The construction material mainly reinforced concrete is being used extensively for various types of
construction projects. However, the deterioration of Reinforced Concrete structures is recognized as a
major problem worldwide. Apart from requiring regular maintenance, many structures require extensive
Repair, Rehabilitation &Retrofitting. Over a period of time, as these structures become older, we find in
them certain degradation or deterioration with resultant distress manifested in the form of cracking,
splitting, delaminating, corrosion etc. Such deteriorated structures can be rehabilitated and retrofitted by
using various types of admixtures & modern repair materials. The paper brings out the present state of
concrete structures & the major areas where improvement is needed during its service life stage for
sustainable development & also the method of carrying out Repair, Rehabilitation &Retrofitting.This has
been brought in details in the paper along with Case studies, where the Author of the paper was directly
involved in planning and execution of the jobs.
REHABILITATION/RETROFITING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES ALONG WITH CASE STUDYcivej
The construction material mainly concrete is being used extensively for various types of construction
projects. However, the deterioration of Reinforced Concrete structures is recognized as a major problem
worldwide. Apart from requiring regular maintenance, many structures require extensive
Repair/Rehabilitation/Retrofitting. Over a period of time, as these structures become older, we find in them
certain degradation or deterioration with resultant distress manifested in the form of cracking, splitting,
delaminating, corrosion etc. Such deteriorated structures can be rehabilitated and retrofitted by using
various types of admixtures & modern repair materials. The paper brings out the present state of concrete
structures & the major areas where improvement is needed during its service life stage for sustainable
development & also the method of carrying out Repair/Rehabilitation/Retrofitting.This has been brought in
details in the paper along with Case study, where the Author of the paper was directly involved in planning
and execution of job.
The document discusses the upcoming revisions to the LEED green building certification system in 2009. It provides an overview of the USGBC's mission to promote environmentally responsible building and outlines some of the key areas that will be revised, including sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, and materials. It also notes that the new approach will better consider regional environmental conditions and distribute credit points more uniformly.
The document discusses how Building Information Modeling (BIM) using Autodesk Revit software supports sustainable design. It describes how BIM facilitates complex analyses like energy performance, daylighting, and material quantities that were previously too laborious or expensive. BIM provides continuous feedback on design alternatives early in the process. By integrating design data into a centralized model, BIM helps optimize designs, visualize sustainable features, perform daylighting and energy analyses, track LEED documentation, and reduce waste. Case studies show how architectural firms are using BIM to study design options, communicate low-light designs, and quantify daylighting performance.
This document discusses sustainable procurement in construction (SPC) in emerging economies, including its definition, benefits, drivers, and challenges. SPC aims to minimize environmental and social impacts across a project's lifecycle by considering economic, environmental and social factors. It can reduce waste, energy and water usage, lower costs, and improve health, productivity and brand reputation. Challenges include lack of awareness, measurement issues, high upfront costs, and conflicts between priorities. Recommendations include policies, incentives, transparency, collaboration, innovation and addressing social justice issues. Examples of sustainable construction projects in various emerging economy contexts are also provided.
IRJET- Evaluation and Comparison of Energy Savings & Water Savings in Gre...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that compares the life cycle costs of a green building versus a conventional building. It finds that while the upfront construction costs of green buildings are 2-12% higher, the operational and maintenance costs over the building's lifetime are lower - 35-41% lower for operations, 26-30% lower for maintenance, and savings of 6-18% for end-of-life costs. The study analyzes the energy and water savings from green building features like rainwater harvesting. Its goal is to evaluate whether green buildings provide overall cost savings when accounting for the full life cycle versus just initial construction costs.
This document outlines a seminar on sustainable housing and green building. The learning objectives are to summarize how real estate agents can assist consumers with green building resources and options, differentiate between sustainable and green building concepts, identify tipping points that have led to greater green awareness, and explain the value of life cycle analysis for green materials. Key topics covered include the role of real estate agents in green building, sustainable building concepts, quantifiable rating systems, and new responsibilities related to green building standards and tax incentives.
This document summarizes a product called H-HUTS that aims to provide sustainable disaster recovery housing. H-HUTS uses cardboard and origami-inspired modular construction to quickly provide temporary shelters after disasters. The cardboard shelters are designed to be upgraded into permanent homes over time using low-cost materials like shotcrete or concrete. The modular design allows for flexibility and community participation in construction. Testing has shown the shelters can withstand wind loads and provide adequate insulation. The goal of H-HUTS is to not just provide initial shelter but help disaster-affected communities regain permanency in housing and recover in the long-term.
This document discusses green buildings and sustainability. It defines green building as optimizing efficiency in using energy, water and other resources throughout a building's lifecycle. The key principles discussed include sustainable site design, water and energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, material efficiency. Green buildings provide benefits like reduced costs, improved health and productivity. Rating systems like LEED and IGBC are also summarized.
REHABILITATION/RETROFITING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES ALONG WITH CASE STUDYcivej
The construction material mainly concrete is being used extensively for various types of construction
projects. However, the deterioration of Reinforced Concrete structures is recognized as a major problem
worldwide. Apart from requiring regular maintenance, many structures require extensive
Repair/Rehabilitation/Retrofitting. Over a period of time, as these structures become older, we find in them
certain degradation or deterioration with resultant distress manifested in the form of cracking, splitting,
delaminating, corrosion etc. Such deteriorated structures can be rehabilitated and retrofitted by using
various types of admixtures & modern repair materials. The paper brings out the present state of concrete
structures & the major areas where improvement is needed during its service life stage for sustainable
development & also the method of carrying out Repair/Rehabilitation/Retrofitting.This has been brought in
details in the paper along with Case study, where the Author of the paper was directly involved in planning
and execution of job.
The document discusses the upcoming revisions to the LEED green building certification system in 2009. It provides an overview of the USGBC's mission to promote environmentally responsible building and outlines some of the key areas that will be revised, including sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, and materials. It also notes that the new approach will better consider regional environmental conditions and distribute credit points more uniformly.
The document discusses how Building Information Modeling (BIM) using Autodesk Revit software supports sustainable design. It describes how BIM facilitates complex analyses like energy performance, daylighting, and material quantities that were previously too laborious or expensive. BIM provides continuous feedback on design alternatives early in the process. By integrating design data into a centralized model, BIM helps optimize designs, visualize sustainable features, perform daylighting and energy analyses, track LEED documentation, and reduce waste. Case studies show how architectural firms are using BIM to study design options, communicate low-light designs, and quantify daylighting performance.
This document discusses sustainable procurement in construction (SPC) in emerging economies, including its definition, benefits, drivers, and challenges. SPC aims to minimize environmental and social impacts across a project's lifecycle by considering economic, environmental and social factors. It can reduce waste, energy and water usage, lower costs, and improve health, productivity and brand reputation. Challenges include lack of awareness, measurement issues, high upfront costs, and conflicts between priorities. Recommendations include policies, incentives, transparency, collaboration, innovation and addressing social justice issues. Examples of sustainable construction projects in various emerging economy contexts are also provided.
IRJET- Evaluation and Comparison of Energy Savings & Water Savings in Gre...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that compares the life cycle costs of a green building versus a conventional building. It finds that while the upfront construction costs of green buildings are 2-12% higher, the operational and maintenance costs over the building's lifetime are lower - 35-41% lower for operations, 26-30% lower for maintenance, and savings of 6-18% for end-of-life costs. The study analyzes the energy and water savings from green building features like rainwater harvesting. Its goal is to evaluate whether green buildings provide overall cost savings when accounting for the full life cycle versus just initial construction costs.
This document outlines a seminar on sustainable housing and green building. The learning objectives are to summarize how real estate agents can assist consumers with green building resources and options, differentiate between sustainable and green building concepts, identify tipping points that have led to greater green awareness, and explain the value of life cycle analysis for green materials. Key topics covered include the role of real estate agents in green building, sustainable building concepts, quantifiable rating systems, and new responsibilities related to green building standards and tax incentives.
This document summarizes a product called H-HUTS that aims to provide sustainable disaster recovery housing. H-HUTS uses cardboard and origami-inspired modular construction to quickly provide temporary shelters after disasters. The cardboard shelters are designed to be upgraded into permanent homes over time using low-cost materials like shotcrete or concrete. The modular design allows for flexibility and community participation in construction. Testing has shown the shelters can withstand wind loads and provide adequate insulation. The goal of H-HUTS is to not just provide initial shelter but help disaster-affected communities regain permanency in housing and recover in the long-term.
