The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
A Novel Approach for Detecting the IRIS CryptsIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- The iris is a stable biometric trait that has been widely used for human recognition in various applications. However, deployment of iris recognition in forensic applications has not been reported. A primary reason is the lack of human friendly techniques for iris comparison. To further promote the use of iris recognition in forensics, the similarity between irises should be made visualizable and interpretable. Recently, a human-in-the-loop iris recognition system was developed, based on detecting and matching iris crypts. Building on this framework, we propose a new approach for detecting and matching iris crypts automatically. Our detection method is able to capture iris crypts of various sizes. Our matching scheme is designed to handle potential topological changes in the detection of the same crypt in different images. Our approach outperforms the known visible-feature-based iris recognition method on three different data sets. After iris Crypts detection, Iris images were taken before and after the treatment of eye disease and the output shows the mathematical difference obtained from treatment. Gabor filter is used to extract the features. This iris recognition was effectively withstood with most ophthalmic disease like corneal oedema, iridotomies and conjunctivitis. This proposed iris recognition should be used to solve the potential problems that could cause in key biometric technology and medical diagnosis
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
A fast specular reflection removal based on pixels properties methodjournalBEEI
Iris recognition has been around for many years due to an extensive research on the uniqueness of human iris. It is well known that the iris is not similar to each other which means every human in the planet has their own iris pattern and cannot be shared. One of the main issues in iris recognition is iris segmentation. One element that can reduce the accuracy of iris segmentation is the presence of specular reflection. Another issue is the speed of specular reflection removal since the iris recognition system needs to process a lot of irises. In this paper, a specular reflection removal method was proposed to achieve a fast and accurate specular reflection removal. Some modifications were implemented on the existing pixels properties method. Based on the results, the proposed method achieved the fastest execution time, the highest segmentation accuracy and the highest SSIM compared to the other methods. This proves that the proposed method is fast and accurate to be implemented in the iris recognition systems.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
A Novel Approach for Detecting the IRIS CryptsIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- The iris is a stable biometric trait that has been widely used for human recognition in various applications. However, deployment of iris recognition in forensic applications has not been reported. A primary reason is the lack of human friendly techniques for iris comparison. To further promote the use of iris recognition in forensics, the similarity between irises should be made visualizable and interpretable. Recently, a human-in-the-loop iris recognition system was developed, based on detecting and matching iris crypts. Building on this framework, we propose a new approach for detecting and matching iris crypts automatically. Our detection method is able to capture iris crypts of various sizes. Our matching scheme is designed to handle potential topological changes in the detection of the same crypt in different images. Our approach outperforms the known visible-feature-based iris recognition method on three different data sets. After iris Crypts detection, Iris images were taken before and after the treatment of eye disease and the output shows the mathematical difference obtained from treatment. Gabor filter is used to extract the features. This iris recognition was effectively withstood with most ophthalmic disease like corneal oedema, iridotomies and conjunctivitis. This proposed iris recognition should be used to solve the potential problems that could cause in key biometric technology and medical diagnosis
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
A fast specular reflection removal based on pixels properties methodjournalBEEI
Iris recognition has been around for many years due to an extensive research on the uniqueness of human iris. It is well known that the iris is not similar to each other which means every human in the planet has their own iris pattern and cannot be shared. One of the main issues in iris recognition is iris segmentation. One element that can reduce the accuracy of iris segmentation is the presence of specular reflection. Another issue is the speed of specular reflection removal since the iris recognition system needs to process a lot of irises. In this paper, a specular reflection removal method was proposed to achieve a fast and accurate specular reflection removal. Some modifications were implemented on the existing pixels properties method. Based on the results, the proposed method achieved the fastest execution time, the highest segmentation accuracy and the highest SSIM compared to the other methods. This proves that the proposed method is fast and accurate to be implemented in the iris recognition systems.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
IRIS BIOMETRIC RECOGNITION SYSTEM EMPLOYING CANNY OPERATORcsitconf
Biometrics has become important in security applications. In comparison with many other
biometric features, iris recognition has very high recognition accuracy because it depends on
iris which is located in a place that still stable throughout human life and the probability to find
two identical iris's is close to zero. The identification system consists of several stages including
segmentation stage which is the most serious and critical one. The current segmentation
methods still have limitation in localizing the iris due to circular shape consideration of the
pupil. In this research, Daugman method is done to investigate the segmentation techniques.
