with laboratory
modeling that was a 3D modeling. To find the effect
for diameter and space between piles, it cannot enter
the material value directly into initial input. The
quantities of diameter and space between piles must
be changed into EI and EA form. Furthermore, they
have to be transformed into equivalent EI form. The
previous research has been done the plane strain
analysis with equivalenting pile that used in the
modeling to sheet pile which has same stiffness to
average stifness from row of piles and soil, as shown
on Fig. 1. Thereby, it can be analyze using the
transformation value between piles and soil to EI
equivalen form.
Figure 1. EI and EA transformation value between
piles and soil
PLAXIS modeling in this case, used Mohr-
Coloumb method model. Mohr-Coloumb model is
very popular as initial approximation to understand
about general soil behaviour. Parameters on this
model are; Modulus Young (E), Poison ratio (v),
cohession (c), friction angle of soil (φ) and dilatation
angle ( ψ ). Table 1 shows the parameters that used
on this model.
Table 1. Soil Parameters for PLAXIS
Parameter Unit
Value
Dr
74%
Dr
88%
E soil kN/m2
311 2427
v 0,3 0,3
C kN/m2
0,5 0,5
ϕ ° 34,40 38,68
𝜓 ° 3,2 7,5
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Box Model and Footing
Prime element that used is box, made of
fiber glass with length : 1,50 m; width : 1,0 m and
height : 1,0 m. Base of box using sheet steel with
thickness 1,2 cm. The box made to be rigid enough
for maintain strain plane condition. Fiberglass used
on box to make observation more easier in
laboratory. The experimental box presented in Fig. 2.
Figure 2. Experimental box
Reinforcement system consist of hydraulic
jack that manually operated with 10 tons capacity
and load cell that has been calibrated as a load gauge
which occured in proving ring reading. A continuous
footing with length 100 cm, width 10 cm and height
10 cm located on slope surface that directly linked
with hydraulic jack. Upper end from hydraulic jack
linked to a rection beam that restraint on steel
primary framework. Load increment process used
stress control that connected with two dial gauges for
measuring footing settlement.
3.2 Sand Soil Test
Sand soil that used in this research is sand soil
with fine gradation. Specific gravity of sand soil’s
particles determined with standart procedure based
on ASTM standart. Mechanical parameters can be
determined using direct shear test with sample that
took directly from slope experimental model at
desirable density. For determine grain size
distribution, it is using sieve analysis. The result of
grain size analysis can be shown on Fig. 3. Physical
and mechanical parameters presented in Table 2.
Figure 3. Grain size analysis
3. As’ad Munawir, Sri Murni Dewi, Agoes Soehardjono, MD, Yulvi Zaika / International Journal
of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.150-154
152 | P a g e
Table 2.Sand Soil Characteristics
Explanation
Value
UnitDr
74%
Dr
88%
Specific Gravity Gs 2,69 -
Dry volume
gravity
γd 13,2 16,1
kN/
m3
Cohesion
c 0,4 0,5
kN/
m2
Friction angle Ф 34,4 38,68 o
3.3 Procedure and Experimental Program
Sand soil model compacted every layer
with height 10 cm using standart proctor until
reached the desirable density. After that, it shaped to
a slope with desirable inclination angle (50o
).
Composite bamboo pile reinforcement installed in
specific position. Variables that used are; diameter of
composite bamboo pile which symbolized with D
and space between piles that symbolized with D1.
Space between center of piles (D1) and pile
parameters presented in Fig. 4.
(a)
(b)
Figure 4.(a) Space between piles (D1), (b) Pile
section.
This research used composite bamboo piles with 4
bamboo sticks as reinforced that installed in
composite piles on circle line as shown in Fig. 5.
Figure 5. Bamboo reinforced position in composite
pile reinforcement
Variation of diameter (D) that used are; 1,27 cm;
1,905 cm; 2,54 cm and 3,175 cm. For space between
piles (D1), it divided into 4 variations; 7,5 cm; 10
cm; 12,5 cm and 15 cm. Whereas for pile location, it
used Lx/L ratio with Lx is a distance from sub-slope
to pile location and L is a slope horizontal length.