This document discusses green buildings and sustainability. It defines green building as optimizing efficiency in using energy, water and other resources throughout a building's lifecycle. The key principles discussed include sustainable site design, water and energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, material efficiency. Green buildings provide benefits like reduced costs, improved health and productivity. Rating systems like LEED and IGBC are also summarized.
Amit Kumar presented on green buildings under the guidance of Dr. K.V. Vijayendra. The presentation discussed the objectives, literature review, methodology, working principles, materials used in green buildings, examples of green building projects in India, features of the Infinity Benchmark building, benefits and advantages/disadvantages of green buildings. Key findings included that green buildings can reduce energy usage by 30-50%, CO2 emissions by 35%, waste output by 70%, and water usage by 40% compared to conventional buildings.
what green building technologies do green building consultants and designers need? Here is my top 5 list of needs...... (presented at cleantuesday Hong Kong)
Sustainability involves meeting current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. Sustainable architecture uses design strategies that minimize buildings' negative environmental impacts through efficient and moderate use of materials, energy, space, and natural ecosystems. As populations increase, high energy and natural resource consumption deplete resources and harm biodiversity. Sustainable development aims to reduce non-renewable resource use, minimize waste, and create healthy environments through strategies like wind and solar power, green building practices that conserve resources and reduce environmental impacts, and efficient structural, energy, water, and material design.
This document discusses sustainable design for green buildings and urban habitats. It notes that population growth and increased resource use have led to environmental degradation through pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and habitat destruction. All of these factors are straining the Earth's carrying capacity. Sustainable development aims to meet current needs without compromising future generations by designing buildings that reduce energy and resource consumption through techniques like passive solar design, use of local and recycled materials, and water conservation.
This document discusses ways that Purdue University and other universities are becoming more sustainable and environmentally friendly. It notes that universities can save 16% of their energy costs on average by implementing energy saving opportunities. Purdue University aims to be a leader in sustainability by becoming LEED certified in existing buildings. The document provides background on the history of green building in the U.S. and LEED certification. It also discusses strategies universities can use to increase water efficiency, such as replacing toilets and installing urinals.
Structure engineers and green buildingMamdooh Amin
The document discusses how building structure materials can impact the sustainability of buildings. It analyzes concrete, steel, and wood structures and their effect on LEED credits related to site development, energy performance, material reuse and recycling, and indoor air quality. Precast concrete is highlighted as potentially supporting credits through features like off-site manufacturing, sandwich wall panels for insulation, embedding geothermal piping, and using hollow core slabs for ventilation. The conclusion emphasizes reducing and reusing materials, as well as integrated design solutions.
Green housing is a type of housing designed to be environmentally friendly and sustainable by focusing on efficient use of energy, water, and materials. It aims to reduce the adverse environmental impacts of buildings through various strategies like efficient appliances and fixtures, use of sustainable materials, on-site renewable energy generation, water harvesting and reuse, and reducing waste. While green housing has benefits like reduced operating costs, improved health and productivity, and environmental protection, there are also challenges like additional initial costs and lack of demand and awareness among buyers in India.
Need to get an understanding of what really makes a product green? What are the criteria? What is Life Cycle Assessment? How do you understand the environmental footprint of a product? What are the materials requirements for a LEED project? Come to this workshop to get the answers to these questions.
This workshop will address the fundamentals of green materials and provide you with the knowledge to evaluate and utilize green building products to reduce your organizations environmental impacts. Topics include criteria for evaluating how green a material is, LEEDs materials requirements, how to spec for green materials and LEED, and where to find information on green products. In addition to product characteristics, methods for going from selling green, to being green will be addressed. This program is intended for architects, contractors and product manufactures, and the general public.
The presenter was Siobhan Steyn, Project Associate at The Green Roundtable.
Civil engineers can play a bigger role in sustainability by designing infrastructure to have less environmental impact and be more eco-friendly. This includes using photocatalytic cement that reduces air pollution and green roofs that filter air and water. Engineers should also incorporate more recycling of materials like concrete into new projects to reduce waste and energy usage from mining new resources. Educating the public on sustainability issues is also important to continue progress on protecting the environment.
This document discusses the concept of green building. It defines green building as increasing efficiency in resource use while reducing impacts on health and environment. Some key points made include:
- Green buildings use less energy, water, and waste and are healthier to live/work in.
- Materials like wool bricks, sustainable concrete, and solar tiles are used to reduce emissions and energy usage.
- Green building provides environmental, economic, and social benefits such as enhancing biodiversity, reducing costs, and improving occupant health.
- Examples of notable green buildings in India are given.
The document discusses trends in earth friendly and sustainable building installation. It describes how earth friendly buildings aim to reduce environmental impact through their entire lifecycle from design to demolition. They do this by efficiently using energy, water and other resources, protecting occupant health, and reducing waste and pollution. Some key aspects of earth friendly buildings discussed are using renewable resources like solar and plants, reducing energy consumption in building materials and operations, and using materials that are renewable, reusable and recyclable. Prefab design is also mentioned as a type of building constructed of factory-built components assembled on-site.
Green Building 101 Episode 1 Introduction to Green BuildingGreenHomeCommunity
This document provides an introduction to green building and construction. It defines green building as creating structures and processes that are environmentally responsible and resource efficient. Green building addresses the environment, economy, and equality. The benefits of green building include reducing environmental impact, improving indoor air quality, greater energy efficiency, access to incentives, and higher property values. Green strategies are categorized as site characteristics, water efficiency, energy efficiency, building materials, indoor air quality, and construction procedures. A short quiz tests knowledge of these concepts.
Green building provides significant economic, environmental, and social benefits. It reduces energy and maintenance costs for buildings, lowering taxpayer expenses. Green buildings also improve occupant health and satisfaction. Environmentally, green roofs decrease pollution and stormwater runoff, while sustainable materials reduce landfill waste. Green construction and renovation creates new jobs, helping unemployment. Wide adoption of green building techniques is an important step towards addressing climate change and its effects.
Materi Paparan Konferensi "Bangunan diatas Air" ( Building on Water Converence) Erasmus Huis, Jakarta, 9 April 2013.
http://www.ideaonline.co.id/iDEA2013/Kabar/Review-Product/Erasmus-Huis-IAI-Seminar-dan-Pameran-Building-on-Water
http://pusperkimugm.org/home/2013/04/building-on-water-conference-and-exhibition/
(please forgive for my poor in English..)
Engineering the future means tackling the problems today…
This report is part of the 4th semester Architectural Technology and Construction Management education. The summer of 2011 was the starting point for my interest regarding floating constructions. It started with a book, named FLOAT (by Koen Olthuis and David Keuning). I was very interested about this technology, and the book proved to be a good starting point to find out more about it. During 3rd semester I had the opportunity to make a report about this theme and so I combined my learning goals with personal interests and decided to find out more.
Now, studying in the 4th semester I have decided to continue writing about floating constructions, and the main subject for this report is a floating city. Many say it is impossible, or even pointless. Advances in material science, nautical design and maritime constructions could not only make the floating city possible but it may also be an essential asset in the near future. Can we build it? YES, WE CAN! It is not a question of whether we can do it…but how we do it.
I would like to thank the people who supported me in doing this report. Many thanks to my guiding teacher Mihoko Goto Brethvad who accepted the problem statement of a floating city and many thanks as well to architect journalist David Keuning for the interview, and last but not least, many thanks to Koen Olthuis for sharing his ideas regarding building on water worldwide.
This document is a report about building on water as part of an education program. It discusses the history of floating structures dating back to the 17th century. Modern floating foundations use materials like concrete, steel, and polystyrene foam. The report explores opinions on building on water through interviews and a survey. While some are concerned about environmental impacts, many see benefits for addressing issues like rising sea levels and lack of land. The conclusion is that building on water has advantages over disadvantages for dealing with climate change impacts.
This document provides a case study of a green and sustainable residence located in Charlevoix, USA that achieved LEED Platinum certification. Some key points:
- The 2350 sqft single-family home was developed as a high-performance sustainable retirement home for its owners.
- Key components that contributed to its LEED certification included use of local sustainable materials, energy and water monitoring systems, natural lighting, and rainwater harvesting.
- The owners faced challenges during the self-build construction process but found the experience rewarding.