Eyelid detection is another step that has been included in this study as a part of segmentation
stage to localize the iris accurately and remove unwanted area that might be included. The
obtained iris region is encoded using haar wavelets to construct the iris code, which contains
the most discriminating feature in the iris pattern. Hamming distance is used for comparison of
iris templates in the recognition stage. The dataset which is used for the study is UBIRIS
database. A comparative study of different edge detector operator is performed. It is observed
that canny operator is best suited to extract most of the edges to generate the iris code for
comparison. Recognition rate of 89% and rejection rate of 95% is achieved.
IRIS BIOMETRIC RECOGNITION SYSTEM EMPLOYING CANNY OPERATORcscpconf
Biometrics has become important in security applications. In comparison with many other biometric features, iris recognition has very high recognition accuracy because it depends on
iris which is located in a place that still stable throughout human life and the probability to find two identical iris's is close to zero. The identification system consists of several stages including
segmentation stage which is the most serious and critical one. The current segmentation methods still have limitation in localizing the iris due to circular shape consideration of the
pupil. In this research, Daugman method is done to investigate the segmentation techniques. Eyelid detection is another step that has been included in this study as a part of segmentation
stage to localize the iris accurately and remove unwanted area that might be included. The obtained iris region is encoded using haar wavelets to construct the iris code, which contains
the most discriminating feature in the iris pattern. Hamming distance is used for comparison of iris templates in the recognition stage. The dataset which is used for the study is UBIRIS database. A comparative study of different edge detector operator is performed. It is observed that canny operator is best suited to extract most of the edges to generate the iris code for comparison. Recognition rate of 89% and rejection rate of 95% is achieved.
3D Facial Imagining /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Eye tracking system has played a significant role in many of today’s applications ranging from military
applications to automotive industries and healthcare sectors. In this paper, a novel system for eye tracking and
estimation of its direction of movement is performed. The proposed system is implemented in real time using an
arduino uno microcontroller and a zigbee wireless device. Experimental results show a successful eye tracking and
movement estimation in real time scenario using the proposed hardware interface.
Biometrics Iris Scanning: A Literature ReviewOlivia Moran
The interest in Biometrics from both governments and industry has lead to the emergence of multiple Biometric technologies all with their own strengths and flaws. One currently at the forefront of Biometrics is iris scanning.
The process involved in the identification and verification of people using iris scanning is examined in this paper. The advantages and disadvantages associated with the utilisation of such a technology are also explored. A number of legal and ethical issues are highlighted. Iris scanning is looked at in comparison to other forms of Biometric technologies. Future work in the area of Biometrics is also considered in light of current developments.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
IRIS BIOMETRIC RECOGNITION SYSTEM EMPLOYING CANNY OPERATORcsitconf
Biometrics has become important in security applications. In comparison with many other
biometric features, iris recognition has very high recognition accuracy because it depends on
iris which is located in a place that still stable throughout human life and the probability to find
two identical iris's is close to zero. The identification system consists of several stages including
segmentation stage which is the most serious and critical one. The current segmentation
methods still have limitation in localizing the iris due to circular shape consideration of the
pupil. In this research, Daugman method is done to investigate the segmentation techniques.
Eyelid detection is another step that has been included in this study as a part of segmentation
stage to localize the iris accurately and remove unwanted area that might be included. The
obtained iris region is encoded using haar wavelets to construct the iris code, which contains
the most discriminating feature in the iris pattern. Hamming distance is used for comparison of
iris templates in the recognition stage. The dataset which is used for the study is UBIRIS
database. A comparative study of different edge detector operator is performed. It is observed
that canny operator is best suited to extract most of the edges to generate the iris code for
comparison. Recognition rate of 89% and rejection rate of 95% is achieved.