Pile reinforcement variations that used in this
research can be shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Variables in Slope Model Test
No
Constant
parameters
Independent variable Exp.
1
Non
reinforcement
b = 0,5 B
Dr = 74%; 88%
-
2 H/B = 4
D/B=0,127;0,1905;254;
0,3175
row
Lx/L = 0,452
D1/B= 0,75; 1; 1,25; 1,5
Dr=74%; 88%
This experiment produced load and settlement data.
From those data, safety factor and BCI value can be
proceed as final results.
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Effect of Pile Diameter to Safety Factor on
Slope with Pile Reinforcement
To find effect of pile diameter to safety
factor on slope with pile reinforcement, the
experiments must be done using pile reinforcement
with 4 variation of diameters, there are; 1,27 cm;
1,905 cm; 2,54 cm and 3,175 cm that located on
middle of slope (Lx/L = 0,452) with length of pile 40
cm. Result of experiment shows that greater pile
diameter brings greater BCI and SF as shown on Fig.
6,7 and 8.
4. As’ad Munawir, Sri Murni Dewi, Agoes Soehardjono, MD, Yulvi Zaika / International Journal
of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.150-154
153 | P a g e
Figure 6. Relation between BCI and ratio pile
spacing – foundation width with different pile
diameter
Figure 7. Relation between SF and ratio pile spacing
– foundation width with different pile diameter on
second condition
Figure 8. Relation between SF and ratio pile spacing
– foundation width with different pile diameter on
fourth condition
4.2Effect of Space Between Piles to Safety Factor
on Slope with Pile Reinforcement
To find effect of space between piles to
safety factor on slope with pile reinforcement, the
experiments must be done using pile reinforcement
with 4 variation of spaces, there are; 7,5 cm; 10 cm;
12,5 cm and 15 cm that located on middle of slope
(Lx/L = 0,452) with length of pile 40 cm. Result of
experiment shows that fewer space between piles
brings greater BCI and SF as shown on Figure 9,10
and 11.
Figure 9. Relation between BCI and ratio pile
diameter – foundation width with different space
between pile
Figure 10. Relation between SF and ratio pile
diameter – foundation width with different space
between pile on second condition
Figure 11. Relation between SF and ratio pile
diameter – foundation width with different space
between pile on fourth condition
1.4375
1.25
1.1875
1.125
1.5
1.375
1.3125
1.25
1.875
1.625
1.375
1.3125
2
1.75
1.5625
1.375
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
BCI
D1 / B
0,1270
0,1905
0,2540
0,3175
Keterangan
D / B :
1.435
1.44
1.445
1.45
1.455
1.46
1.465
1.47
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
SafetyFactor(SF)
D1 / B
0,127
0,1905
0,254
0,3175
Keterangan
D/B:
0.72
0.725
0.73
0.735
0.74
0.745
0.75
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
SafetyFactor(SF)
D1 / B
0,127
0,1905
0,254
0,3175
Keterangan
D/B:
1.4375
1.5
1.875
2
1.25
1.375
1.625
1.75
1.1875
1.3125
1.375
1.5625
1.125
1.25
1.3125
1.375
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
BCI
D / B
0,75
1,00
1,25
1,50
Keterangan
D1 / B :
1.435
1.44
1.445
1.45
1.455
1.46
1.465
1.47
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
SafetyFactor(SF)
D / B
0,75
1
1,25
1,5
Keterangan
D1/B:
0.72
0.725
0.73
0.735
0.74
0.745
0.75
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
SafetyFactor(SF)
D / B
0,75
1
1,25
1,5
Keterangan
D1/B:
5. As’ad Munawir, Sri Murni Dewi, Agoes Soehardjono, MD, Yulvi Zaika / International Journal
of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.150-154
154 | P a g e
5. CONCLUSION
1. Slope reinforcement with pile reinforcement has
a significant effect to increase safety factor of
slope stability
2. On various pile diameter, SF and BCI reached
the maximum point on 2,54 cm as pile diameter.
3. On various space between piles, SF and BCI
reached the maximum point on 7,5 cm as space
between piles.
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