- Early results after living there for 7 months included low utility costs, improved indoor air quality, and a comfortable environment without overheating.
Vertical Greening System (VGS) in Malaysia Research EssayJoe Yi Lim
This document provides a literature review on the influence of vertical greening systems (VGS) on environmental health in non-residential buildings in Malaysia. It discusses how VGS was introduced in the early 1990s and has since become more popular. It analyzes case studies that show benefits of VGS like temperature reduction. Building guidelines and regulations in Malaysia, the UK, and US are examined, showing VGS is now recognized but was overlooked earlier. In conclusion, VGS provides environmental benefits and should be more widely adopted in sustainable building practices.
Green architecture aims to minimize environmental impact through sustainable design and materials. It focuses on efficient energy and water use, renewable resources, and non-toxic materials. Common green building techniques include natural ventilation, solar power, recycled materials, and water recycling. Overall green design seeks to reduce waste and pollution while enhancing occupant health and comfort through sustainable and eco-friendly construction practices.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MULA MUTHA RIVER PUNEcivej
This document analyzes the water quality of the Mula-Mutha River in Pune, India across four sampling stations from Khadakwasla Dam to Bund Garden. Water samples were collected during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons and tested for pH, turbidity, hardness, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. The results showed deteriorating water quality from upstream to downstream with pollution levels within satisfactory limits at Khadakwasla Dam but very poor quality at downstream stations. Major sources of river pollution identified were domestic sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and waste discharged from temples. Future measures recommended included public awareness programs, industrial waste
Amit Kumar presented on green buildings under the guidance of Dr. K.V. Vijayendra. The presentation discussed the objectives, literature review, methodology, working principles, materials used in green buildings, examples of green building projects in India, features of the Infinity Benchmark building, benefits and advantages/disadvantages of green buildings. Key findings included that green buildings can reduce energy usage by 30-50%, CO2 emissions by 35%, waste output by 70%, and water usage by 40% compared to conventional buildings.
what green building technologies do green building consultants and designers need? Here is my top 5 list of needs...... (presented at cleantuesday Hong Kong)
Sustainability involves meeting current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. Sustainable architecture uses design strategies that minimize buildings' negative environmental impacts through efficient and moderate use of materials, energy, space, and natural ecosystems. As populations increase, high energy and natural resource consumption deplete resources and harm biodiversity. Sustainable development aims to reduce non-renewable resource use, minimize waste, and create healthy environments through strategies like wind and solar power, green building practices that conserve resources and reduce environmental impacts, and efficient structural, energy, water, and material design.
This document discusses sustainable design for green buildings and urban habitats. It notes that population growth and increased resource use have led to environmental degradation through pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and habitat destruction. All of these factors are straining the Earth's carrying capacity. Sustainable development aims to meet current needs without compromising future generations by designing buildings that reduce energy and resource consumption through techniques like passive solar design, use of local and recycled materials, and water conservation.
This document discusses ways that Purdue University and other universities are becoming more sustainable and environmentally friendly. It notes that universities can save 16% of their energy costs on average by implementing energy saving opportunities. Purdue University aims to be a leader in sustainability by becoming LEED certified in existing buildings. The document provides background on the history of green building in the U.S. and LEED certification. It also discusses strategies universities can use to increase water efficiency, such as replacing toilets and installing urinals.
Structure engineers and green buildingMamdooh Amin
The document discusses how building structure materials can impact the sustainability of buildings. It analyzes concrete, steel, and wood structures and their effect on LEED credits related to site development, energy performance, material reuse and recycling, and indoor air quality. Precast concrete is highlighted as potentially supporting credits through features like off-site manufacturing, sandwich wall panels for insulation, embedding geothermal piping, and using hollow core slabs for ventilation. The conclusion emphasizes reducing and reusing materials, as well as integrated design solutions.
Green housing is a type of housing designed to be environmentally friendly and sustainable by focusing on efficient use of energy, water, and materials. It aims to reduce the adverse environmental impacts of buildings through various strategies like efficient appliances and fixtures, use of sustainable materials, on-site renewable energy generation, water harvesting and reuse, and reducing waste. While green housing has benefits like reduced operating costs, improved health and productivity, and environmental protection, there are also challenges like additional initial costs and lack of demand and awareness among buyers in India.
Need to get an understanding of what really makes a product green? What are the criteria? What is Life Cycle Assessment? How do you understand the environmental footprint of a product? What are the materials requirements for a LEED project? Come to this workshop to get the answers to these questions.
This workshop will address the fundamentals of green materials and provide you with the knowledge to evaluate and utilize green building products to reduce your organizations environmental impacts. Topics include criteria for evaluating how green a material is, LEEDs materials requirements, how to spec for green materials and LEED, and where to find information on green products. In addition to product characteristics, methods for going from selling green, to being green will be addressed. This program is intended for architects, contractors and product manufactures, and the general public.
The presenter was Siobhan Steyn, Project Associate at The Green Roundtable.
Civil engineers can play a bigger role in sustainability by designing infrastructure to have less environmental impact and be more eco-friendly. This includes using photocatalytic cement that reduces air pollution and green roofs that filter air and water. Engineers should also incorporate more recycling of materials like concrete into new projects to reduce waste and energy usage from mining new resources. Educating the public on sustainability issues is also important to continue progress on protecting the environment.
This document discusses the concept of green building. It defines green building as increasing efficiency in resource use while reducing impacts on health and environment. Some key points made include:
- Green buildings use less energy, water, and waste and are healthier to live/work in.
- Materials like wool bricks, sustainable concrete, and solar tiles are used to reduce emissions and energy usage.
- Green building provides environmental, economic, and social benefits such as enhancing biodiversity, reducing costs, and improving occupant health.
- Examples of notable green buildings in India are given.
The document discusses trends in earth friendly and sustainable building installation. It describes how earth friendly buildings aim to reduce environmental impact through their entire lifecycle from design to demolition. They do this by efficiently using energy, water and other resources, protecting occupant health, and reducing waste and pollution. Some key aspects of earth friendly buildings discussed are using renewable resources like solar and plants, reducing energy consumption in building materials and operations, and using materials that are renewable, reusable and recyclable. Prefab design is also mentioned as a type of building constructed of factory-built components assembled on-site.
Green Building 101 Episode 1 Introduction to Green BuildingGreenHomeCommunity
This document provides an introduction to green building and construction. It defines green building as creating structures and processes that are environmentally responsible and resource efficient. Green building addresses the environment, economy, and equality. The benefits of green building include reducing environmental impact, improving indoor air quality, greater energy efficiency, access to incentives, and higher property values. Green strategies are categorized as site characteristics, water efficiency, energy efficiency, building materials, indoor air quality, and construction procedures. A short quiz tests knowledge of these concepts.
Green building provides significant economic, environmental, and social benefits. It reduces energy and maintenance costs for buildings, lowering taxpayer expenses. Green buildings also improve occupant health and satisfaction. Environmentally, green roofs decrease pollution and stormwater runoff, while sustainable materials reduce landfill waste. Green construction and renovation creates new jobs, helping unemployment. Wide adoption of green building techniques is an important step towards addressing climate change and its effects.
Materi Paparan Konferensi "Bangunan diatas Air" ( Building on Water Converence) Erasmus Huis, Jakarta, 9 April 2013.
http://www.ideaonline.co.id/iDEA2013/Kabar/Review-Product/Erasmus-Huis-IAI-Seminar-dan-Pameran-Building-on-Water
http://pusperkimugm.org/home/2013/04/building-on-water-conference-and-exhibition/
(please forgive for my poor in English..)
Engineering the future means tackling the problems today…
This report is part of the 4th semester Architectural Technology and Construction Management education. The summer of 2011 was the starting point for my interest regarding floating constructions. It started with a book, named FLOAT (by Koen Olthuis and David Keuning). I was very interested about this technology, and the book proved to be a good starting point to find out more about it. During 3rd semester I had the opportunity to make a report about this theme and so I combined my learning goals with personal interests and decided to find out more.
Now, studying in the 4th semester I have decided to continue writing about floating constructions, and the main subject for this report is a floating city. Many say it is impossible, or even pointless. Advances in material science, nautical design and maritime constructions could not only make the floating city possible but it may also be an essential asset in the near future. Can we build it? YES, WE CAN! It is not a question of whether we can do it…but how we do it.