IRIS BIOMETRIC RECOGNITION SYSTEM EMPLOYING CANNY OPERATORcscpconf
Biometrics has become important in security applications. In comparison with many other biometric features, iris recognition has very high recognition accuracy because it depends on
iris which is located in a place that still stable throughout human life and the probability to find two identical iris's is close to zero. The identification system consists of several stages including
segmentation stage which is the most serious and critical one. The current segmentation methods still have limitation in localizing the iris due to circular shape consideration of the
pupil. In this research, Daugman method is done to investigate the segmentation techniques. Eyelid detection is another step that has been included in this study as a part of segmentation
stage to localize the iris accurately and remove unwanted area that might be included. The obtained iris region is encoded using haar wavelets to construct the iris code, which contains
the most discriminating feature in the iris pattern. Hamming distance is used for comparison of iris templates in the recognition stage. The dataset which is used for the study is UBIRIS database. A comparative study of different edge detector operator is performed. It is observed that canny operator is best suited to extract most of the edges to generate the iris code for comparison. Recognition rate of 89% and rejection rate of 95% is achieved.
3D Facial Imagining /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Eye tracking system has played a significant role in many of today’s applications ranging from military
applications to automotive industries and healthcare sectors. In this paper, a novel system for eye tracking and
estimation of its direction of movement is performed. The proposed system is implemented in real time using an
arduino uno microcontroller and a zigbee wireless device. Experimental results show a successful eye tracking and
movement estimation in real time scenario using the proposed hardware interface.
Biometrics Iris Scanning: A Literature ReviewOlivia Moran
The interest in Biometrics from both governments and industry has lead to the emergence of multiple Biometric technologies all with their own strengths and flaws. One currently at the forefront of Biometrics is iris scanning.
The process involved in the identification and verification of people using iris scanning is examined in this paper. The advantages and disadvantages associated with the utilisation of such a technology are also explored. A number of legal and ethical issues are highlighted. Iris scanning is looked at in comparison to other forms of Biometric technologies. Future work in the area of Biometrics is also considered in light of current developments.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
EFFECTIVENESS OF FEATURE DETECTION OPERATORS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF IRIS BIOME...IJNSA Journal
Iris Recognition is a highly efficient biometric identification system with great possibilities for future in the
security systems area.Its robustness and unobtrusiveness, as opposed tomost of the currently deployed
systems, make it a good candidate to replace most of thesecurity systems around. By making use of the
distinctiveness of iris patterns, iris recognition systems obtain a unique mapping for each person.
Identification of this person is possible by applying appropriate matching algorithm.In this paper,
Daugman’s Rubber Sheet model is employed for irisnormalization and unwrapping, descriptive statistical
analysis of different feature detection operators is performed, features extracted is encoded using Haar
wavelets and for classification hammingdistance as a matching algorithm is used. The system was tested on
the UBIRIS database. The edge detection algorithm, Canny, is found to be the best one to extract most of
the iris texture. The success rate of feature detection using canny is 81%, False Accept Rate is 9% and
False Reject Rate is 10%.
EFFECTIVENESS OF FEATURE DETECTION OPERATORS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF IRIS BIOME...IJNSA Journal
Iris Recognition is a highly efficient biometric identification system with great possibilities for future in the security systems area.Its robustness and unobtrusiveness, as opposed tomost of the currently deployed systems, make it a good candidate to replace most of thesecurity systems around. By making use of the distinctiveness of iris patterns, iris recognition systems obtain a unique mapping for each person. Identification of this person is possible by applying appropriate matching algorithm.In this paper, Daugman’s Rubber Sheet model is employed for irisnormalization and unwrapping, descriptive statistical analysis of different feature detection operators is performed, features extracted is encoded using Haar wavelets and for classification hammingdistance as a matching algorithm is used. The system was tested on the UBIRIS database. The edge detection algorithm, Canny, is found to be the best one to extract most of the iris texture. The success rate of feature detection using canny is 81%, False Accept Rate is 9% and False Reject Rate is 10%.