I would like to thank the people who supported me in doing this report. Many thanks to my guiding teacher Mihoko Goto Brethvad who accepted the problem statement of a floating city and many thanks as well to architect journalist David Keuning for the interview, and last but not least, many thanks to Koen Olthuis for sharing his ideas regarding building on water worldwide.
This document is a report about building on water as part of an education program. It discusses the history of floating structures dating back to the 17th century. Modern floating foundations use materials like concrete, steel, and polystyrene foam. The report explores opinions on building on water through interviews and a survey. While some are concerned about environmental impacts, many see benefits for addressing issues like rising sea levels and lack of land. The conclusion is that building on water has advantages over disadvantages for dealing with climate change impacts.
This document provides a case study of a green and sustainable residence located in Charlevoix, USA that achieved LEED Platinum certification. Some key points:
- The 2350 sqft single-family home was developed as a high-performance sustainable retirement home for its owners.
- Key components that contributed to its LEED certification included use of local sustainable materials, energy and water monitoring systems, natural lighting, and rainwater harvesting.
- The owners faced challenges during the self-build construction process but found the experience rewarding.
- Early results after living there for 7 months included low utility costs, improved indoor air quality, and a comfortable environment without overheating.
Vertical Greening System (VGS) in Malaysia Research EssayJoe Yi Lim
This document provides a literature review on the influence of vertical greening systems (VGS) on environmental health in non-residential buildings in Malaysia. It discusses how VGS was introduced in the early 1990s and has since become more popular. It analyzes case studies that show benefits of VGS like temperature reduction. Building guidelines and regulations in Malaysia, the UK, and US are examined, showing VGS is now recognized but was overlooked earlier. In conclusion, VGS provides environmental benefits and should be more widely adopted in sustainable building practices.
Green architecture aims to minimize environmental impact through sustainable design and materials. It focuses on efficient energy and water use, renewable resources, and non-toxic materials. Common green building techniques include natural ventilation, solar power, recycled materials, and water recycling. Overall green design seeks to reduce waste and pollution while enhancing occupant health and comfort through sustainable and eco-friendly construction practices.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MULA MUTHA RIVER PUNEcivej
This document analyzes the water quality of the Mula-Mutha River in Pune, India across four sampling stations from Khadakwasla Dam to Bund Garden. Water samples were collected during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons and tested for pH, turbidity, hardness, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. The results showed deteriorating water quality from upstream to downstream with pollution levels within satisfactory limits at Khadakwasla Dam but very poor quality at downstream stations. Major sources of river pollution identified were domestic sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and waste discharged from temples. Future measures recommended included public awareness programs, industrial waste
This study investigated the use of uncertainty management tools within the construction sector in Nigeria.
The objectives were to evaluate the level of use of uncertainty management tools and techniques and to
determine the factors responsible for the low knowledge and misconception of uncertainty within the
construction sector. Views from project managers obtained from two sub-sectors, the real estate and the oil
and gas was evaluated. Finding of the study revealed low level of use of uncertainty management tools and
techniques due to the lack of clear understanding of uncertainty and its management parameters. Further
finding identifies the type of project management practice in use, and over reliance on the use of
deterministic approach as factors responsible for the low knowledge of uncertainties. The challenge
therefore is how to improve the state of misconception among practitioners and to explore refinements to
the traditional project management framework. To develop appropriate knowledge about uncertainty
management, the notion that uncertainty management is about creating previously unknown information,
must be repealed to embrace approaches encouraging information sharing, learning, and competence. The
study provides an insightful perspective into understanding uncertainty in projects;and highlight possible
refinements to extant project management practice in order to enhance uncertainty management within the
construction sector.
RISK-SENSITIVE MITIGATION PLANNING IN SEISMICALLY VULNERABLE URBAN AREAScivej
Over the past decade, several number of commercial and non-commercial catastrophe risk models havebeen developed to assess the financial losses caused by natural catastrophes including earthquakes. Theoutput of such models are in different sectors such as disaster risks management, financial institutions and
also research centers. Generally, due to great amount of inherent uncertainty in these models the direct
deployment of the results by the user is a tough process. As an example, in disaster risk reduction sector a
common missing link in this context is a decision-support medium that interprets the risk analysis outputs
to the non-technical stakeholders. To overcome this problem, user-friendly analytical tools can be
employed to translate the disaster risk analysis results into an understandable language for the potential
stakeholder user. Presenting two models, attempts to address two different examples of such decisionsupport
tools. The first model, UERI, is structured to incorporate several urban risk components (hazard,physical vulnerability, disaster management facilities and human exposure) based on a number earthquake
risk indicators. The second tooles the use of a mixed integer quadratic programming (MIQP) model to
finds an opt spatil land-use allocation patter a given urban environment area.
Both models are capable of assisting decision-makers in using the output results of existing damage and
loss estimation methodologies and also facilitating the process of risk reduction planning by providing
basic solutions for stakeholders. The proposed models have been applied to a vulnerable urban area in
Tehran, Iran and their performances have been examined.
An Ex-Ante Evaluation for Solid Waste Treatment Facilities using LCCAcivej
The application of Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) in infrastructure facilities projects has been
marginalised so far especially in real-life projects. In many cases, the significance of this tool is not the
end result by itself but the improvements that can be made to the infrastructure facility design during and
as a result of the LCCA model development. This paper presents lessons-learnt from analysing and
developing a LCCA model for an actual integrated municipal solid waste management infrastructure
facility using the anaerobic treatment technology and recycling. The development of the LCCA model for
the facility involved several distinctive steps such as system analysis and disintegration, maintenance and
operation cost data acquisition, identifying relevant performance indicators for each operation that can be
utilized in tandem with the LCCA model, setting up serviceability threshold for each operation. In addition
to model development description, the paper highlights the requirements needed and the impediments that
may be encountered when developing LCCA model for solid waste management facilities. At the end, the
paper concludes with providing recommendations for decision makers and researchers in this field based
on the experience gained from the model development.
Eco friendly construction techniques are gaining immense importance nowadays. Many innovations have
come in pavement construction and design. The use of reclaimed aggregates in constructing pavements is
one among them. Reclaimed aggregates come mainly from two sources - construction & demolition waste
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Sustainability Concepts in the Design of High-Rise buildings: the case of Dia...Franco Bontempi
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Sustainable building practices and materials in relation to.pdfsdfghj21
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This document discusses improving the sustainability of concrete technology through the effective use of admixtures. It examines how chemical and mineral admixtures can positively impact the economic, environmental and social sustainability of concrete. Specifically, it discusses how superplasticizers and mineral admixtures like fly ash and slag can enhance concrete durability while reducing costs and environmental impacts. The document also provides guidance on selecting superplasticizer type and dosage to optimize workability and concrete performance in a sustainable manner.
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REPAIR, REHABILITATION &RETROFITTING OF RCC FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WITH CASE STUDIES
1. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
DOI:10.5121/civej.2016.3203 33
REPAIR, REHABILITATION &RETROFITTING OF
RCC FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WITH CASE
STUDIES
J. Bhattacharjee
Prof.& Advisor, Department of Civil Engineering, Amity University, Noida, UP, India;
former Chief Engineer & Jt. Director General, (MES/MOD)
ABSTRACT
The construction material mainly reinforced concrete is being used extensively for various types of
construction projects. However, the deterioration of Reinforced Concrete structures is recognized as a
major problem worldwide. Apart from requiring regular maintenance, many structures require extensive
Repair, Rehabilitation &Retrofitting. Over a period of time, as these structures become older, we find in
them certain degradation or deterioration with resultant distress manifested in the form of cracking,
splitting, delaminating, corrosion etc. Such deteriorated structures can be rehabilitated and retrofitted by
using various types of admixtures & modern repair materials. The paper brings out the present state of
concrete structures & the major areas where improvement is needed during its service life stage for
sustainable development & also the method of carrying out Repair, Rehabilitation &Retrofitting.This has
been brought in details in the paper along with Case studies, where the Author of the paper was directly
involved in planning and execution of the jobs.
KEYWORDS
Rehabilitation, Retrofitting, Sustainable Development, Polymers, Admixtures
1. INTRODUCTION
Sustainable development has become the challenge for humanity particularly with rapid growth of
urbanization. Critical issue is to provide food, shelter and other basic needs to rapidly growing
world population and save natural resources on which the very existence of population depends. We
have got wide variation in the Perception of responsibility to future generations and ethical issue.
There is an urgent need of us the professional to understand and implement cleaner production and
sustainable development and maintenance objectives at all level of responsibility.
The buildings in which we live, work, and play protect us from Nature’s extremes. Yet they also
affect our health and environment in countless ways. The design, construction, operation,
maintenance, and removal of buildings takes enormous amounts of energy, water and materials, and
generates large quantities of waste, air and water pollution. As the environmental impact of
buildings becomes more apparent, a concept called green building is gaining momentum. Green or
sustainable building is the practice of creating healthier and more resource efficient models of
construction, renovation, operation, maintenance, and demolition. Research and experience
increasingly demonstrates that when buildings are designed and operated with their lifecycle
impacts in mind, they can provide great environmental, economic, and social benefits. It is worth
noticing that most of us talk about energy consumption and pollution because of industry and
transport, when about 40% of the total energy produced is consumed by buildings only. Hence
sustainability in construction and maintenance has become so important, while developing all civil
Engineering Infrastructures.
2. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
34
There is a growing National/International concern about the premature deterioration of our
buildings/structures, particularly concrete structures. Cement concrete is one of the most widely
used construction material and has proved to be almost indispensable to the present day
civilization. Though concrete is quite strong mechanically, it is highly susceptible to deterioration
and thus gets damaged & even fail ultimately, unless some measures are adopted to counter
deterioration. Such measures would enhance the durability of structures. The maintenance of
building is a lifelong continuous process. It has been observed that the minimum maintenance of
concrete structures require an integral approach which need the introduction of as much
preventive measures as possible in accordance with the basic established concept –“Prevention is
always better than cure”. Repair/rehabilitation/retrofitting is the fastest growing segment of the
concrete industry. Across the globe, billions of dollars are spent annually in repair and restoration
of distressed concrete structures. Thus selection and evaluation of repair materials and protective
coatings is receiving more and more attention among Civil Engineers in the recent past. The new
technologies and new repair materials, which have been extensively being used by the advanced
countries, are also being tried in developed country like India. This paper highlights the present
state of maintenance especially in developing country like India and about the utilization of those
new techniques/materials for repair/restoration of the buildings/structures, for long term
sustainable development [1].
2. PRESENT STATE OF MAINTENANCE, REPAIR& REHABILITATION
It is a matter of serious concern of us the civil Engineers, that in some countries, the repair activities
of structure done today account for nearly half the total annual expenditure on total construction
activities [2]. Such a state of affairs is of great concern mainly for two reasons. Firstly, concrete is,
in essence a proven, durable & mostly maintenance free material. This is exemplified by a large
number of structures constructed properly more than half a century back & is still in good stead
today. Secondly, the know-how of making concrete, which does not need major
repair/rehabilitation, is already well documented and is known to us. Inspite of all these, the trend
of early deterioration of concrete structure continues unabated.
At present there is neither any established existing procedure, mandatory or otherwise, for
periodical inspection of buildings/ structures and recording the structural defects and symptoms,
like cracks, spalling ,corrosion, and deflection of structure, in a logical manner nor any record of
structural repairs/rehabilitations carried out, is maintained properly even for public buildings. We
have barged into a repair activity without adequate preparation. Persons involved in
repair/rehabilitation need to be better civil engineers. In fact repair/rehabilitation/retrofitting
activity is a much more advanced application of science and technology involved in civil
engineering, which is the most difficult challenge to engineers. We need to opt for new
techniques and materials to resolve these difficulties. We have enough options to select from
various construction chemicals, minerals, methods for repairs/rehabilitations, the economics etc.
to set right the damage. These all are to be considered in totality before deciding upon the
repair/rehabilitation/retrofitting strategy [9, 10] and hence required enough background
preparation.
Replacement of damaged materials is the trend for repair/rehabilitation. Mass scale replacements
are convenient repair strategies, which were being followed mostly in developing country like
India, as these offer fast turn-over & are more profitable. This is normally a cosmetic strategy,
restricted to the facade and offers a sense of safety due to the impressive new looks. The really
needed repairs i.e. Structural repairs to the actual load-bearing structural members are often
missed. Rather structural distress is camouflaged and buried beneath finishes. Thereby damage
syndrome recurs and continues unabated. The ordinary classical methods of repair/rehabilitation
3. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
35
like re-plastering, re-concreting, jacketing and shot creting etc. are often seen not to offer
satisfactory results. It is often found that in traditional repairs, the same problem may recur fast.
Investigations have brought out that the repair measures in such cases failed basically due to two
reasons for RCC buildingsi.e.Corrosion of steel not being totally removed and Bonding between
old and new concrete being inadequate.
For repair of any concrete structures, use of construction chemical is very common in advanced
countries, for obtaining long term results, which in India is still very much lacking. It is difficult
to match the response of the non-repaired and the repaired areas in rehabilitated structures. In
India we are yet to opt for new technologies and materials on large scale to resolve the difficulty
of attaining durable repaired structures on long term basis. In fact normal periodical maintenance
is often very much lacking & thereby requirement of rehabilitation is also increasing.
There is a growing National/International concern about the premature deterioration of our
buildings/structures, particularly concrete structures. Cement concrete is one of the most widely
used construction material and has proved to be almost indispensable to the present day
civilization. Though concrete is quite strong mechanically, it is highly susceptible to deterioration
and thus gets damaged & even fail ultimately, unless some measures are adopted to counter
deterioration. Such measures would enhance the durability of structures. The maintenance of
building is a lifelong continuous process. It has been observed that the minimum maintenance of
concrete structures require an integral approach which need the introduction of as much
preventive measures as possible in accordance with the basic established concept –“Prevention is
always better than cure”. Repair/rehabilitation/retrofitting is the fastest growing segment of the
concrete industry. Across the globe, billions of dollars are spent annually in repair and
restoration of distressed concrete structures. Thus selection and evaluation of repair materials and
protective coatings is receiving more and more attention among Civil Engineers in the recent
past. The new technologies and new repair materials, which have been extensively being used by
the advanced countries, are also being tried in developed country like India. This paper
highlights the present state of maintenance especially in developing country like India and about
the utilization of those new techniques/materials for repair/restoration of the buildings/structures,
for long term sustainable development.
3. MAJOR CAUSES FOR DETERIORATION OF STRUCTURES
Concrete normally provides excellent corrosion protection to embedded reinforcement. The high
alkaline environment in concrete results in the formation of a protective oxide film on steel bars.
However unless concrete is well compacted and dense, it is susceptible to carbonation, losses its
capacity to protect reinforcement. Some of the major causes for deterioration of concrete
structures are brought out below:-
The deterioration of typical concrete structure starts from the time it is exposed to the elements of
nature, primarily under high humidity, high temperature conditions & variation in temperatures;
thus certain parts of structures including roofs and structural elements directly exposed to weather
condition, are more susceptible to deterioration. The deterioration of materials such as concrete &
reinforcement reduce the strength of the structural members. While elements such as temperature
variations, pollution, wind, rains, floods etc. contribute towards deterioration; sometimes changes
in environment after construction and changes in functional requirement also contribute towards
premature deterioration.
Corrosion of embedded steel is the prime cause of damages to the reinforced concrete structures.
It is like a “CANCER”, which progresses with slow deteriorating process and if neglected or not
attended in time, may spread over a large area and cause extensive disintegration/deterioration of
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structural elements. It may even lead to catastrophic structural failure, in the absence of timely
remedial measures. Various causes which create conducive conditions to accelerate/propagate
rate of corrosion are as under:-
• Inadequate cover to reinforcement.
• Use of inadequate grade of concrete for the purpose.
• Use of rusted steel.
• Workmanship/workability/compaction, thus leaving concrete porous.
• Poor Unsuitable ingredients (both coarse & fine aggregate).
• Use of high W/C ratio resulting in fine hairline cracks in concrete during drying.
• Use of water containing high incidence of salts/sulphates.
• Wave action (alternate wetting and drying processes).
• Presence of harmful gases in the air.
• Contact with acids/fumes.
• Exposures to relatively high humidity (>70%).
Apart from these, other main reasons for deterioration of any structure are:-
+ Foundation settlements.
+ Lateral movements.
+ Accidental overload.
+ Poor maintenance during service life.