A robust iris recognition method on adverse conditionsijcseit
As a stable biometric system, iris has recently attracted great attention among the researchers. However,
research is still needed to provide appropriate solutions to ensure the resistance of the system against error
factors. The present study has tried to apply a mask to the image so that the unexpected factors affecting
the location of the iris can be removed. So, pupil localization will be faster and robust. Then to locate the
exact location of the iris, a simple stage of boundary displacement due to the Canny edge detector has been
applied. Then, with searching left and right IRIS edge point, outer radios of IRIS will be detect. Through
the process of extracting the iris features, it has been sought to obtain the distinctive iris texture features by
using a discrete stationary wavelets transform 2-D (DSWT2). Using DSWT2 tool and symlet 4 wavelet,
distinctive features are extracted. To reduce the computational cost, the features obtained from the
application of the wavelet have been investigated and a feature selection procedure, using similarity
criteria, has been implemented. Finally, the iris matching has been performed using a semi-correlation
criterion. The accuracy of the proposed method for localization on CASIA-v1, CASIA-v3 is 99.73%,
98.24% and 97.04%, respectively. The accuracy of the feature extraction proposed method for CASIA3 iris
images database is 97.82%, which confirms the efficiency of the proposed method.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Techno...ijcseit
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJCSEIT) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology. The Journal looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the Computer Science and Information Technology in theoretical and practical aspects. The aim of the Journal is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
A Survey : Iris Based Recognition SystemsEditor IJMTER
The security is one of the important aspect of today's life. Iris recognization is one of the leading
research of security which is used to identify the individual person. Usually iris based biometric is more better
than other biometric in terms of accuracy, fast, stability, uniqueness. The iris recognition system works by
capturing and storing biometric information and then compare scanned copy of iris biometric with the stored iris
images in the database. There are several Iris Based Recognition Systems are developed so far. In this paper we
presented several iris techniques and create a base for our future roadmap.
IRDO: Iris Recognition by fusion of DTCWT and OLBPIJERA Editor
Iris Biometric is a physiological trait of human beings. In this paper, we propose Iris an Recognition using
Fusion of Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DTCWT) and Over Lapping Local Binary Pattern (OLBP)
Features. An eye is preprocessed to extract the iris part and obtain the Region of Interest (ROI) area from an iris.
The complex wavelet features are extracted for region from the Iris DTCWT. OLBP is further applied on ROI to
generate features of magnitude coefficients. The resultant features are generated by fusing DTCWT and OLBP
using arithmetic addition. The Euclidean Distance (ED) is used to compare test iris with database iris features to
identify a person. It is observed that the values of Total Success Rate (TSR) and Equal Error Rate (EER) are
better in the case of proposed IRDO compared to the state-of-the art techniques.
Enhance iris segmentation method for person recognition based on image proces...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The limitation of traditional iris recognition systems to process iris images captured in unconstraint environments is a breakthrough. Automatic iris recognition has to face unpredictable variations of iris images in real-world applications. For example, the most challenging problems are related to the severe noise effects that are inherent to these unconstrained iris recognition systems, varying illumination, obstruction of the upper or lower eyelids, the eyelash overlap with the iris region, specular highlights on pupils which come from a spot of light during captured the image, and decentralization of iris image which caused by the person’s gaze. Iris segmentation is one of the most important processes in iris recognition. Due to the different types of noise in the eye image, the segmentation result may be erroneous. To solve this problem, this paper develops an efficient iris segmentation algorithm using image processing techniques. Firstly, the outer boundary segmentation of the iris problem is solved. Then the pupil boundary is detected. Testes are done on the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Automation (CASIA) database. Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm is efficient and effective in terms of iris segmentation and reduction of time processing. The accuracy results for both datasets (CASIA-V1 and V4) are 100% and 99.16 respectively.
Iris recognition for personal identification using lamstar neural networkijcsit
One of the promising biometric recognition method is Iris recognition. This is because the iris texture provides many features such as freckles, coronas, stripes, furrows, crypts, etc. Those features are unique for different people and distinguishable. Such unique features in the anatomical structure of the iris make it
possible the differentiation among individuals. So during last year’s huge number of people have been
trying to improve its performance. In this article first different common steps for the Iris recognition system
is explained. Then a special type of neural network is used for recognition part. Experimental results show high accuracy can be obtained especially when the primary steps are done well.
Iris recognition is a method of biometric identification.
Biometric identification provides automatic recognition of an
individual based on the unique feature of physiological
characteristics or behavioral characteristic. Iris recognition is a
method of recognizing a person by analyzing the iris pattern.
This survey paper covers the different iris recognition techniques
and methods.
Biometric Iris Recognition Based on Hybrid Technique ijsc
Iris Recognition is one of the important biometric recognition systems that identify people based on their eyes and iris. In this paper the iris recognition algorithm is implemented via histogram equalization and wavelet techniques. In this paper the iris recognition approach is implemented via many steps, these steps are concentrated on image capturing, enhancement and identification. Different types of edge detection mechanisms; Canny scheme, Prewitt scheme, Roberts scheme and Sobel scheme are used to detect iris boundaries in the eyes digital image. The implemented system gives adequate results via different types of iris images.
Biometric Iris Recognition Based on Hybrid Techniqueijsc
Iris Recognition is one of the important biometric recognition systems that identify people based on their eyes and iris. In this paper the iris recognition algorithm is implemented via histogram equalization and wavelet techniques. In this paper the iris recognition approach is implemented via many steps, these steps are concentrated on image capturing, enhancement and identification. Different types of edge detection mechanisms; Canny scheme, Prewitt scheme, Roberts scheme and Sobel scheme are used to detect iris boundaries in the eyes digital image. The implemented system gives adequate results via different types of iris images.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
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1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 3 || Issue || 6 || Pages || 01-06 || 2014 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 1
An Analysis on Iris Segmentation Method for Non Ideal Iris
Images like off-axis angle and distance acquired
1,
Ibrahim Khaleelulla Khan , 2,
M.J Yogesh
1,
M.Tech Student Department of Computer Science, NIE Mysore
2,
Assistant Professor Department of Computer Science, NIE Mysore
Member, IEEE
-----------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT---------------------------------------------------
ABSTRACT: Iris segmentation is initial and crucial operation performed in iris recognition. The precise iris
segmentation is essential for the success of the iris recognition, and therefore the high performance for iris
recognition system. Most iris segmentation approaches proposed in the existing literature require iris images
taken in ideal conditions, which prevents their effective real-time applications and makes the system highly
sensitive to noise. This paper presents a fast and efficient iris segmentation methodology for iris images taken
in non-ideal conditions especially for off-axis iris images and distantly acquired images. First we describe the
procedure for segmenting off axis iris images next for distantly acquired images. Three major procedures
involved in the proposed iris segmentation approach, namely iris/pupil detection, boundary localization, and
Unwrapping, were carefully designed in order to avoid redundant and unnecessary image processing, and most
importantly, to protect the integrity of iris quality information. The iris images are taken from CASIA V4
database. As a consequence, the iris recognition system that incorporates the proposed iris segmentation
algorithm is capable of offering recognition performances comparable with those reported by other state-of-the-
art methods.