4. METHOD OF REPAIR, REHABILITATION & RETROFITTING
The techniques and materials used for repair/rehabilitation/retrofitting and maintenance depend
upon the extent of deterioration. Construction chemicals/Polymers entered the world of concrete
during the late Sixties. Today one can say that they are an integral part of many concretes.
Broadly, polymers are chemical compounds, which essentially consist of repeating structural
units. Though polymers are in use in concrete for quite some time; they are known by the
respective roles they play such as admixtures, bonding agents, sealants and so on. Some of the
most commonly used polymer-modifiers in concrete & mortar are ethylene vinyl acetate co-
polymer, styrene-butadiene co-polymer and acrylic resins. Polymer-concrete composites display
several improvements in the mechanical properties, including substantial increase in the strength
& modulus of elasticity. In India, though the use of polymers in the construction industry
particularly in repair/rehabilitation & maintenance [12, 13] field is growing, we are yet to have
our own set of standards & Codes, which can ably guide both the specifier & the customer in
their proper use. There is large number of products available in the market. As such there is a
requirement of coming up with general guidelines and standard evaluation techniques, which
should enable users to make the best use of products available. We all will gain from such a
standardisation.
5. REQUIREMENT & METHOD FOR RETROFITTING OF STRUCTURES
Retrofitting/strengthening is a technical option for improving the strength and other attributes of
resistance of building to seismic and other forces. The requirement of retrofitting of any structure
is arises mainly due to the fact that old buildings which were designed as per old Codal
provisions [5, 6, 7] may not be having adequate strength as per requirement of latest Codal
provisions. Moreover, in certain cases deterioration of concrete of foundation and other structural
elements etc. takes place due to various reasons including settlement of soil strata etc.
Foundations are a very important part of building. The strengthening is also required, whenever
we want to increase any additional floor of a building due to increase in FAR etc. Shoring and
underpinning are important in repair/retrofitting of any foundations. Shoring is the forms of
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temporary support given above the foundation to the existing building to avoid any damage due
to collapse of the building during repair/retrofitting. Underpinning is the process of strengthening
the foundation of an existing building by repair. The process of strengthening the foundation of
an existing building is called underpinning. The main objective of underpinning is to transfer the
foundation load to a lower stronger depth. The reason for underpinning can be due to any one of
the followings:
+ Larger than permissible settlement of the building
+ Increase in loading
+ Lowering the level of adjacent ground below the foundation of the building for some
construction on the adjacent site.
There are various methods available for underpinning; one is Traditional Methods, others are
Needle and pile underpinning of walls, Angle piling and Underpinning of Column Foundations
by Jack Pile Method. Further, there are methods available for improving Foundations on
Expansive Clays also. The Strengthening of RC Beams, Columns and Slabs can be carried out by
Plate Bonding, RC Jacketing and by FRP systems. The Strengthening of Columns and Beams can
be done also by RC Jacketing [11]. RC jacketing is jacketing with additional layer of steel and
concrete [14, 15]. It is one of the simple methods of strengthening of columns and beams. The RC
slab Strengthening is carried out by Concrete Overlay. This is applied, where RC slab already
constructed but found having structural deficiencies. In India, due to changes in codal provisions
particularly for earthquake code, most of the existing old important buildings require retrofitting
for structural safety against calamity like earthquake, tsunami and cyclone etc.
6. REPAIR, REHABILITATION &RETROFITTING MATERIALS & TECHNIQUES
Polymer
High strength, resilient materials which have high resistance to attack from chlorides & sulphates
are normally used for repair materials. The polymer modified concrete (PMC)/polymer modified
mortar, which are commonly used as repair material has following properties:-
• High compressive strength at early age.
• Increased flexural & tensile strength.
• Water tightness
• Adhesion
• Resilience, durability &impermeability etc.
The polymer to be used is latex. SBR latex or other equivalent polymer should be used. It imparts
the following properties to concrete.
• High strength
• Resilience
• Impermeability
• Resistance to carbonation & chloride ion penetration.
The polymer is mixed in water prior to addition in cement concrete. The PH value of polymer
should be more than 7.5. The 28 days flexural strength should be at least 50 kg/cm2
. The minimum
compressive strength is 150 kg/cm2
at 3 days & 350 kg/cm2
at 28 days. The split tensile strength
should be at least 25 kg/cm2
at 28 days.
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Classification of Admixtures
The admixtures can be classified according to type of material constituting the admixtures or to
the characteristic effects of their use. The Table 1 shows how admixtures used for
repair/rehabilitation is classified [3, 4].
Epoxy Mortar/Grouting
Epoxy mortars are used for repair of spalled concrete in underside of slab floor/roof slab &chajjas
having damage less than 75mm. Epoxy grouting is used normally for filling of cracks. Epoxy
grouting systems have high mechanical strength. They obtain strength only in a few hours and are
resilient in nature. Epoxy systems are immune to sulphate & chloride attack and are impermeable.
They have got high compressive & tensile strength also. Since epoxy grouting system can be
injected into even hair line cracks, effective repairs can be carried out with them.
Polymer Coating
For enhancing the life of structure, coatings like IPN (Interpenetrating Network) or other equivalent
polymer should be applied on all the concrete surface of the structure. The coating prevents any
future ingress of air & harmful chlorides, sulphates etc. into the structure. It thus protects the entire
structure from corrosion & spalling. However, these coats are to be applied periodically, normally
with interval of 5 years or so, depending on type of product being used.
7. METHODOLOGY FOR REPAIR, REHABILITATION& RETROFITTING
Common Guide Lines
Presently number of companies is manufacturing various construction chemicals for
repair/rehabilitation of civil engineering structures, in India. Various products manufactured by
these companies cover all the repair materials available in India. However, their product range &
utility varies. In case corrosion of steel has not started but carbonation of concrete has taken place
unto reinforcement surface, coating of required thickness can be applied to prevent/retard the
carbonation process. Depending upon the severity of carbonation, polymer or epoxy resins or
polymer modified mortar concrete provide adequate protection. Such coating also stops penetration
of chloride and other deleterious elements.
Whenever the process of corrosion has set in, the restoration techniques depend on the extent of
damage to the concrete and or steel. But following guidelines are common:-
• Remove all unsound concrete & expose reinforcing steel all round.
• De-rust the steel by appropriate methods viz sand blasting, brushing & applying rust removers
etc.
• Restore reinforcement with anchorages i.e. shear connectors, wherever required.
• Apply tack/binding coat of polymers or Epoxy based materials.
• Use one of the several stitching techniques to restore concrete to the original surface level.
• Injection of cement slurry or polymer modified slurry or epoxy of suitable grade to fill up the
pores, internal cracks or segregation.
• Apply suitable protective coating.
8. CASE STUDIES
Case Study-1: Repair/Rehabilitation of Jetty at Mumbai, India
The author has successfully used various admixtures for major rehabilitation of wharves along
with other repair works of caissons, dry dock etc. costing Rs.50 million (App.) at Bombay
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(Mumbai), India. The two wharves (Contiguous to each other) having width of 16.45 m and total
length of 500 m, was constructed during 1957 and 1967 (one having length of 350 m and other of
150 m). The damages observed were excessive spalling of concrete, formation of wide cracks,
excessive corrosion, falling of fenders and shearing off of piles etc. In general, it was observed
that various structural elements after these have been exposed/chipped off showed much more
deterioration than was observed at the time of the site survey.
The two wharves were composed of fender portals, bollard portals, curtain wall (on one side of
wharf only), wailings (connecting piles at the bottom of the bracing level), Deck slab (37.5 cm
thick) and wearing coat (17.5 cm thick) over deck slab. Apart from a visual and dimensional
survey, various other tests were carried out to diagnose distresses. Cover meter test, half-cell
potential survey, ultrasonic pulse velocity test, petrography test, core test, water permeability test,
chloride sulphate test and porosity test were carried out. In addition, analytical assessment of
residual strength was also made. The structure being very old, design calculation/details were not
available. Using a computer, a structural analysis was carried out that showed that all structural
members were adequately designed based on earlier codal provisions. Because of the extent of
deterioration repairs were required to wharf portals frames, curtain wall, wailings, deck slab,
wearing coat and fenders. The repair methodology adopted for different types of defects are as
follows:-
+All cracks at various locations were filled with epoxy grouting under pressure. The stages
involved in grouting are:-
• Cutting ‘V’ grooves with pneumatic cutter.
• Drilling of holes, at intervals.