KEYWORDS: Iris segmentation, Off-axis, Non-ideal, distance, CASIA 4
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Date of Submission: 03 June 2014 Date of Publication: 20 June 2014
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I. INTRODUCTION
Human identification based on iris is becoming a famous tool rapidly as compared to other biometric
recognition techniques due to its unique epigenetic pattern remains stable [1]. The fast growth in the field of
image processing makes it very affordable and automated for digitized iris images. Evenly, the characterization
and classification spatial iris patterns help to recognize the individual comfortably. The cornea and the eyelid
act as a shield for the iris and protect it from adverse environmental effects. These in all inherent properties
makes iris recognition as the most suitably security solution [2]. The very first automated iris recognition
concept was given by Flom and Safir [3] in the year 1987 based on the fact that varying the illumination to
force pupil to a predetermined size to overcome with the problem of contraction and expansion of pupil. But
the imaging conditions they addressed were not that practical. Then the most widely used methodology was
developed by Daugman [4], has used multi-scale quadrature wavelets to extract texture phase features of the
iris to generate iris templates and compared the difference between a pair of those by computing their
Hamming distance (HD). Another popular iris recognition system developed in the same year was Wildes'
system [5] which also provides high accuracy. Wildes et al. have represented the iris pattern with a Laplacian
pyramid constructed with four different resolution levels and has used the normalized correlation to determine
whether the input image and the test image are from the same class. Later, Boles and Boashash [6] have used
1-D wavelet transform for calculating zero-crossing representation at various resolution levels of a virtual
circle on an iris image to characterize the texture of the iris. The current iris recognition techniques basically
comprise four main stages: segmentation, normalization, feature extraction and matching.The distance image
is an advantage in the identification of a human being over single eye images taken purposefully for iris
recognition based security systems. Distance iris recognition facilitates quicker and easily adoptable
recognition method. The advantages of employing recognition on the basis of two eyes are: (1) If the
recognition fails with one eye, then the recognition with the other eye can provide correct result. (2) The
2. An Analysis On Iris Segmentation Method…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 2
recognition of a single person is done twice which provides the system an automatic verification for its output.
(3) It is especially advantageous in case when a single eye of a person becomes defective. The major problem
that is encountered while recognizing the iris images at distance is feature extraction. The features are not
extracted properly that may reflect to poor recognition. An Iris On The Move System [6] is described which
enables to capture iris images of sufficient quality for iris recognition while the subject is moving at a normal
walking pace through minimally confining portal. Similar attempts for iris recognition of distance image are
depicted in [8, 9]. In [8], the user can be identified from 10 metres if the head of the user stays fixed. In [9], a
multi biometric system is presented, designed to identify users at a distance of 6 metres. It is very well known
fact that the right and left irises of an individual are different and unique. It has been calculated that the
chance of finding two randomly formed identical irises is on an almost astronomical order of 1 in 1078. The
difference between the left and the right irises of the same person may be similar to the difference between the
irises captured from different persons. Both the irises have similar genetic relationship but textual details for
both the left and right iris are uncorrelated and independent. For example, an Afghan girl Sharbat Gula was
first photographed in 1984 and then in 2002. Iris codes were computed and matched for both the photographs
and it was observed that HD for left eye was 0.24 and for right eye was 0.31. It confirms that by the aging
effect too, the resemblance between both irises remains same and unique. In view to further strengthening of
the human identification, the new methodology is proposed in this manuscript for distance images and off axis
angle iris images.
II. EXISTING SYSTEM
Iris recognition has some advantages over other biometric modalities. For example, most iris patterns
are reported to remain unchanged over a life time, and they cannot be easily forged or modified. In addition,
every person has his/her own unique iris pattern with high degrees of freedom. Therefore, many biometric
researchers have used iris recognition for high confidence identification and this has led to extensive studies in
developing iris recognition techniques in unconstrained environments, where the probability of acquiring non-
ideal iris images is very high due to off-angles, noise, blurring and occlusion by eyelashes, eyelids, glasses, and
hair. Fig. 1 shows some examples of non-ideal iris images [1] but most of the previous research on iris
segmentation has focused on accurate detection with iris images which are captured in closely controlled
conditions. Thus, applying these methods to non-ideal iris images often yields incorrect segmentation results,
which deteriorates the recognition accuracy.
Figure 1: Non- ideal iris images.
The modern world has increasing demand for identification of human beings in widespread areas.