• Fixing of entry ports.
• Application of epoxy sealant.
• Cleaning of grooves with compressed air.
• Injection of Epoxy under pressure
• Cutting of entry ports.
• Grinding of sealant.
+ Spalling of concrete was repaired by various methods depending on locations. For soffit of
slabs & fenders where the depth of deterioration was less than 75 mm, epoxy mortars were used.
The sequences of activities involved were as follows:-
• Square cutting the boundary of damaged concrete.
• Chipping the spalled surface by pneumatic chipper.
• Removing rust from existing reinforcement by wire brushing.
• Welding of additional reinforcement after carrying out anti-corrosive treatment and an
epoxy coating.
• Removing dust from surface of concrete and reinforcement by compressed air, drying of
the surface before applying coating of epoxy.
• Applying an epoxy coat within an interval of 15 to 30 mins after mixing of resin &
hardener and quartz sand, in the proportion of 100, 50 & 800 by weight. Air curing, for
48 hrs.
For piles, beams, wailings, bracings and fenders/soffit of slabs (having a depth of deterioration
greater than 75 mm), polymer modified concrete (PMC) were used. The stages involved in
application of polymer modified concrete (PMC) is similar to that of epoxy mortar, except for
mix of PMC and curing requirement. In PMC the materials used were cement, quartz sand,
polymer & water in the proportion of 100, 400, 15 and 30 by weight, for the damaged portion of
structural member having shallow depth up to 75 mm. However, where damaged portion is
considerable and having thickness more than 75 mm, cement, quartz sand, polymer water &
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aggregate (20 mm & down grade) was used, in the proportion of 100, 200, 15, 35 & 400 by
weight. Further, in case of PMC, water curing is also required. One pile which was sheared off
(because of which the jetty was declared non-operational) was replaced by two piles after cutting
the deck slab, lifting the slab by jacks and casting two new piles under water by bored cast-in-situ
method and thereby restoring the structure to its original position. In other locations only a
wearing coat, bonding coat of epoxy resin needed to be applied to the concrete. For repairs to the
curtain wall (which is not a very important element of the structure) gunitting was used.
Forenhancing the life of structure, a special penetrating thermosetting polymer was applied over
the entire concrete structure including fender, after cleaning the structure by sand blasting.
The repair/rehabilitation work of the two wharves costing approximately Rs.30 million carried
out during 93-94, appears to have stopped the deterioration and no further deterioration has been
observed by visual inspection.-[16], after about more than 20 years since the repair/rehabilitation
work was carried out. It is expected that this work will extend the service life of the facility for
another 15 to 20 years, with normal periodical maintenance.
The Author has planned and got executed repair/rehabilitation/retrofitting of various types of
structures like residential accommodation at, commercial accommodation, swimming pools and
water tanks etc. by similar procedure and found the procedure is very effective.
Case Study-2: Rehabilitation of RCC Overhead Reservoir at Siliguri, WB, India
A study was carried out in March-April 96 for an overhead tank of 50,000 gallons capacity
resting on staging of 16 RCC columns braced together at different levels. The tank is located in
North Bengal. The tank was constructed in the year 77-78. The tank having dimension of 9.3 x
9.3 x 3.4 m is resting on columns of size 300 x 300 mm. The columns are interconnected at 3
different levels through bracings of size 250 x 250 mm; Record drgs/CA drgs were not available.
The distress in staging was noticed in the beginning of 1994. The distress was manifested in the
form of cracks, spalling of concrete, rusting of steel in the bracings & columns. The cover to
reinforcement of column & bracing was grossly inadequate.
In most of the cases, the spalling of concrete occurred from the bottom of bracings. Horizontal
cracks were also observed at several places of a number of bracings. Exposed reinforcements are
badly rusted. At the Zone of lapping of reinforcement, the quantum of reinforcement is very high
& there is inadequate bonding between concrete & reinforcement at that zone. Similarly spalling
of concrete has occurred from the corner of column along with vertical cracks.
There was no sign of tilting or settlement of foundations. However, some seepage from the
bottom of tank was observed. The water container was otherwise found in sound condition, as
there was no visible sign of distress on external or internal surface except top slab cover of tank
(from inside), which is having exposed rusted steel. The process of rusting of reinforcement and
deterioration of concrete is observed to be progressing at a rapid speed, by comparing with the
distresses noticed first time in the beginning of 1994, due to severe weather condition in that area.
Any further delay in repair might cause sudden collapse of the structure due to the external forces
like heavy wind & earthquake etc.
DISCUSSION
The tank was having major problem with bracings. The concrete of almost all the bracings have
deteriorated extensively. As brought out, the spalling of concrete has occurred mainly from the
bottom of the bracings, due to inadequate cover. The rusting/spalling started at the initial stage
from the zone of lapping of reinforcement, (where quantum of reinforcement is very high), which
subsequently progressed in Zones where there was no lapping of reinforcement. Thereby,
horizontal cracks have developed, even in those zones causing spalling of concrete from there.
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Similarly, due to insufficient cover to the reinforcements of columns, there was development of
small vertical cracks at the initial stage. Subsequent rusting of reinforcement has caused spalling
of concrete & development of vertical cracks in columns along the reinforcement.
Adequate precaution in terms of additional supports, careful dismantling of old concrete with
modern equipment is an essential requirement in this case, to avoid any permanent damage to
main structure. The major rehabilitation of this nature can be avoided, if system of proper
periodical inspection and regular maintenance can be implemented on ground. Any seepage in
water tank particularly through shaft type staging’s needs special attention, as this might result
into sudden collapse. Here in this particular case also the deterioration would have been much
faster, if there had been added seepage through main structure. Here effect is mainly restricted to
adverse humid atmosphere on RCC supporting structure having inadequate reinforcement cover.
REMEDIAL MEASURES
The following remedial/rehabilitation measures were suggested:
• All unsound concrete to be removed by electric cutter/pneumatic chipper and
reinforcement to be exposed all round.
• Existing steel to be de-rusted properly by brushing and applying rust removers etc.
• Wherever existing reinforcement is reduced by 20 % or more, additional reinforcement
duly cleaned to be provided and welded on both sides.
• Epoxy based bonding material to be applied on old concrete surface (including old steel
surface), after removing rust from the surface of concrete. The surface to be dried
properly before applying bond epoxy coat, as per manufactures instruction.
• Polymer modified concrete mortar to be applied. The materials to be used for mortar are
cement, Quartz sand, polymer & water in the proportion of 100, 400, 15 & 30 parts by
weight. For damaged portion of member having depth more than 75 mm cement, quartz
sand, aggregate (20 mm and down grade), polymer & water in the proportion of 100, 200,
400, 15 & 35 parts by weight to be used.
• 20 mm thick plaster in cement mortar 1:4 to be applied to overcome the deficiency of
reinforcement cover.
The subsequence of repair is very important in this whole repair scheme, because of critical
condition of staging. The repair of all the bracings in appropriate groups initially was suggested,
and then the columns to be repaired in a group of maximum four at a time, after transferring load
through strong steel prop to the bracings (below)/ground. Further it was recommended that
minimum three years performance guarantee clause be included in the tender for repair works.
Though numbers of companies were manufacturing construction materials/chemicals, the
products of following companies or equivalent were suggested for use:
• Hindustan Ciba-Geigy Ltd., Bombay
• Sika Qualcrete Pvt. Ltd., Calcutta
• Krishna Conchem Products Pvt. Ltd., Bombay
• Fosroc Chemicals (India) Ltd., Bangalore
• MC-Bouchamie (India) Pvt. Ltd, Bombay
Based on this report prepared by the Author of the Paper, the work was carried out
successfully in the year 1998 and is fully functional now also.
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Case Study-3:A Double Storied Load Bearing Residential Building at Mumbai,
India
Salient Features
• Year of Construction :1965
• Investigation done : 1998
• Type of Structures : Double-storied Load bearing structures
• Type of Foundations : Spread Footing
• Number of Quarters : 44
Visual Observations
• Extensive cracking and spalling of concrete in sunshades, Chajja, Staircase and beams
etc.
• At some places reinforcement was exposed and corroded heavily.
• Major cracking observed on plastering on all faces.
• Severe seepage seen in most of the roof slab and external walls.
• Waist-slab of Staircase and soffit of beams exhibited delamination over 50%.