The biometrics can provide a natural and convenient means for individual identification by examining the
physical or behavioral traits of human beings(Jain, 2007). Among various biometrics identification
technologies, iris recognition has been of particular research interest because of the characteristics of
uniqueness, stability and non-invasiveness of iris(Daugman, 1993).In the past years, great advances have been
made in constrained environments where the users are closely cooperative. The state of the art iris recognition
techniques are reviewed by Bowyer et al. (2008). Recent research interest in the field has focused on
recognition in less constrained imaging conditions. In such circumstances the iris images captured may be
degraded due to off-axis imaging, image blurring, illumination variations, occlusion, specular highlights and
noise(Proenc¸a et al., 2010).Robust iris recognition in such degraded images pose a grand challenge. Daugman
(2007) reported some advances including accurate iris boundaries localization with active contour and image
registration through Fourier-based trigonometry, among others. Proenca and Alexandre (2007) investigated a
classification method which combines multiple signatures for noncooperative iris recognition.(Sun and
Tan,2009) presented a general framework for iris feature representation based on ordinal measure.
III. PROPOSED SYSTEM
The proposed model described below introduces iris segmentation for two different cases of iris in
non-ideal conditions. First, we give iris segmentation for Off-axis iris images. Second, for iris images acquired
in distance. As per our convenient the maximum distance considered here is dual Segmentation Technique
3. An Analysis On Iris Segmentation Method…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 3
where the iris patterns of both left and right eye are used for better recognition performance, since both the
eyes carries distinguishable features which signifies its uniqueness. The most distinctive feature of this model
which makes it different from the existing model is that recognition doesn’t rely purely on one eye. Therefore,
if a person’s one eye fails to match, there is another opportunity through which person can be recognized. An
individual is recognized even if any of the two eyes matches. Since, recognition is performed for both the eyes,
the verification becomes undisputable. Both the eyes undergoes with the basic steps of an IRS(Iris Recognition
System) which is implemented using John Daugman’s and Libor masek’s iris recognition method [10] and
extends the study of eyes pattern for distance images. Matching is performed against the optimized HD value
computed. Optimized HD value is decided on the basis of various parameters that monitors recognition rate.
Figure 2: Proposed Architecture
An Iris Segmentation System for distant images and for off axis angle images comprises mainly five
stages- (1) Pre-Processing (2) Detect Eye Center (3) Segment Pupil(4) Segment Iris (5) Unwrap iris. The
processing for both left and right eye in case of distant images is similar which undergoes through stages 2 to5.
These stages are discussed in detail below:
3.1 Preprocessing
It is initial stage in iris segmentation which can lead to iris recognition. In this stage, an input eye
image of an individual is taken. As we concentrating on two subjects that is off-axis angle and distant iris
images. The Off axis iris images are those whose pupil is turned to some angle from axis. For our convenient
we are considering the off axis angle as less than 30 degrees. For second subject that is distant iris, the image
should provide an explicit view of left and right eye. The primary motive is to extract the left and right eye
from the input image. This can be performed through automatic cropping based on the manual distances
calculated from localized pupil. Figure 3 shows input (a) Off axis (b) distance image obtained from CASIA IV
database. Figure 4 shows the separated right and left eye from the input image for distant iris image.
Figure 3: (a) Off axis angle (b) Iris at distance
Figure 4: Cropped Left and Right eye from sample images
4. An Analysis On Iris Segmentation Method…
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3.2 Detect Eye Center
The next step is to detect the eye center. To detect Eye Center we apply Active Contour model .The
basic idea of active contour models relies on detecting salient objects by evolving a curve or a surface subject to
image based constraints. Let 2 Rd be the image domain and I : ! R be a given image function. In [9], Mumford
and Shah proposed an energy functional to be minimized by a suitable contour C in for image segmentation.
𝐸 (1)
(2)
where Г (C) is a regularization function for the contour C andλ is a non-negative constant weight. Minimizing
the above energy function E results in an optimal contour that segments the image into a piecewise smooth
image I that approximates the original image I0. In [6] Chan and Vese proposed an active contour model for
segmenting images containing objects that have poor boundaries by proposing to minimize the following
piecewise constant approximation to the Mumford and Shah energy function, where in and out represents the
region inside and outside the contour C and λ1 and λ2 are two scalar constants that approximate the image
intensities inside and outside the contour respectively. The first two terms seek to separate an image into two
regions of constant image intensities. This minimization problem is converted into a level-set evolution
equation by using a level set formulation. Due to its lack of explicit dependence on gradient or edge
information, this model is very well suited to detect objects whose boundaries are not necessarily defined by
gradients or with very smooth boundaries. We aim to leverage this property of the Chan-Vese technique to
segment blurred out and low-contrast iris images.
Figure 5: Detected eye center.
3.3 Segmentation of pupil/Iris
The segmentation stage detects the pupillary and limbus boundaries to isolate the iris region from an
input eye image. It also identifies regions where the eyelids and eyelashes interrupt the limbus boundary’s
contour. It is implemented using circular Hough Transform. Hough transform for limbus boundary was
performed first then for pupillary boundary to reduce the search area.
Step 1: Apply Canny edge detection to the input image resulting in an edge map.
Step 2: Vertical gradient is taken for iris/sclera boundary.
Step 3: Compute horizontal as well as vertical gradient for iris/pupil boundary.
Step 4: Choose in the Hough space using the resultant edge map, the radius and centre coordinates of the circle
which is the corresponding to the maximum point in the Hough space. Circle parameters define the circle as
follows:
xc + yc - r2
= 0 (5)
Steps taken For Eyelid Isolation:
1. A line is fitted to the upper and lower eye lid using linear Hough transform.
2. The second horizontal line is drawn in such a way that intersects the first line at the iris edges which is
closest to the pupil. For eyelashes isolation, thresholding technique was adopted from the perception that the
eye lashes are the darkest region of an eye. Different thresholding values were chosen for left and right eye.
Figure 6: Segmented Left and Right eye from sample images
5. An Analysis On Iris Segmentation Method…
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IV. UNWRAPPING
Once the iris region is segmented, the next stage is to Unwrap, to enable generation of the iris code
and their comparisons. Since there is always variations in the eye, like change in optical size of the iris,
position of pupil in the iris, and the iris orientation change to individual person, it is required to normalize the
iris image, so that the representation is common to all, with related dimensions. Normalization process
involves unwrapping the iris and converting it into its polar equivalent. It is done using Daugman’s Rubber
sheet model [10]. The center of the pupil is considered as the reference point and a remapping formula is used
to convert the points on the Cartesian scale to the polar scale. The Normalization algorithm remaps each point
within the iris region to a pair of polar coordinates (r, θ) where r is on the interval [0,1] and θ is angle [0,2π].
Figure 7: Normalization process
The radial resolution was set to 100 and the angular resolution to 2400 pixels. For every pixel in the iris, an
equivalent position is found out on polar axes. The normalized image was then interpolated into the size of the
original image, by using the interp2 function. The parts in the normalized image which yield a NaN, are
divided by the sum to get a normalized value.
Figure 8: Unwrapping the iris
V. CONCLUSION
Recognition of humans from their iris patterns under very harsh imaging conditions is a challenging
task. Accurate iris segmentation is the main bottleneck to improved iris recognition under these conditions. In
this paper we proposed a region based active contour segmentation algorithm which is more suited to segment
iris regions under difficult imaging scenarios. A new iris segmentation method for non-ideal iris images has
been proposed, especially for off-axis iris images and distantly acquired images. A unified method is proposed
for step by step to recognition of iris images taken in for non-ideal environment. We introduce a robust
algorithm for localizing the outer iris boundary, This solves the non-circular boundary localization problem
induced by the off-axis imaging or pose variation. Iris images taken from a distance of 6 meters are recognized
which can be implemented in real time applications where objects are far from the camera.
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6. An Analysis On Iris Segmentation Method…
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