In-Situ Evaluation andNon-Destructive Tests
Delam Survey
Every column and beam was tapped by three different types of hammers. Most effective was the
medium hammer, which gave, delams for 15 to 25 mm depth. The hollow sound was recorded as
hollow and the results of each structural member recorded on to observation sheet and that area
evaluated for remedial measures.
Rebound Hammer Test
The rebound numbers measured on concrete surfaces
Ultrasonic Palse Velocity Test
Values of the pulse velocity varied in the range of from 3.0 km/sec to 4.8 km/sec.
Half-Cell Potential Test
Electrical Potential Values indicate that severe corrosion had taken place in some areas, as
observed during the visual survey.
Carbonation Test
Carbonation has taken place beyond the reinforcement levels
Conclusion
• The main cause for distress to RCC element-
• Inadequate thickness of cover concrete
• Highly permeable and porous concrete
• Carbonation of concrete
• Most distressed portions were chajjas along with lintel/beam, which is directly exposed to
marine atmosphere and frequented by alternate wetting and drying.
• Seepage observed in roof slab was due to leakage from pipe line.
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Recommended Repair Methods
• All sunshades/Chajjas including balcony wall, side wall of steps and slab (partly) to be
dismantled.
• In the joints between old and new concrete, epoxy based bonding materials to be applied
on old concrete surfaces.
• Before removing affected RCC potion, temporary support to be provided properly.
• The use of light weight pre-cast lintels/chajjas in liewof cast-in-situ was suggested.
Accordingly corrugated sheets were provided.
• For RCC members, where overall integrity found good, cracks to be filled by putting
epoxy grouting under pressure. For spalled concrete, polymer mortar/concrete with epoxy
bond coat to be provided.
• The painting to complete surface to be applied with cement based paint with addition of
polymeric compound.
The complete repair work was got completed in 2000 & the performance after about 16 years is
very satisfactory. The Author was directly involved in complete assessment and planning of
repair scheme and giving guidance during execution etc.
The staging of water retaining structure, are always exposed to the action of moisture/rain & as
such there is a very strong need to provide well compacted dense concrete with adequate cover to
avoid rusting of reinforcement and weathering action on concrete members/staging.
The overhead tanks need to be periodically inspected by the maintenance staff of GE and its
soundness should be reported on 6 monthly basis through a regular report. This will function as
an early warning system and avert the type of deterioration, observed in the tanks. Normal/special
repairs of all the affected tanks need to be undertaken in a group, The present system of carrying
out only periodical services of giving one coat of snowcem/colour wash every year, over the
concrete surface even with cracks, spalling of concrete etc. needs to be dispensed with. No
periodical services should be done, unless structural soundness/stability is established. Presently
numbers of companies are manufacturing various polymer based construction chemicals, which
can be utilized effectively for repair/rehabilitation of this type of structure, as soon as any
deterioration is observed in the structure.
The Author was involved in planning and formulating this rehabilitation scheme. The work was
subsequently executed under guidance of the Author successfully and serving the purpose now
also.
9. PRECAUTIONS IN THE USE OF CHEMICALS IN EXECUTION OF WORK
Presently in India we are not having any detailed codal provision for utilisation of various
construction chemicals/polymers & utilisation is restricted to a select few privileged ones who are
acquainted with the same. In the absence of proper detailed codal provision, a careful attention
should be given to the instruction given by the manufacturer of the polymers. A polymer should be
employed only after appropriate evaluation of its effects, preferably by use with the particulars
materials & the condition of use intended. Such an evaluation is particularly important in our
country, as the chemicals/polymers have mainly been developed in country having colder climate.
They therefore require long term testing under tropical climate. Besides, such evaluation is also
needed under the following situations:-
• Special types of cement are specified.
• More than one polymer to be used, together.
• Mixing & placing is done at temperatures well above or belowthegenerally recommended
concreting temperatures.
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The repair work needs to be executed in accordance with project documents. The repair process,
especially concrete removal and reinforcing repair, may alter the load distribution of the structure
and the members being repaired. Proper shoring and bracing needs to be provided throughout of the
construction. Quality control throughout the repair process is essential to any successful project.
Appropriate inspection by the Engineers and periodical testing at site & in laboratory is to be
performed and ensured on regular basis, for long lasting solution.
CONCLUSION
The repair/rehabilitation/Retrofitting of Concrete repair projects are very challenging, as is true with
most repair and renovation projects. Repair/Rehabilitation of concrete structure is comparatively a
new subject in India. It is a real challenging task to carry out the repair/rehabilitation work, when
structure has already undergone major structural damages/deterioration. As such, there is a
requirement of periodical/timely assessment and maintenance with latest available techniques and
materials as described in this paper. This will go a long way to arrest deterioration and extend the
lease of life to the structure. As the time passes, many more concrete structures will come up for
major rehabilitation. Time has come to have a structural auditing of all the old concrete
buildings/structures, which were constructed during sixties and earlier. Depending on the severity of
the environmental effect, the restorative measures can be selected. In poor country like India, we
cannot afford to spend money on replacing the building, which is against implementation of green
building concept also. As such selection & evaluation of right repair material and protective
coatings will save enormous money & time by reducing the frequent repair costs of already repaired
concrete buildings/structures.
To modify/improve the properties of concrete or mortar, a large number of polymers/admixtures
have been tried and extensively used in other countries. World over polymers/admixtures have
been in use for over 45-50 years and their long term behaviour patterns are known. The superiority
of polymer modified mortars/concretes over normal mortars/concretes in repair/rehabilitation field
is established beyond doubt. In India, such effective polymers/admixtures have only become
available during last two decade mainly. Now a number of internationally known and time tested
polymers/admixtures are available all over India. However, before using various new
polymers/construction chemicals available in the market, one must be familiar with the products
and its limitations. Further, the repair/rehabilitation works should be undertaken only after
ascertaining properly the cause of deterioration. It is imperative that the Engineer understands the
reasons which led to damage and or deterioration prior to developing a repair programme. The
underlying causes should be corrected, although it is a difficult process. The polymers/admixtures
should form a permanent part of original construction and repair/rehabilitation/retrofitting &
maintenance of concrete structures in coming years, for long term sustainable development.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank everyone, just everyone!
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PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
[13] P.C.Varghese (2014) Book on “Maintenance, Repair & Rehabilitation & Minor Works of Buildings”
published by PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
[14] Dr.B.Vidivelli, (2014) book on “Rehabilitation of Concrete Structures” by Standard Publishers
Distributors.
[15] R.Dodge. Wodson, (2009) book on “Concrete Structures, Protection, Repair and Maintenance”,
published in Burlington, USA.
[16] Bhattacharjee J ( 2016) : “Rehabilitation/Retrofitting of Concrete Structures along with Case
Studies” , in 2 nd International Conference of of CEU-16, Dubai, UAE on 23-24 Apr16.
14. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
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Table – 1 – Classification of Admixtures
15. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
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Author
Er. J.Bhattacharjee is a Professor & Advisor in Civil Engineering Deptt. of Amity
University, Noida since Jan 2012. He is a former Chief Engineer &Jt.Director General
(Ministry of Defence/MES). He obtained his B. E (Civil) degree from B.E. College,
Sibpore, Calcutta; M.Tech. (Structural) from IIT Madras & had M.Phil degree from
Madras University. Presently pursuing PHD on Disaster Management. He has done
number of Courses including prestigious NDC (National Defence College) Courses,
Senior Defence Management Course at CDM, Secunderabad, while serving in the
Deptt. He has a vast experience of over 45 years in the industry in planning, Designing & execution of
various types of Civil Engineering works including about 5 years in Multinational Consultancy
organization “Gherzi Eastern Ltd” as a Head of Engineering at Delhi. He has Presented/published technical
papers 77 No’s so far on various subjects in National /International Seminars/Conferences and Journals.
He is a Life Member of 14(fourteen) Technical Bodies in India/abroad& is a Governing Council member
of Indian Building Congress (IBC).He has received two prestigious “Awards for Excellence” from Indian
Building Congress (IBC) for two prestigious Projects of Consultancy jobs. Received “CIDC Vishwakarma
awards” for Best professionally managed company for two years in 2009 & 2010 on behalf of the
company. He was considered as a Rehabilitation expert in the Deptt. He has developed and teaching
number of new courses at under graduate & Post graduate level, while serving in the Deptt. of Civil
Engineering at Amity University
.